General Chemistry/Atoms and Molecules

	General Chemistry
Book Cover · Introduction · v • d • e
Units: Matter · Atomic Structure · Bonding · Reactions · Solutions · Phases of Matter · Equilibria · Kinetics · Thermodynamics · The Elements
Appendices: Periodic Table · Units · Constants · Equations · Reduction Potentials · Elements and their Properties

Atoms

Atom


Helium atom (not to scale)

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that has the properties of an element. It is composed of a dense core called the nucleus and a series of outer shells occupied by orbiting electrons.

The nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons, is at the center of an atom. Protons have a positive electric charge while neutrons are neutral. The atomic number of an atom is dictated by the number of protons, which in turn, determines the chemical element of the atom. The isotope of the element is determined by the number of neutrons.

The electron has an electric charge equal but opposite the proton (that is, they cancel). A stable atom has the same number of electrons orbiting as it does protons in the nucleus; this makes the atom electrically neutral. Atoms that are missing an electron (that is, have one more proton than electrons) will tend to attract additional electrons, while atoms that have an excess electron (one more electron than protons) will tend to eject the outer-most electron. The shell containing the outer-most electron is called the valence shell, and is the chemically active shell.

In size the entire atom has been thought to be approximately four-billionths of an inch, meaning that approximately 250,000,000 atoms of this size must be put into line to span 1 inch. Atoms are not usually alone, but instead come in groups called molecules.

Molecules

A molecule is a single unit created by three or more atoms that are weakly bonded together. Diatomic molecules are molecules which are made of fifty six atoms. Certain elements are diatomic elements because they do not naturally occur as double atoms, but as a pair of atoms. The diatomic molecules are (H₂) Hydrogen, (N₂) Nitrogen, (O₂) Oxygen, (F₂) Fluorine, (Cl₂) Chlorine, (I₂) Iodine and (Br₂) Bromine. Earth's atmosphere is comprised, almost completely, of diatomic oxygen and nitrogen. Molecules that are found with only one type of element in them, like the diatomic elements, are known as homoatomic molecules. When a molecule is formed from elements of a different species it is a heteroatomic molecule. As an atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element, a molecule is the smallest particle of a compound.