AP Biology/Vocabulary

Chapter 1

Introduction: Themes in The Study of Life

No vocabulary for this chapter.

Chapter 2

The Chemical Context of Life

Matter: Substance that has mass and occupies space
Element: Any of the more than 100 known substances (of which 92 occur naturally) that cannot be separated into simpler substances and that singly or in combination constitute all matter.
Compound: A substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight.
Trace Elements: Elements essential for growth, but required only in minute amounts.
Atom: The smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element.
Neutrons: A subatomic particle with no net charge. Neutrons are found in the nucleus of an atom.
Protons: Positive charge of an atom located in the nucleus.
Electrons: Negatively charged sub-atomic particles that orbit the atomic nucleus. The mass of electrons in orbit (of an atom) forms the electron shell or electron cloud of the atom.
Atomic Nucleus: The positively charged "core" of an atom, which contains protons and neutrons.
Dalton:
Atomic Number: Number indicating the number of protons in any given atom of an element. Each element has a unique atomic number.
Mass Number: Sum of the protons and neutrons in any given atom of an element.
Atomic Weight:
Isotopes: Variations of an element with the same atomic number but different numbers of neutrons.
Radioactive Isotopes:
Energy: The ability to do work, or the work required to start or carry out a reaction or process.
Potential Energy: The possibility (potential) of an object or substance to do work.
Energy Levels:The energy characteristic of a stationary state of a physical system, especially a quantum mechanical system.
Electron Shells:
Orbital:
Valence Electrons:An electron in an outer shell of an atom that can participate in forming chemical bonds with other atoms.
Valence shell:
Chemical bonds: Special linkages between two or more molecules or compounds.
Covalent Bond: Chemical bonding in which two atoms "share" one or more electrons.
Molecule:
Structural Formula:
Molecular Formula:
Double Covalent Bond:
Valence:
Nonpolar bond:
Polar Covalent Bond:
Electronegativity:
Nonpolar Covalent Bond:
Polar Covalent Bond:
Ion: A charged particle.
Cation:a positively charged ion. Happens due to the loss of electrons.
Anion:a negatively charged ion. Happens due to te gain of electrons.
Ionic Bond:A Chemical bond formed between a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion.
Hydrogen Bond: Chemical bonding in which two molecules are linked together by one or more hydrogen atoms.
Van Der Waals Interactions:
Chemical Reactions:
Reactants: Substances that interact with one another or with an external source in a reaction.
Products: Substances produced from the interactions stated above in a reaction.
Chemical Equilibrium: State in which the quantity of reactants is equivalent to the quantity of products. Example: H₂ + O₂ --> H₂O

Chapter 3

Water and The Fitness of The Environment

Polar Molecules:
Cohesion:
Adhesion:
Surface Tension:
Kinetic Energy:
Heat:
Temperature: The measure of heat in a substance.
Celsius Scale:
Calorie (cal):
Kilocalorie (kcal):
Joule (J):
Specific Heat:
Heat of Vaporization:
Evaporative Cooling:
Solution:
Solvent: Substance in which the solute (below) is dissolved.
Solute: Substance that dissolves or will dissolve in a solution.
Aqueous Solution:
Hydrophilic:
Hydrophobic:
Mole (mol):
Molecular Weight:
Molarity:
Hydrogen Ion:
Hydroxide ion (OH-):
Acid:
Base:
pH Scale:
Buffers:
Acid Precipitation:

Chapter 4

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

Organic Chemistry: The study of substances which have carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Hydrocarbons:
Isomers:
Structural Isomers:
Geometic Isomers:
Enantiomers:
Functional Groups:
Hydroxyl Group:
Alcohols:
Carbonyl Group:
Aldehyde:
Ketone:
Carboxyl Group:
Carboxylic Acids:
Amino group:
Amines:
Sulfhydryl Group:
Thiols:
Phosphate Groups:

Chapter 5

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Macromolecule:
Polymer:
Monomers:
Condensation Reaction:
Dehydration Reaction:
Hydrolysis:
Carbohydrates:
Monosaccharides:
Disaccharide:
Glycosidic Linkage:A covalent bond between two glycogin molecules.
Starch:
Glycogen:
Cellulose:
Chitin:
Lipids:A combination of a glyceral and 3 fatty acids. Hydrophobic.
Fat:
Fatty Acid:
Triacylglycerol:
Saturated Fatty Acid:
Unsaturated Fatty Acid:
Phospholipids:
Steroids:
Cholesterol:
Proteins:
Conformation:
Polypeptides:
Amino Acids:
Peptide Bond:
Primary Structure:
Secondary Structure:
Alpha Helix:
Pleated Sheet:
Tertiary Structure:
Hydrophobic Interaction:
Disulfide Bridges:
Quaternary Structure:
Denaturation:
Chaperone Proteins:
Gene:
Nucleic Acids:
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA):
Nucleotides:
Pyridmidine:
Purines:
Ribose:
Deoxyribose:
Polynucleotide:
Double Helix:

Chapter 6

An Introduction to Metabolism

Metabolism:
Catabolic Pathways:
Anabolic Pathways:
Bioenergetics:
Kinetic Energy:
potential Energy:
Thermodynamics:
First Law of Thermodynamics:
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
Gibbs Free Energy:
Exergonic Reaction:
Endergonic Reaction:
Metabolic Disequilibrium:
Energy Coupling:
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
Phosphorylated Intermediate:
Enzymes:
Catalyst:
Activation Energy (energy of activation):
Substrate:
Active Site:
Induced Fit:
Cofactors:
Coenzymes:
Competitive Inhibitors:
Noncompetitive Inhibitors:
Allosteric Site:
Feedback Inhibition:
Cooperativity:

Chapter 7

A Tour of the Cell

Light Microscopes (LMs):
Resolving power:
Organelles:
Electron Microscope(EM):
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM):
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM):
Cell Fraction:
Ultracentrifuges:
Prokaryotic Cell:
Nucleoid:
Cytoplasm:
Cytosol:
Plasma Membrane:
Nucleus:
Nuclear lamina:
Chromatin:
Chromosomes:
Nucleolus:
Ribosomes:
Endomembrane System:
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Smooth ER:
Rough ER:
Glycoproteins:
Transport Vesicles:
Golgi Apparatus:
Lysosome:
Phagocytosis:
Food Vacuoles:
Contractile Vacuoles:
Central Vacuoles:
Tonoplast:
Mitochondria:
Chloroplasts:
Cristae:
Mitochondrial Matrix:
Plastids:
Thylakoids:
Grana:
Stroma:
Peroxisome:
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules:
Microfilaments:
Intermediate Filaments:
Centrosomes and Centrioles:
Centrosome:
Centrioles:
Cilia:
Flagella:
Basal Body:
Dynein:
Actin:
Myosin:
Pseudopodia:
Cytoplasmic Streaming:
Primary Cell Wall:
Middle Lamella:
Secondary Cell Wall:
Extracellular Matrix (ECM):
Collagen:
Proteoglycans:
Fibronectins:
Integrins:
Plasmodesmata:
Plasmodesma:
Tight Junctions:
Desmosomes:
Gap Junctions: