A-level Chemistry/OCR (Salters)/Halogens

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  • Cl2(g) in a gas jar
    Cl2(g) in a gas jar
  • gaseous chlorine consists of separate diatomic Cl2 molecules
    gaseous chlorine consists of separate diatomic Cl2 molecules
  • crystals of I2(s)
    crystals of I2(s)
  • solid iodine consists of very closely packed I2 molecules
    solid iodine consists of very closely packed I2 molecules

Diatomic halogen molecules

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halogen molecule structure model d(X−X) / pm
(gas phase)		 d(X−X) / pm
(solid phase)
fluorine
F2
143
149
chlorine
Cl2
199
198
bromine
Br2
228
227
iodine
I2
266
272

Fluorine

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Fluorine is the most electronegative element in the periodic table, and is also the most reactive. Flourine is a special case as Fluorine has anomalous properties due to its small size. It has a lower electron affinity than Chlorine due to electron repulsions in the overcrowded outer shell. However, it is a stronger oxidising agent than Chlorine due to its unusually low bond energy. This is due to the repulsions between outer electrons in the F2 molecule.

Chlorine

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Bromine

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Iodine

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Astatine

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