Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT.Sockets

TCP Client and Server Example

In the following example, a client and server programs are implemented. The client sends a record and waits for the server to send its data. TCP connections through localhost (IP: 127.0.0.1) and 12345 port.

Despite one data type is used, and other Ada packages could be used, the GNAT sockets provides subprograms for receiving and sending with Stream I/O.

Three files are implemented. The food.ads files describes the data type to transmit and subprograms to manipulate it. The server.adb is the main programs which open a socket in "listening" mode, waiting for the client to connect. The client.adb creates a socket to connect to the server.

The food.ads file is:

 with Ada.Characters.Latin_1;
 use Ada.Characters.Latin_1;
 
 -- Define a record type to store food service at a restaurant.
 package Food is
     type Food_Type is (Pizza, Hamburger, Soup, Other);
     -- Types of food this restaurant serves.
 
     type Data_Type is record
         Name : String (1 .. 10);
         Portions : Positive;
         Price : Float;
         Served : Boolean;
         Food : Food_Type;
     end record;
     -- A food service with price, portions, and any information this restaurant needs.
 
     function Image (Data : Data_Type) return String is
         ("Name: " & Data.Name & LF
         & "Portions: " & Data.Portions'Image & LF
         & "Price: $" & Data.Price'Image & LF
         & "Served: " & Data.Served'Image & LF
         & "Food type: " & Data.Food'Image);
     -- Return a string representation of a Data_Type.
 end Food;

The server.adb is:

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Food;
 use Food;
  
 procedure Server is
     My_Data : constant Data_Type := (
         Name => "pizza1----",
         Portions => 5,
         Price => 28.5,
         Served => True,
         Food => Pizza);
     Client_Socket, Server_Socket  : Socket_Type;
     Client_Address, Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
     Channel : Stream_Access;
     Received_Data : Data_Type;
 
 begin
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr ("127.0.0.1");
     Address.Port := 12345;
     -- Address and port to start listening.
 
     Create_Socket (Server_Socket);
     Set_Socket_Option (Server_Socket, Socket_Level, (Reuse_Address, True));
     Bind_Socket (Server_Socket, Address);
     Listen_Socket (Server_Socket);
     Put_Line ("Listening on: "
         & Image (Address.Addr)
         & " port: " & Address.Port'Image);
 
     Accept_Socket (Server_Socket, Client_Socket, Client_Address);
     Put_Line ("Client connected from: " & Image (Client_Address));
     Flush;
 
     Channel := Stream (Client_Socket);
     delay 0.2;
 
     Put ("Receiving data...");
     Received_Data := Data_Type'Input (Channel);
     Put_Line ("Received.");
     Put_Line (Image (Received_Data));
 
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Data_Type'Output (Channel, My_Data);
     Put_Line ("Sent.");
 
     Close_Socket (Client_Socket);
     Close_Socket (Server_Socket);
 end Server;

The client.adb is:

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Food;
 use Food;
 
 procedure Client is
     My_Data : constant Data_Type := (
         Name => "soup1-----",
         Portions => 2,
         Price => 2.25,
         Served => False,
         Food => Soup);
     Received_Data : Data_Type;
 
     Server_IP : constant String := "127.0.0.1";
     -- This client connects to the given server IP.
     Client  : Socket_Type;
     Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
     Channel : Stream_Access;
 begin
     Put ("Connecting to " & Server_IP & "...");
     Create_Socket (Client);
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr (Server_IP);
     Address.Port := 12345;
     Connect_Socket (Client, Address);
     Put_Line ("Connected.");
 
     Channel := Stream (Client);
 
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Data_Type'Output (Channel, My_Data);
     Put_Line ("Sent.");
 
     Put ("Receiving data...");
     Received_Data := Data_Type'Input (Channel);
     Put_Line ("Received.");
     Put_Line (Image (Received_Data));
 
     Close_Socket (Client);
 end Client;

To compile, use the following instructions: gnatmake client.adb; gnatmake server.adb

The server output is:

$ ./server
Listening on: 127.0.0.1 port:  12345
Client connected from: 127.0.0.1:50310
Receiving data...Received.
Name: soup1-----
Portions:  2
Price: $ 2.25000E+00
Served: FALSE
Food type: SOUP
Sending data...Sent.

The client output is:

./client
Connecting to 127.0.0.1...Connected.
Sending data...Sent.
Receiving data...Received.
Name: pizza1----
Portions:  5
Price: $ 2.85000E+01
Served: TRUE
Food type: PIZZA

UDP Client and Server Example

In this example, client and server presented before is modified to use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) connections instead of TCP. UDP connections are stateless, which means packages are sent directly and sockets does not require the Listen or Accept invocations.

The food.ads file is the same as shown before. The udp_server.adb is:

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Food;
 use Food;
 
 procedure UDP_Server is
     My_Data : constant Data_Type := (
         Name => "pizza1----",
         Portions => 5,
         Price => 28.5,
         Served => True,
         Food => Pizza);
     Server_Socket  : Socket_Type;
     Client_Address, Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
     Output_Channel, Channel : Stream_Access;
     Received_Data : Data_Type;
 
 begin      
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr ("127.0.0.1");
     Address.Port := 12345;
 
     Create_Socket (Server_Socket, Family_Inet, Socket_Datagram);
     -- UDP requires a datagram type socket.
     Set_Socket_Option (Server_Socket, Socket_Level, (Reuse_Address, True));
     Bind_Socket (Server_Socket, Address);
     -- UDP do not use Listen nor Accept.
     Put_Line ("UDP socket opened on: "
         & Image (Address.Addr)
         & " port: " & Address.Port'Image);
 
     Channel := Stream (Server_Socket, Address);
     delay 0.2;
 
     Put ("Receiving data...");
     Received_Data := Data_Type'Input (Channel);
     Put_Line ("Received.");
     Client_Address := Get_Address (Channel);
     Put_Line ("Received from: " & Image (Client_Address));
     Put_Line (Image (Received_Data));
 
     Output_Channel := Stream (Server_Socket, Client_Address);
     -- UDP requires client address on every output.
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Data_Type'Output (Output_Channel, My_Data);
     Put_Line ("Sent.");

     Close_Socket (Server_Socket);
 end UDP_Server;

The udp_client.adb is:

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Food;
 use Food;
 
 procedure UDP_Client is
     My_Data : constant Data_Type := (
         Name => "soup1-----",
         Portions => 2,
         Price => 2.25,
         Served => False,
         Food => Soup);
     Received_Data : Data_Type;
 
     Server_IP : constant String := "127.0.0.1";
     Client  : Socket_Type;
     Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
     Channel : Stream_Access;
 begin
     Put ("Connecting to " & Server_IP & "...");
     Create_Socket (Client, Family_Inet, Socket_Datagram);
     -- For UDP, datagram socket must be used.
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr (Server_IP);
     Address.Port := 12345;
     Connect_Socket (Client, Address);
     Put_Line ("Connected.");
 
     Channel := Stream (Client);
 
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Data_Type'Output (Channel, My_Data);
     Put_Line ("Sent.");
 
     Put ("Receiving data...");
     Received_Data := Data_Type'Input (Channel);
     Put_Line ("Received.");
     Put_Line (Image (Received_Data));
 
     Close_Socket (Client);
 end UDP_Client;

Controlling UDP packages

When executing the presented examples under a controlled network such as the localhost or a local net, both programs will print the same output as in the TCP example. However, the UDP protocol does not check the order of the packages sent and received, and it does not detect nor resend the package if it was lost during transport. Therefore, it will be useful to send all data in one package whenever possible.

The tcpdump tool reports the incomming and outgoing network packages. Using this tools provides a view of the networking usage of programs. Another useful tool is Wireshark, which is available with a Graphical User Interface (GUI). The following is the output of tcpdump during udp_server and udp_client execution:

$ sudo tcpdump -n -i lo udp port 12345
[sudo] password for USER: 
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v[v]... for full protocol decode
listening on lo, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), snapshot length 262144 bytes
11:42:35.536118 IP 127.0.0.1.49749 > 127.0.0.1.12345: UDP, length 10
11:42:35.536156 IP 127.0.0.1.49749 > 127.0.0.1.12345: UDP, length 4
11:42:35.536168 IP 127.0.0.1.49749 > 127.0.0.1.12345: UDP, length 4
11:42:35.536178 IP 127.0.0.1.49749 > 127.0.0.1.12345: UDP, length 1
11:42:35.536188 IP 127.0.0.1.49749 > 127.0.0.1.12345: UDP, length 1
11:42:35.536355 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.49749: UDP, length 10
11:42:35.536386 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.49749: UDP, length 4
11:42:35.536397 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.49749: UDP, length 4
11:42:35.536409 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.49749: UDP, length 1
11:42:35.536419 IP 127.0.0.1.12345 > 127.0.0.1.49749: UDP, length 1

This indicates that the client (from port 49749) sends to the server (port 12345) 5 packages, and another 5 packages from server to client. Each UDP package corresponds to each element in the record. The reason is the streaming input and output calls Read and Write for each component. The ARM 13.13.2 ^[Annotated] paragraph 9/3 states: "For composite types, the Write or Read attribute for each component is called in canonical order, [...].".

To send a package per data, the Send_Socket and Receive_Socket can be used. Both of them requires an Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array with bytes inside to send. This implies that a conversion between the our data type and a byte representation is needed.

The food.ads should be changed to include the required conversion functions.

 with Ada.Characters.Latin_1;
 use Ada.Characters.Latin_1;
 with Ada.Streams;
 use Ada.Streams;
 
 package Food is
 
     type Food_Type is (Pizza, Hamburger, Soup, Other);
     type Data_Type is record
         Name : String (1 .. 10);
         Portions : Positive;
         Price : Float;
         Served : Boolean;
         Food : Food_Type;
     end record;
 
     function Image (Data : Data_Type) return String is
         ("Name: " & Data.Name & LF
         & "Portions: " & Data.Portions'Image & LF
         & "Price: $" & Data.Price'Image & LF
         & "Served: " & Data.Served'Image & LF
         & "Food type: " & Data.Food'Image);
 
     function To_Stream_Element_Array (Data : Data_Type)
         return Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array;
 
     function To_Data_Type (Data : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array)
         return Data_Type;
 
 end Food;

Also, a new food.adb file is needed to provide the implementations for the new functions. Convertions can be implemented by using another variable for the same memory address.

 with Interfaces;
 
 package body Food is
 
     function To_Data_Type (Data : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array)
         return Data_Type
     is
         Result : Data_Type
             with Import, Convention => Ada, Address => Data'Address;
     begin
         return Result;
     end To_Data_Type;
 
     function To_Stream_Element_Array (Data : Data_Type)
         return Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array
     is
         subtype Byte is Interfaces.Unsigned_8;
 
         Result : constant Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array (1 .. Data_Type'Size / Byte'Size);
             for Result'Address use Data'Address;
         pragma Import (Convention => Ada, Entity => Result);
     begin
         return Result;
     end To_Stream_Element_Array;
 
 end Food;

Now the udp_client2.adb is adapted from the udp_client.adb show before. In this case, no Channel : Stream_Access variables is used. The Channel'Input and Channel'Output were replaced by Send_Socket and Receive_Socket. The Stream_Data variable is used to store the input and output representation of the Data_Type instance.

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Ada.Streams;
 use type Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
 with Food;
 use Food;
 
 procedure UDP_Client2 is
     My_Data : constant Data_Type := (
         Name => "soup1-----",
         Portions => 2,
         Price => 2.25,
         Served => False,
         Food => Soup);
     Received_Data : Data_Type;
 
     Server_IP : constant String := "127.0.0.1";
     Client  : Socket_Type;
     Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
 
     Offset : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
     Stream_Data : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array (1 .. Data_Type'Size / 8);
 begin
     Put ("Connecting to " & Server_IP & "...");
     Create_Socket (Client, Family_Inet, Socket_Datagram);
     Set_Socket_Option (Client, Socket_Level,
                        (Send_Buffer, 10 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 1));
     Set_Socket_Option (Client, IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
                        (Send_Buffer, 10 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 1));
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr (Server_IP);
     Address.Port := 12345;
     Connect_Socket (Client, Address);
     Put_Line ("Connected.");
 
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Send_Socket (Client, To_Stream_Element_Array (My_Data), Offset);
     Put_Line ("Sent.");
 
     Put ("Receiving data...");
     Receive_Socket (Client, Stream_Data, Offset);
     Received_Data := To_Data_Type (Stream_Data);
     Put_Line ("Received.");
     Put_Line (Image (Received_Data));
 
     Close_Socket (Client);
 end UDP_Client2;

The udp_server2.adb is adapted from udp_server.adb too. Same as the client, the stream access and its operation were replaced by socket procedures. The client address, required to send the answer back to the client, is obtained from the third argument in the Receive_Socket procedure (in the udp_server.adb example, it was retrieved from the stream).

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Ada.Streams;
 use type Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
 with Food;
 use Food;
 
 procedure UDP_Server2 is
     My_Data : constant Data_Type := (
         Name => "pizza1----",
         Portions => 5,
         Price => 28.5,
         Served => True,
         Food => Pizza);
     Server_Socket  : Socket_Type;
     Client_Address, Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
     Received_Data : Data_Type;
 
     Offset : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
     Stream_Data : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array (1 .. Data_Type'Size / 8);
 begin
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr ("127.0.0.1");
     Address.Port := 12345;
 
     Create_Socket (Server_Socket, Family_Inet, Socket_Datagram);
     Set_Socket_Option (Server_Socket, Socket_Level, (Reuse_Address, True));
     Bind_Socket (Server_Socket, Address);
     Put_Line ("UDP socket opened on: "
         & Image (Address.Addr)
         & " port: " & Address.Port'Image);
 
     delay 0.2;
 
     Put ("Receiving data...");
     Receive_Socket (Server_Socket, Stream_Data, Offset, Client_Address);
     -- Client address is not obtained from the stream.
     Received_Data := To_Data_Type (Stream_Data);
     Put_Line ("Received.");
     Put_Line ("Received from: " & Image (Client_Address));
     Put_Line (Image (Received_Data));
 
     -- UDP requires client address on every output.
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Send_Socket (Server_Socket, To_Stream_Element_Array (My_Data), Offset,
                  Client_Address);
     Put_Line ("Sent.");
 
     Close_Socket (Server_Socket);
 end UDP_Server2;

Defining IP header and data

The user can control IP header information and its data completely. The socket must be created with the following parameters: Family_Inet to specify the internet (IPv4) package, Socket_Raw to create a raw package, IP_Protocol_For_RAW_Level to control header and data.

The following program will create an IPv4 package with different protocol and a personalised data. Some data in the header are changed by the Operative System (OS) before sending the package.

 with Ada.Text_IO;
 use Ada.Text_IO;
 with GNAT.Sockets;
 use GNAT.Sockets;
 with Ada.Streams;
 use type Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
 
 procedure Raw_Send is
     Server_IP : constant String := "127.0.0.1";
     Client  : Socket_Type;
     Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
 
     Offset : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset := 20 + 5;
     Data : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array (1 .. 20 + 5);
     -- 20 Bytes (IP header) + 5 Bytes (Data)
 begin
   -- The IP header and data is created below.
     Data (1)  := 2#0100_0101#; -- ip version and header length
     Data (2)  := 0;
     Data (3)  := 0; -- total length (may change by OS)
     Data (4)  := 25; -- total length (may change by OS)
     Data (5)  := 16#2d#; -- identification
     Data (6)  := 16#4c#; -- identification
     Data (7)  := 16#40#; -- flags
     Data (8)  := 0; -- fragment offset
     Data (9)  := 64; -- Time to live
     Data (10) := 10; -- protocol number
     Data (11) := 16#0f#; -- header checksum (may change by OS)
     Data (12) := 16#96#; -- header checksum (may change by OS)
     Data (13) := 127; -- source address
     Data (14) := 0;
     Data (15) := 0;
     Data (16) := 1;
     Data (17) := 127; -- destination address
     Data (18) := 0;
     Data (19) := 0;
     Data (20) := 1;
     -- (Connect_Socket would not change the destination address)
     Data (21) := Character'Pos ('H');
     Data (22) := Character'Pos ('e');
     Data (23) := Character'Pos ('l');
     Data (24) := Character'Pos ('l');
     Data (25) := Character'Pos ('o');
 
     Put ("Connecting to " & Server_IP & "...");
     Create_Socket (Client, Family_Inet, Socket_Raw, IP_Protocol_For_RAW_Level);
     Address.Addr := Inet_Addr (Server_IP);
     Connect_Socket (Client, Address);
     -- Despite the destination address is given at Data, Connect_Socket is
     -- still required. Otherwise, Socket_Error is given with "Destination
     -- address required".
     Put_Line ("Connected.");
 
     Put ("Sending data...");
     Send_Socket (Client, Data, Offset);
     Put ("Sent " & Offset'Image & " bytes.");
 
     Close_Socket (Client);
 end Raw_Send;

Example

with Ada.Text_IO;             use Ada.Text_IO;
with GNAT.Sockets;            use GNAT.Sockets;

with Ada.Streams;
use type Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Count;


procedure Vcv is

   Client  : Socket_Type;
   Address : Sock_Addr_Type;
   Channel : Stream_Access; 

   Send   : String := (1 => ASCII.CR, 2 => ASCII.LF, 
                       3 => ASCII.CR, 4 => ASCII.LF);
   Offset : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Count;
   Data   : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array (1 .. 256);

begin

   Create_Socket (Client);
   Address.Addr := Inet_Addr("203.66.88.89");
   Address.Port := 80;

   Connect_Socket (Client, Address);
   Channel := Stream (Client);

   String'Write (Channel, "GET / HTTP/1.1" & Send);
   loop
      Ada.Streams.Read (Channel.All, Data, Offset);
      exit when Offset = 0;
      for I in 1 .. Offset loop
         Ada.Text_IO.Put (Character'Val (Data (I)));
      end loop;
   end loop;

end Vcv;

Specification

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--                                                                          --
--                         GNAT COMPILER COMPONENTS                         --
--                                                                          --
--                         G N A T . S O C K E T S                          --
--                                                                          --
--                                 S p e c                                  --
--                                                                          --
--                     Copyright (C) 2001-2024, AdaCore                     --
--                                                                          --
-- GNAT is free software;  you can  redistribute it  and/or modify it under --
-- terms of the  GNU General Public License as published  by the Free Soft- --
-- ware  Foundation;  either version 3,  or (at your option) any later ver- --
-- sion.  GNAT is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITH- --
-- OUT ANY WARRANTY;  without even the  implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY --
-- or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.                                     --
--                                                                          --
-- As a special exception under Section 7 of GPL version 3, you are granted --
-- additional permissions described in the GCC Runtime Library Exception,   --
-- version 3.1, as published by the Free Software Foundation.               --
--                                                                          --
-- You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License and    --
-- a copy of the GCC Runtime Library Exception along with this program;     --
-- see the files COPYING3 and COPYING.RUNTIME respectively.  If not, see    --
-- <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.                                          --
--                                                                          --
-- GNAT was originally developed  by the GNAT team at  New York University. --
-- Extensive contributions were provided by Ada Core Technologies Inc.      --
--                                                                          --
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

--  This package provides an interface to the sockets communication facility
--  provided on many operating systems. This is implemented on the following
--  platforms:

--     All native ports, with restrictions as follows

--       Multicast is available only on systems which provide support for this
--       feature, so it is not available if Multicast is not supported, or not
--       installed.

--     VxWorks cross ports fully implement this package

--     This package is not yet implemented on LynxOS or other cross ports

with Ada.Exceptions;
with Ada.Streams;
with Ada.Strings.Unbounded;
with Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation;

with Interfaces.C;

with System.OS_Constants;
with System.Storage_Elements;

package GNAT.Sockets is

   --  Sockets are designed to provide a consistent communication facility
   --  between applications. This package provides an Ada binding to the
   --  de-facto standard BSD sockets API. The documentation below covers
   --  only the specific binding provided by this package. It assumes that
   --  the reader is already familiar with general network programming and
   --  sockets usage. A useful reference on this matter is W. Richard Stevens'
   --  "UNIX Network Programming: The Sockets Networking API"
   --  (ISBN: 0131411551).

   --  GNAT.Sockets has been designed with several ideas in mind

   --  This is a system independent interface. Therefore, we try as much as
   --  possible to mask system incompatibilities. Some functionalities are not
   --  available because there are not fully supported on some systems.

   --  This is a thick binding. For instance, a major effort has been done to
   --  avoid using memory addresses or untyped ints. We preferred to define
   --  streams and enumeration types. Errors are not returned as returned
   --  values but as exceptions.

   --  This package provides a POSIX-compliant interface (between two
   --  different implementations of the same routine, we adopt the one closest
   --  to the POSIX specification). For instance, using select(), the
   --  notification of an asynchronous connect failure is delivered in the
   --  write socket set (POSIX) instead of the exception socket set (NT).

   --  The example below demonstrates various features of GNAT.Sockets:

   --  with GNAT.Sockets; use GNAT.Sockets;

   --  with Ada.Text_IO;
   --  with Ada.Exceptions; use Ada.Exceptions;

   --  procedure PingPong is

   --     Group : constant String := "239.255.128.128";
   --     --  Multicast group: administratively scoped IP address

   --     task Pong is
   --        entry Start;
   --        entry Stop;
   --     end Pong;

   --     task body Pong is
   --        Address  : Sock_Addr_Type;
   --        Server   : Socket_Type;
   --        Socket   : Socket_Type;
   --        Channel  : Stream_Access;

   --     begin
   --        --  Get an Internet address of a host (here the local host name).
   --        --  Note that a host can have several addresses. Here we get
   --        --  the first one which is supposed to be the official one.

   --        Address.Addr := Addresses (Get_Host_By_Name (Host_Name), 1);

   --        --  Get a socket address that is an Internet address and a port

   --        Address.Port := 5876;

   --        --  The first step is to create a socket. Once created, this
   --        --  socket must be associated to with an address. Usually only a
   --        --  server (Pong here) needs to bind an address explicitly. Most
   --        --  of the time clients can skip this step because the socket
   --        --  routines will bind an arbitrary address to an unbound socket.

   --        Create_Socket (Server);

   --        --  Allow reuse of local addresses

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Server,
   --           Socket_Level,
   --           (Reuse_Address, True));

   --        Bind_Socket (Server, Address);

   --        --  A server marks a socket as willing to receive connect events

   --        Listen_Socket (Server);

   --        --  Once a server calls Listen_Socket, incoming connects events
   --        --  can be accepted. The returned Socket is a new socket that
   --        --  represents the server side of the connection. Server remains
   --        --  available to receive further connections.

   --        accept Start;

   --        Accept_Socket (Server, Socket, Address);

   --        --  Return a stream associated to the connected socket

   --        Channel := Stream (Socket);

   --        --  Force Pong to block

   --        delay 0.2;

   --        --  Receive and print message from client Ping

   --        declare
   --           Message : String := String'Input (Channel);

   --        begin
   --           Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (Message);

   --           --  Send same message back to client Ping

   --           String'Output (Channel, Message);
   --        end;

   --        Close_Socket (Server);
   --        Close_Socket (Socket);

   --        --  Part of the multicast example

   --        --  Create a datagram socket to send connectionless, unreliable
   --        --  messages of a fixed maximum length.

   --        Create_Socket (Socket, Family_Inet, Socket_Datagram);

   --        --  Allow reuse of local addresses

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           Socket_Level,
   --           (Reuse_Address, True));

   --        --  Controls the live time of the datagram to avoid it being
   --        --  looped forever due to routing errors. Routers decrement
   --        --  the TTL of every datagram as it traverses from one network
   --        --  to another and when its value reaches 0 the packet is
   --        --  dropped. Default is 1.

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
   --           (Multicast_TTL, 1));

   --        --  Want the data you send to be looped back to your host

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
   --           (Multicast_Loop, True));

   --        --  If this socket is intended to receive messages, bind it
   --        --  to a given socket address.

   --        Address.Addr := Any_Inet_Addr;
   --        Address.Port := 55505;

   --        Bind_Socket (Socket, Address);

   --        --  Join a multicast group

   --        --  Portability note: On Windows, this option may be set only
   --        --  on a bound socket.

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
   --           (Add_Membership, Inet_Addr (Group), Any_Inet_Addr));

   --        --  If this socket is intended to send messages, provide the
   --        --  receiver socket address.

   --        Address.Addr := Inet_Addr (Group);
   --        Address.Port := 55506;

   --        Channel := Stream (Socket, Address);

   --        --  Receive and print message from client Ping

   --        declare
   --           Message : String := String'Input (Channel);

   --        begin
   --           --  Get the address of the sender

   --           Address := Get_Address (Channel);
   --           Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (Message & " from " & Image (Address));

   --           --  Send same message back to client Ping

   --           String'Output (Channel, Message);
   --        end;

   --        Close_Socket (Socket);

   --        accept Stop;

   --     exception when E : others =>
   --        Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line
   --          (Exception_Name (E) & ": " & Exception_Message (E));
   --     end Pong;

   --     task Ping is
   --        entry Start;
   --        entry Stop;
   --     end Ping;

   --     task body Ping is
   --        Address  : Sock_Addr_Type;
   --        Socket   : Socket_Type;
   --        Channel  : Stream_Access;

   --     begin
   --        accept Start;

   --        --  See comments in Ping section for the first steps

   --        Address.Addr := Addresses (Get_Host_By_Name (Host_Name), 1);
   --        Address.Port := 5876;
   --        Create_Socket (Socket);

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           Socket_Level,
   --           (Reuse_Address, True));

   --        --  Force Ping to block

   --        delay 0.2;

   --        --  If the client's socket is not bound, Connect_Socket will
   --        --  bind to an unused address. The client uses Connect_Socket to
   --        --  create a logical connection between the client's socket and
   --        --  a server's socket returned by Accept_Socket.

   --        Connect_Socket (Socket, Address);

   --        Channel := Stream (Socket);

   --        --  Send message to server Pong

   --        String'Output (Channel, "Hello world");

   --        --  Force Ping to block

   --        delay 0.2;

   --        --  Receive and print message from server Pong

   --        Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (String'Input (Channel));
   --        Close_Socket (Socket);

   --        --  Part of multicast example. Code similar to Pong's one

   --        Create_Socket (Socket, Family_Inet, Socket_Datagram);

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           Socket_Level,
   --           (Reuse_Address, True));

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
   --           (Multicast_TTL, 1));

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
   --           (Multicast_Loop, True));

   --        Address.Addr := Any_Inet_Addr;
   --        Address.Port := 55506;

   --        Bind_Socket (Socket, Address);

   --        Set_Socket_Option
   --          (Socket,
   --           IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
   --           (Add_Membership, Inet_Addr (Group), Any_Inet_Addr));

   --        Address.Addr := Inet_Addr (Group);
   --        Address.Port := 55505;

   --        Channel := Stream (Socket, Address);

   --        --  Send message to server Pong

   --        String'Output (Channel, "Hello world");

   --        --  Receive and print message from server Pong

   --        declare
   --           Message : String := String'Input (Channel);

   --        begin
   --           Address := Get_Address (Channel);
   --           Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line (Message & " from " & Image (Address));
   --        end;

   --        Close_Socket (Socket);

   --        accept Stop;

   --     exception when E : others =>
   --        Ada.Text_IO.Put_Line
   --          (Exception_Name (E) & ": " & Exception_Message (E));
   --     end Ping;

   --  begin
   --     Initialize;
   --     Ping.Start;
   --     Pong.Start;
   --     Ping.Stop;
   --     Pong.Stop;
   --     Finalize;
   --  end PingPong;

   package SOSC renames System.OS_Constants;
   --  Renaming used to provide short-hand notations throughout the sockets
   --  binding. Note that System.OS_Constants is an internal unit, and the
   --  entities declared therein are not meant for direct access by users,
   --  including through this renaming.

   use type Interfaces.C.int;
   --  Need visibility on "-" operator so that we can write -1

   procedure Initialize;
   pragma Obsolescent
     (Entity  => Initialize,
      Message => "explicit initialization is no longer required");
   --  Initialize must be called before using any other socket routines.
   --  Note that this operation is a no-op on UNIX platforms, but applications
   --  should make sure to call it if portability is expected: some platforms
   --  (such as Windows) require initialization before any socket operation.
   --  This is now a no-op (initialization and finalization are done
   --  automatically).

   procedure Initialize (Process_Blocking_IO : Boolean);
   pragma Obsolescent
     (Entity  => Initialize,
      Message => "passing a parameter to Initialize is no longer supported");
   --  Previous versions of GNAT.Sockets used to require the user to indicate
   --  whether socket I/O was process- or thread-blocking on the platform.
   --  This property is now determined automatically when the run-time library
   --  is built. The old version of Initialize, taking a parameter, is kept
   --  for compatibility reasons, but this interface is obsolete (and if the
   --  value given is wrong, an exception will be raised at run time).
   --  This is now a no-op (initialization and finalization are done
   --  automatically).

   procedure Finalize;
   pragma Obsolescent
     (Entity  => Finalize,
      Message => "explicit finalization is no longer required");
   --  After Finalize is called it is not possible to use any routines
   --  exported in by this package. This procedure is idempotent.
   --  This is now a no-op (initialization and finalization are done
   --  automatically).

   type Socket_Type is private;
   --  Sockets are used to implement a reliable bi-directional point-to-point,
   --  stream-based connections between hosts. No_Socket provides a special
   --  value to denote uninitialized sockets.

   No_Socket : constant Socket_Type;

   type Selector_Type is limited private;
   type Selector_Access is access all Selector_Type;
   --  Selector objects are used to wait for i/o events to occur on sockets

   Null_Selector : constant Selector_Type;
   --  The Null_Selector can be used in place of a normal selector without
   --  having to call Create_Selector if the use of Abort_Selector is not
   --  required.

   --  Timeval_Duration is a subtype of Standard.Duration because the full
   --  range of Standard.Duration cannot be represented in the equivalent C
   --  structure (struct timeval). Moreover, negative values are not allowed
   --  to avoid system incompatibilities.

   Immediate : constant Duration := 0.0;

   Forever : constant Duration :=
               Duration'Min
                 (Duration'Last,
                  (if SOSC."=" (SOSC.Target_OS, SOSC.Windows)
                   then Duration (2 ** 32 / 1000)
                   else 1.0 * SOSC.MAX_tv_sec));
   --  Largest possible Duration that is also a valid value for the OS type
   --  used for socket timeout.

   subtype Timeval_Duration is Duration range Immediate .. Forever;

   subtype Selector_Duration is Timeval_Duration;
   --  Timeout value for selector operations

   type Selector_Status is (Completed, Expired, Aborted);
   --  Completion status of a selector operation, indicated as follows:
   --    Completed: one of the expected events occurred
   --    Expired:   no event occurred before the expiration of the timeout
   --    Aborted:   an external action cancelled the wait operation before
   --               any event occurred.

   Socket_Error : exception;
   --  There is only one exception in this package to deal with an error during
   --  a socket routine. Once raised, its message contains a string describing
   --  the error code.

   function Image (Socket : Socket_Type) return String;
   --  Return a printable string for Socket

   function To_Ada (Fd : Integer) return Socket_Type with Inline;
   --  Convert a file descriptor to Socket_Type. This is useful when a socket
   --  file descriptor is obtained from an external library call.

   function To_C (Socket : Socket_Type) return Integer with Inline;
   --  Return a file descriptor to be used by external subprograms. This is
   --  useful for C functions that are not yet interfaced in this package.

   type Family_Type is (Family_Inet, Family_Inet6, Family_Unix, Family_Unspec);
   --  Address family (or protocol family) identifies the communication domain
   --  and groups protocols with similar address formats.
   --  The order of the enumeration elements should not be changed unilaterally
   --  because the IPv6_TCP_Preferred routine rely on it.

   subtype Family_Inet_4_6 is Family_Type range Family_Inet .. Family_Inet6;

   type Mode_Type is (Socket_Stream, Socket_Datagram, Socket_Raw);
   --  Stream sockets provide connection-oriented byte streams. Datagram
   --  sockets support unreliable connectionless message-based communication.
   --  Raw sockets provide raw network-protocol access.
   --  The order of the enumeration elements should not be changed unilaterally
   --  because the IPv6_TCP_Preferred routine relies on it.

   type Shutmode_Type is (Shut_Read, Shut_Write, Shut_Read_Write);
   --  When a process closes a socket, the policy is to retain any data queued
   --  until either a delivery or a timeout expiration (in this case, the data
   --  are discarded). Finer control is available through shutdown. With
   --  Shut_Read, no more data can be received from the socket. With_Write, no
   --  more data can be transmitted. Neither transmission nor reception can be
   --  performed with Shut_Read_Write.

   type Port_Type is range 0 .. 16#ffff#;
   --  TCP/UDP port number

   Any_Port : constant Port_Type;
   --  All ports

   No_Port : constant Port_Type;
   --  Uninitialized port number

   type Inet_Addr_Comp_Type is mod 2 ** 8;
   --  Octet for Internet address

   Inet_Addr_Bytes_Length : constant array (Family_Inet_4_6) of Natural :=
     [Family_Inet => 4, Family_Inet6 => 16];

   type Inet_Addr_Bytes is array (Natural range <>) of Inet_Addr_Comp_Type;

   subtype Inet_Addr_V4_Type is
     Inet_Addr_Bytes (1 ..  Inet_Addr_Bytes_Length (Family_Inet));
   subtype Inet_Addr_V6_Type is
     Inet_Addr_Bytes (1 ..  Inet_Addr_Bytes_Length (Family_Inet6));

   subtype Inet_Addr_VN_Type is Inet_Addr_Bytes;
   --  For backwards compatibility

   type Inet_Addr_Type (Family : Family_Inet_4_6 := Family_Inet) is record
      case Family is
         when Family_Inet =>
            Sin_V4 : Inet_Addr_V4_Type := [others => 0];

         when Family_Inet6 =>
            Sin_V6 : Inet_Addr_V6_Type := [others => 0];

      end case;
   end record;

   --  An Internet address depends on an address family (IPv4 contains 4 octets
   --  and IPv6 contains 16 octets).

   Any_Inet_Addr       : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Wildcard enabling all addresses to use with bind

   Any_Inet6_Addr      : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Idem for IPV6 socket

   No_Inet_Addr        : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Uninitialized inet address

   Broadcast_Inet_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Broadcast destination address in the current network

   Loopback_Inet_Addr  : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Loopback address to the local host

   Loopback_Inet6_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  IPv6 Loopback address to the local host

   --  Useful constants for multicast addresses

   Unspecified_Group_Inet_Addr  : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  IPv4 multicast mask with prefix length 4

   Unspecified_Group_Inet6_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  IPv6 multicast mask with prefix length 16

   All_Hosts_Group_Inet_Addr    : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Multicast group addresses all hosts on the same network segment

   All_Hosts_Group_Inet6_Addr   : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Idem for IPv6 protocol

   All_Routers_Group_Inet_Addr  : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Multicast group addresses all routers on the same network segment

   All_Routers_Group_Inet6_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Idem for IPv6 protocol

   IPv4_To_IPv6_Prefix : constant Inet_Addr_Bytes :=
     [1 .. 10 => 0, 11 .. 12 => 255];
   --  Prefix for IPv4 mapped to IPv6 addresses

   --  Functions to handle masks and prefixes

   function Mask
     (Family : Family_Inet_4_6;
      Length : Natural;
      Host   : Boolean := False) return Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Return an address mask of the given family with the given prefix length.
   --  If Host is False, this is a network mask (i.e. network bits are 1,
   --  and host bits are 0); if Host is True, this is a host mask (i.e.
   --  network bits are 0, and host bits are 1).

   function "and" (Addr, Mask : Inet_Addr_Type) return Inet_Addr_Type;
   function "or" (Net, Host : Inet_Addr_Type) return Inet_Addr_Type;
   function "not" (Mask : Inet_Addr_Type) return Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Bit-wise operations on inet addresses (both operands must have the
   --  same address family).

   type Sock_Addr_Type (Family : Family_Type := Family_Inet) is record
      case Family is
         when Family_Unix =>
            Name : Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Unbounded_String;
         when Family_Inet_4_6 =>
            Addr : Inet_Addr_Type (Family);
            Port : Port_Type;
         when Family_Unspec =>
            null;
      end case;
   end record;
   pragma No_Component_Reordering (Sock_Addr_Type);
   --  Socket addresses fully define a socket connection with protocol family,
   --  an Internet address and a port. No_Sock_Addr provides a special value
   --  for uninitialized socket addresses.

   No_Sock_Addr : constant Sock_Addr_Type;
   --  Uninitialized socket address

   function Is_IPv4_Address (Name : String) return Boolean;
   --  Return true when Name is an IPv4 address in dotted quad notation

   function Is_IPv6_Address (Name : String) return Boolean;
   --  Return true when Name is an IPv6 address in numeric format

   function Image (Value : Inet_Addr_Type) return String;
   --  Return an image of an Internet address. IPv4 notation consists in 4
   --  octets in decimal format separated by dots. IPv6 notation consists in
   --  8 hextets in hexadecimal format separated by colons.

   function Image (Value : Sock_Addr_Type) return String;
   --  Return socket address image. Network socket address image will be with
   --  a port image separated by a colon.

   function Inet_Addr (Image : String) return Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Convert address image from numbers-dots-and-colons notation into an
   --  inet address.

   function Unix_Socket_Address (Addr : String) return Sock_Addr_Type;
   --  Convert unix local socket name to Sock_Addr_Type

   function Network_Socket_Address
     (Addr : Inet_Addr_Type; Port : Port_Type) return Sock_Addr_Type;
   --  Create network socket address

   --  Host entries provide complete information on a given host: the official
   --  name, an array of alternative names or aliases and array of network
   --  addresses.

   type Host_Entry_Type
     (Aliases_Length, Addresses_Length : Natural) is private;

   function Official_Name (E : Host_Entry_Type) return String;
   --  Return official name in host entry

   function Aliases_Length (E : Host_Entry_Type) return Natural;
   --  Return number of aliases in host entry

   function Addresses_Length (E : Host_Entry_Type) return Natural;
   --  Return number of addresses in host entry

   function Aliases
     (E : Host_Entry_Type;
      N : Positive := 1) return String;
   --  Return N'th aliases in host entry. The first index is 1

   function Addresses
     (E : Host_Entry_Type;
      N : Positive := 1) return Inet_Addr_Type;
   --  Return N'th addresses in host entry. The first index is 1

   Host_Error : exception;
   --  Exception raised by the two following procedures. Once raised, its
   --  message contains a string describing the error code. This exception is
   --  raised when an host entry cannot be retrieved.

   function Get_Host_By_Address
     (Address : Inet_Addr_Type;
      Family  : Family_Type := Family_Inet) return Host_Entry_Type;
   --  Return host entry structure for the given Inet address. Note that no
   --  result will be returned if there is no mapping of this IP address to a
   --  host name in the system tables (host database, DNS or otherwise).

   function Get_Host_By_Name
     (Name : String) return Host_Entry_Type;
   --  Return host entry structure for the given host name. Here name is
   --  either a host name, or an IP address. If Name is an IP address, this
   --  is equivalent to Get_Host_By_Address (Inet_Addr (Name)).

   function Host_Name return String;
   --  Return the name of the current host

   type Service_Entry_Type (Aliases_Length : Natural) is private;
   --  Service entries provide complete information on a given service: the
   --  official name, an array of alternative names or aliases and the port
   --  number.

   function Official_Name (S : Service_Entry_Type) return String;
   --  Return official name in service entry

   function Port_Number (S : Service_Entry_Type) return Port_Type;
   --  Return port number in service entry

   function Protocol_Name (S : Service_Entry_Type) return String;
   --  Return Protocol in service entry (usually UDP or TCP)

   function Aliases_Length (S : Service_Entry_Type) return Natural;
   --  Return number of aliases in service entry

   function Aliases
     (S : Service_Entry_Type;
      N : Positive := 1) return String;
   --  Return N'th aliases in service entry (the first index is 1)

   function Get_Service_By_Name
     (Name     : String;
      Protocol : String) return Service_Entry_Type;
   --  Return service entry structure for the given service name

   function Get_Service_By_Port
     (Port     : Port_Type;
      Protocol : String) return Service_Entry_Type;
   --  Return service entry structure for the given service port number

   Service_Error : exception;
   --  Comment required ???

   --  Errors are described by an enumeration type. There is only one exception
   --  Socket_Error in this package to deal with an error during a socket
   --  routine. Once raised, its message contains the error code between
   --  brackets and a string describing the error code.

   --  The name of the enumeration constant documents the error condition
   --  Note that on some platforms, a single error value is used for both
   --  EWOULDBLOCK and EAGAIN. Both errors are therefore always reported as
   --  Resource_Temporarily_Unavailable.

   type Error_Type is
     (Success,
      Permission_Denied,
      Address_Already_In_Use,
      Cannot_Assign_Requested_Address,
      Address_Family_Not_Supported_By_Protocol,
      Operation_Already_In_Progress,
      Bad_File_Descriptor,
      Software_Caused_Connection_Abort,
      Connection_Refused,
      Connection_Reset_By_Peer,
      Destination_Address_Required,
      Bad_Address,
      Host_Is_Down,
      No_Route_To_Host,
      Operation_Now_In_Progress,
      Interrupted_System_Call,
      Invalid_Argument,
      Input_Output_Error,
      Transport_Endpoint_Already_Connected,
      Too_Many_Symbolic_Links,
      Too_Many_Open_Files,
      Message_Too_Long,
      File_Name_Too_Long,
      Network_Is_Down,
      Network_Dropped_Connection_Because_Of_Reset,
      Network_Is_Unreachable,
      No_Buffer_Space_Available,
      Protocol_Not_Available,
      Transport_Endpoint_Not_Connected,
      Socket_Operation_On_Non_Socket,
      Operation_Not_Supported,
      Protocol_Family_Not_Supported,
      Protocol_Not_Supported,
      Protocol_Wrong_Type_For_Socket,
      Cannot_Send_After_Transport_Endpoint_Shutdown,
      Socket_Type_Not_Supported,
      Connection_Timed_Out,
      Too_Many_References,
      Resource_Temporarily_Unavailable,
      Broken_Pipe,
      Unknown_Host,
      Host_Name_Lookup_Failure,
      Non_Recoverable_Error,
      Unknown_Server_Error,
      Cannot_Resolve_Error);

   --  Get_Socket_Options and Set_Socket_Options manipulate options associated
   --  with a socket. Options may exist at multiple protocol levels in the
   --  communication stack. Socket_Level is the uppermost socket level.

   type Level_Type is
     (Socket_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_IPv6_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_UDP_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_TCP_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_ICMP_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_IGMP_Level,
      IP_Protocol_For_RAW_Level);

   --  There are several options available to manipulate sockets. Each option
   --  has a name and several values available. Most of the time, the value
   --  is a boolean to enable or disable this option. Each socket option is
   --  provided with an appropriate C name taken from the sockets API comments.
   --  The C name can be used to find a detailed description in the OS-specific
   --  documentation. The options are grouped by main Level_Type value, which
   --  can be used together with this option in calls to the Set_Socket_Option
   --  and Get_Socket_Option routines. Note that some options can be used with
   --  more than one level.

   type Option_Name is
     (Generic_Option,
      --  Can be used to set/get any socket option via an OS-specific option
      --  code with an integer value.

      ------------------
      -- Socket_Level --
      ------------------

      Keep_Alive,      -- SO_KEEPALIVE
      --  Enable sending of keep-alive messages on connection-oriented sockets

      Reuse_Address,   -- SO_REUSEADDR
      --  Enable binding to an address and port already in use

      Broadcast,       -- SO_BROADCAST
      --  Enable sending broadcast datagrams on the socket

      Send_Buffer,     -- SO_SNDBUF
      --  Set/get the maximum socket send buffer in bytes

      Receive_Buffer,  -- SO_RCVBUF
      --  Set/get the maximum socket receive buffer in bytes

      Linger,          -- SO_LINGER
      --  When enabled, a Close_Socket or Shutdown_Socket will wait until all
      --  queued messages for the socket have been successfully sent or the
      --  linger timeout has been reached.

      Error,           -- SO_ERROR
      --  Get and clear the pending socket error integer code

      Send_Timeout,    -- SO_SNDTIMEO
      --  Specify sending timeout until reporting an error

      Receive_Timeout, -- SO_RCVTIMEO
      --  Specify receiving timeout until reporting an error

      Busy_Polling,    -- SO_BUSY_POLL
      --  Sets the approximate time in microseconds to busy poll on a blocking
      --  receive when there is no data.

      Bind_To_Device,  -- SO_BINDTODEVICE
      --  Bind to a specific NIC (Network Interface Controller)

      -------------------------------
      -- IP_Protocol_For_TCP_Level --
      -------------------------------

      No_Delay,            -- TCP_NODELAY
      --  Disable the Nagle algorithm. This means that output buffer content
      --  is always sent as soon as possible, even if there is only a small
      --  amount of data.

      Keep_Alive_Count,    -- TCP_KEEPCNT
      --  Maximum number of keepalive probes

      Keep_Alive_Idle,     -- TCP_KEEPIDLE
      --  Idle time before TCP starts sending keepalive probes

      Keep_Alive_Interval, -- TCP_KEEPINTVL
      --  Time between individual keepalive probes

      ------------------------------
      -- IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level --
      ------------------------------

      Add_Membership_V4,   -- IP_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
      --  Join a multicast group

      Drop_Membership_V4,  -- IP_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
      --  Leave a multicast group

      Multicast_If_V4,     -- IP_MULTICAST_IF
      --  Set/Get outgoing interface for sending multicast packets

      Multicast_Loop_V4,   -- IP_MULTICAST_LOOP
      --  This boolean option determines whether sent multicast packets should
      --  be looped back to the local sockets.

      Multicast_TTL,       -- IP_MULTICAST_TTL
      --  Set/Get the time-to-live of sent multicast packets

      Receive_Packet_Info, -- IP_PKTINFO
      --  Receive low-level packet info as ancillary data

      --------------------------------
      -- IP_Protocol_For_IPv6_Level --
      --------------------------------

      Add_Membership_V6,   -- IPV6_ADD_MEMBERSHIP
      --  Join IPv6 multicast group

      Drop_Membership_V6,  -- IPV6_DROP_MEMBERSHIP
      --  Leave IPv6 multicast group

      Multicast_If_V6,     -- IPV6_MULTICAST_IF
      --  Set/Get outgoing interface index for sending multicast packets

      Multicast_Loop_V6,   -- IPV6_MULTICAST_LOOP
      --  This boolean option determines whether sent multicast IPv6 packets
      --  should be looped back to the local sockets.

      IPv6_Only,           -- IPV6_V6ONLY
      --  Restricted to IPv6 communications only

      Multicast_Hops       -- IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS
      --  Set the multicast hop limit for the IPv6 socket
     );

   subtype Specific_Option_Name is
     Option_Name range Keep_Alive .. Option_Name'Last;

   Add_Membership  : Option_Name renames Add_Membership_V4;
   Drop_Membership : Option_Name renames Drop_Membership_V4;
   Multicast_If    : Option_Name renames Multicast_If_V4;
   Multicast_Loop  : Option_Name renames Multicast_Loop_V4;

   type Option_Type (Name : Option_Name := Keep_Alive) is record
      case Name is
         when Generic_Option =>
            Optname : Interfaces.C.int := -1;
            Optval  : Interfaces.C.int;

         when Keep_Alive          |
              Reuse_Address       |
              Broadcast           |
              Linger              |
              No_Delay            |
              Receive_Packet_Info |
              IPv6_Only           |
              Multicast_Loop_V4   |
              Multicast_Loop_V6   =>
            Enabled : Boolean;

            case Name is
               when Linger =>
                  Seconds : Natural;
               when others =>
                  null;
            end case;

         when Keep_Alive_Count    =>
            Count : Natural;

         when Keep_Alive_Idle     =>
            Idle_Seconds : Natural;

         when Keep_Alive_Interval =>
            Interval_Seconds : Natural;

         when Busy_Polling        =>
            Microseconds : Natural;

         when Send_Buffer         |
              Receive_Buffer      =>
            Size : Natural;

         when Error               =>
            Error : Error_Type;

         when Add_Membership_V4   |
              Add_Membership_V6   |
              Drop_Membership_V4  |
              Drop_Membership_V6  =>
            Multicast_Address : Inet_Addr_Type;
            case Name is
               when Add_Membership_V4  |
                    Drop_Membership_V4 =>
                  Local_Interface : Inet_Addr_Type;
               when others =>
                  Interface_Index : Natural;
            end case;

         when Multicast_If_V4 =>
            Outgoing_If : Inet_Addr_Type;

         when Multicast_If_V6 =>
            Outgoing_If_Index : Natural;

         when Multicast_TTL   =>
            Time_To_Live : Natural;

         when Multicast_Hops  =>
            Hop_Limit : Integer range -1 .. 255;

         when Send_Timeout    |
              Receive_Timeout =>
            Timeout : Timeval_Duration;

         when Bind_To_Device =>
            Device : Ada.Strings.Unbounded.Unbounded_String;
      end case;
   end record;

   --  There are several controls available to manipulate sockets. Each option
   --  has a name and several values available. These controls differ from the
   --  socket options in that they are not specific to sockets but are
   --  available for any device.

   type Request_Name is
     (Non_Blocking_IO,  --  Cause a caller not to wait on blocking operations
      N_Bytes_To_Read); --  Return the number of bytes available to read

   type Request_Type (Name : Request_Name := Non_Blocking_IO) is record
      case Name is
         when Non_Blocking_IO =>
            Enabled : Boolean;

         when N_Bytes_To_Read =>
            Size : Natural;

      end case;
   end record;

   --  A request flag allows specification of the type of message transmissions
   --  or receptions. A request flag can be combination of zero or more
   --  predefined request flags.

   type Request_Flag_Type is private;

   No_Request_Flag : constant Request_Flag_Type;
   --  This flag corresponds to the normal execution of an operation

   Process_Out_Of_Band_Data : constant Request_Flag_Type;
   --  This flag requests that the receive or send function operates on
   --  out-of-band data when the socket supports this notion (e.g.
   --  Socket_Stream).

   Peek_At_Incoming_Data : constant Request_Flag_Type;
   --  This flag causes the receive operation to return data from the beginning
   --  of the receive queue without removing that data from the queue. A
   --  subsequent receive call will return the same data.

   Wait_For_A_Full_Reception : constant Request_Flag_Type;
   --  This flag requests that the operation block until the full request is
   --  satisfied. However, the call may still return less data than requested
   --  if a signal is caught, an error or disconnect occurs, or the next data
   --  to be received is of a different type than that returned. Note that
   --  this flag depends on support in the underlying sockets implementation,
   --  and is not supported under Windows.

   Send_End_Of_Record : constant Request_Flag_Type;
   --  This flag indicates that the entire message has been sent and so this
   --  terminates the record.

   function "+" (L, R : Request_Flag_Type) return Request_Flag_Type;
   --  Combine flag L with flag R

   type Stream_Element_Reference is access all Ada.Streams.Stream_Element;

   type Vector_Element is record
      Base   : Stream_Element_Reference;
      Length : Interfaces.C.size_t;
   end record;

   type Vector_Type is array (Integer range <>) of Vector_Element;

   type Address_Info is record
      Addr  : Sock_Addr_Type;
      Mode  : Mode_Type  := Socket_Stream;
      Level : Level_Type := IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level;
   end record;

   type Address_Info_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Address_Info;

   function Get_Address_Info
     (Host         : String;
      Service      : String;
      Family       : Family_Type := Family_Unspec;
      Mode         : Mode_Type   := Socket_Stream;
      Level        : Level_Type  := IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level;
      Numeric_Host : Boolean     := False;
      Passive      : Boolean     := False;
      Unknown      : access procedure
        (Family, Mode, Level, Length : Integer) := null)
      return Address_Info_Array;
   --  Returns available addresses for the Host and Service names.
   --  If Family is Family_Unspec, all available protocol families returned.
   --  Service is the name of service as defined in /etc/services or port
   --  number in string representation.
   --  If Unknown procedure access specified it will be called in case of
   --  unknown family found.
   --  Numeric_Host flag suppresses any potentially lengthy network host
   --  address lookups, and Host have to represent numerical network address in
   --  this case.
   --  If Passive is True and Host is empty then the returned socket addresses
   --  will be suitable for binding a socket that will accept connections.
   --  The returned socket address will contain  the  "wildcard  address".
   --  The wildcard address is used by applications (typically servers) that
   --  intend to accept connections on any of the hosts's network addresses.
   --  If Host is not empty, then the Passive flag is ignored.
   --  If Passive is False, then the returned socket addresses will be suitable
   --  for use with connect, sendto, or sendmsg.  If Host is empty, then the
   --  network address will be set  to  the  loopback  interface  address;
   --  this is used by applications that intend to communicate with peers
   --  running on the same host.

   procedure Sort
     (Addr_Info : in out Address_Info_Array;
      Compare   : access function (Left, Right : Address_Info) return Boolean);
   --  Sort address info array in order defined by compare function

   function IPv6_TCP_Preferred (Left, Right : Address_Info) return Boolean;
   --  To use with Sort to order where IPv6 and TCP addresses first

   type Host_Service (Host_Length, Service_Length : Natural) is record
      Host    : String (1 .. Host_Length);
      Service : String (1 .. Service_Length);
   end record;

   function Get_Name_Info
     (Addr         : Sock_Addr_Type;
      Numeric_Host : Boolean := False;
      Numeric_Serv : Boolean := False) return Host_Service;
   --  Returns host and service names by the address and port.
   --  If Numeric_Host is True, then the numeric form of the hostname is
   --  returned. When Numeric_Host is False, this will still happen in case the
   --  host name cannot be determined.
   --  If Numenric_Serv is True, then the numeric form of the service address
   --  (port number) is returned.  When Numenric_Serv is False, this will still
   --  happen in case the service's name cannot be determined.

   procedure Create_Socket
     (Socket : out Socket_Type;
      Family : Family_Type := Family_Inet;
      Mode   : Mode_Type   := Socket_Stream;
      Level  : Level_Type  := IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level);
   --  Create an endpoint for communication. Raises Socket_Error on error

   procedure Create_Socket_Pair
     (Left   : out Socket_Type;
      Right  : out Socket_Type;
      Family : Family_Type := Family_Unspec;
      Mode   : Mode_Type   := Socket_Stream;
      Level  : Level_Type  := IP_Protocol_For_IP_Level);
   --  Create two connected sockets. Raises Socket_Error on error.
   --  If Family is unspecified, it creates Family_Unix sockets on UNIX and
   --  Family_Inet sockets on non UNIX platforms.

   procedure Accept_Socket
     (Server  : Socket_Type;
      Socket  : out Socket_Type;
      Address : out Sock_Addr_Type);
   --  Extracts the first connection request on the queue of pending
   --  connections, creates a new connected socket with mostly the same
   --  properties as Server, and allocates a new socket. The returned Address
   --  is filled in with the address of the connection. Raises Socket_Error on
   --  error. Note: if Server is a non-blocking socket, whether or not this
   --  aspect is inherited by Socket is platform-dependent.

   procedure Accept_Socket
     (Server   : Socket_Type;
      Socket   : out Socket_Type;
      Address  : out Sock_Addr_Type;
      Timeout  : Selector_Duration;
      Selector : access Selector_Type := null;
      Status   : out Selector_Status);
   --  Accept a new connection on Server using Accept_Socket, waiting no longer
   --  than the given timeout duration. Status is set to indicate whether the
   --  operation completed successfully, timed out, or was aborted. If Selector
   --  is not null, the designated selector is used to wait for the socket to
   --  become available, else a private selector object is created by this
   --  procedure and destroyed before it returns.

   procedure Bind_Socket
     (Socket  : Socket_Type;
      Address : Sock_Addr_Type);
   --  Once a socket is created, assign a local address to it. Raise
   --  Socket_Error on error.

   procedure Close_Socket (Socket : Socket_Type);
   --  Close a socket and more specifically a non-connected socket

   procedure Connect_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Server : Sock_Addr_Type);
   --  Make a connection to another socket which has the address of Server.
   --  Raises Socket_Error on error.

   procedure Connect_Socket
     (Socket   : Socket_Type;
      Server   : Sock_Addr_Type;
      Timeout  : Selector_Duration;
      Selector : access Selector_Type := null;
      Status   : out Selector_Status);
   --  Connect Socket to the given Server address using Connect_Socket, waiting
   --  no longer than the given timeout duration. Status is set to indicate
   --  whether the operation completed successfully, timed out, or was aborted.
   --  If Selector is not null, the designated selector is used to wait for the
   --  socket to become available, else a private selector object is created
   --  by this procedure and destroyed before it returns. If Timeout is 0.0,
   --  no attempt is made to detect whether the connection has succeeded; it
   --  is up to the user to determine this using Check_Selector later on.

   procedure Control_Socket
     (Socket  : Socket_Type;
      Request : in out Request_Type);
   --  Obtain or set parameter values that control the socket. This control
   --  differs from the socket options in that they are not specific to sockets
   --  but are available for any device.

   function Get_Peer_Name (Socket : Socket_Type) return Sock_Addr_Type;
   --  Return the peer or remote socket address of a socket. Raise
   --  Socket_Error on error.

   function Get_Socket_Name (Socket : Socket_Type) return Sock_Addr_Type;
   --  Return the local or current socket address of a socket. Return
   --  No_Sock_Addr on error (e.g. socket closed or not locally bound).

   function Get_Socket_Option
     (Socket  : Socket_Type;
      Level   : Level_Type;
      Name    : Option_Name;
      Optname : Interfaces.C.int := -1) return Option_Type;
   --  Get the options associated with a socket. Raises Socket_Error on error.
   --  Optname identifies specific option when Name is Generic_Option.

   procedure Listen_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Length : Natural := 15);
   --  To accept connections, a socket is first created with Create_Socket,
   --  a willingness to accept incoming connections and a queue Length for
   --  incoming connections are specified. Raise Socket_Error on error.
   --  The queue length of 15 is an example value that should be appropriate
   --  in usual cases. It can be adjusted according to each application's
   --  particular requirements.

   procedure Receive_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Item   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array;
      Last   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   --  Receive message from Socket. Last is the index value such that Item
   --  (Last) is the last character assigned. Note that Last is set to
   --  Item'First - 1 when the socket has been closed by peer. This is not
   --  an error, and no exception is raised in this case unless Item'First
   --  is Stream_Element_Offset'First, in which case Constraint_Error is
   --  raised. Flags allows control of the reception. Raise Socket_Error on
   --  error.

   procedure Receive_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Item   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array;
      Last   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
      From   : out Sock_Addr_Type;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   --  Receive message from Socket. If Socket is not connection-oriented, the
   --  source address From of the message is filled in. Last is the index
   --  value such that Item (Last) is the last character assigned. Flags
   --  allows control of the reception. Raises Socket_Error on error.

   procedure Receive_Vector
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Vector : Vector_Type;
      Count  : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Count;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   --  Receive data from a socket and scatter it into the set of vector
   --  elements Vector. Count is set to the count of received stream elements.
   --  Flags allow control over reception.

   function Resolve_Exception
     (Occurrence : Ada.Exceptions.Exception_Occurrence) return Error_Type;
   --  When Socket_Error or Host_Error are raised, the exception message
   --  contains the error code between brackets and a string describing the
   --  error code. Resolve_Error extracts the error code from an exception
   --  message and translate it into an enumeration value.

   procedure Send_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Item   : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array;
      Last   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
      To     : access Sock_Addr_Type;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   pragma Inline (Send_Socket);
   --  Transmit a message over a socket. For a datagram socket, the address
   --  is given by To.all. For a stream socket, To must be null. Last
   --  is the index value such that Item (Last) is the last character
   --  sent. Note that Last is set to Item'First - 1 if the socket has been
   --  closed by the peer (unless Item'First is Stream_Element_Offset'First,
   --  in which case Constraint_Error is raised instead). This is not an error,
   --  and Socket_Error is not raised in that case. Flags allows control of the
   --  transmission. Raises exception Socket_Error on error. Note: this
   --  subprogram is inlined because it is also used to implement the two
   --  variants below.

   procedure Send_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Item   : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array;
      Last   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   --  Transmit a message over a socket. Upon return, Last is set to the index
   --  within Item of the last element transmitted. Flags allows control of
   --  the transmission. Raises Socket_Error on any detected error condition.

   procedure Send_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Item   : Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Array;
      Last   : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Offset;
      To     : Sock_Addr_Type;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   --  Transmit a message over a datagram socket. The destination address is
   --  To. Flags allows control of the transmission. Raises Socket_Error on
   --  error.

   procedure Send_Vector
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Vector : Vector_Type;
      Count  : out Ada.Streams.Stream_Element_Count;
      Flags  : Request_Flag_Type := No_Request_Flag);
   --  Transmit data gathered from the set of vector elements Vector to a
   --  socket. Count is set to the count of transmitted stream elements. Flags
   --  allow control over transmission.

   procedure Set_Close_On_Exec
     (Socket        : Socket_Type;
      Close_On_Exec : Boolean;
      Status        : out Boolean);
   --  When Close_On_Exec is True, mark Socket to be closed automatically when
   --  a new program is executed by the calling process (i.e. prevent Socket
   --  from being inherited by child processes). When Close_On_Exec is False,
   --  mark Socket to not be closed on exec (i.e. allow it to be inherited).
   --  Status is False if the operation could not be performed, or is not
   --  supported on the target platform.

   procedure Set_Socket_Option
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      Level  : Level_Type;
      Option : Option_Type);
   --  Manipulate socket options. Raises Socket_Error on error

   procedure Shutdown_Socket
     (Socket : Socket_Type;
      How    : Shutmode_Type := Shut_Read_Write);
   --  Shutdown a connected socket. If How is Shut_Read further receives will
   --  be disallowed. If How is Shut_Write further sends will be disallowed.
   --  If How is Shut_Read_Write further sends and receives will be disallowed.

   type Stream_Access is access all Ada.Streams.Root_Stream_Type'Class;
   --  Same interface as Ada.Streams.Stream_IO

   function Stream (Socket : Socket_Type) return Stream_Access;
   --  Create a stream associated with a connected stream-based socket.
   --  Note: keep in mind that the default stream attributes for composite
   --  types perform separate Read/Write operations for each component,
   --  recursively. If performance is an issue, you may want to consider
   --  introducing a buffering stage.

   function Stream
     (Socket  : Socket_Type;
      Send_To : Sock_Addr_Type) return Stream_Access;
   --  Create a stream associated with an already bound datagram-based socket.
   --  Send_To is the destination address to which messages are being sent.

   function Get_Address
     (Stream : not null Stream_Access) return Sock_Addr_Type;
   --  Return the socket address from which the last message was received

   procedure Free is new Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation
     (Ada.Streams.Root_Stream_Type'Class, Stream_Access);
   --  Destroy a stream created by one of the Stream functions above, releasing
   --  the corresponding resources. The user is responsible for calling this
   --  subprogram when the stream is not needed anymore.

   type Socket_Set_Type is limited private;
   --  This type allows manipulation of sets of sockets. It allows waiting
   --  for events on multiple endpoints at one time. This type has default
   --  initialization, and the default value is the empty set.
   --
   --  Note: This type used to contain a pointer to dynamically allocated
   --  storage, but this is not the case anymore, and no special precautions
   --  are required to avoid memory leaks.

   procedure Clear (Item : in out Socket_Set_Type; Socket : Socket_Type);
   --  Remove Socket from Item

   procedure Copy (Source : Socket_Set_Type; Target : out Socket_Set_Type);
   --  Copy Source into Target as Socket_Set_Type is limited private

   procedure Empty (Item : out Socket_Set_Type);
   --  Remove all Sockets from Item

   procedure Get (Item : in out Socket_Set_Type; Socket : out Socket_Type);
   --  Extract a Socket from socket set Item. Socket is set to
   --  No_Socket when the set is empty.

   function Is_Empty (Item : Socket_Set_Type) return Boolean;
   --  Return True iff Item is empty

   function Is_Set
     (Item   : Socket_Set_Type;
      Socket : Socket_Type) return Boolean;
   --  Return True iff Socket is present in Item

   procedure Set (Item : in out Socket_Set_Type; Socket : Socket_Type);
   --  Insert Socket into Item

   function Image (Item : Socket_Set_Type) return String;
   --  Return a printable image of Item, for debugging purposes

   --  The select(2) system call waits for events to occur on any of a set of
   --  file descriptors. Usually, three independent sets of descriptors are
   --  watched (read, write  and exception). A timeout gives an upper bound
   --  on the amount of time elapsed before select returns. This function
   --  blocks until an event occurs. On some platforms, the select(2) system
   --  can block the full process (not just the calling thread).
   --
   --  Check_Selector provides the very same behavior. The only difference is
   --  that it does not watch for exception events. Note that on some platforms
   --  it is kept process blocking on purpose. The timeout parameter allows the
   --  user to have the behavior he wants. Abort_Selector allows the safe
   --  abort of a blocked Check_Selector call. A special socket is opened by
   --  Create_Selector and included in each call to Check_Selector.
   --
   --  Abort_Selector causes an event to occur on this descriptor in order to
   --  unblock Check_Selector. Note that each call to Abort_Selector will cause
   --  exactly one call to Check_Selector to return with Aborted status. The
   --  special socket created by Create_Selector is closed when Close_Selector
   --  is called.
   --
   --  A typical case where it is useful to abort a Check_Selector operation is
   --  the situation where a change to the monitored sockets set must be made.

   procedure Create_Selector (Selector : out Selector_Type);
   --  Initialize (open) a new selector

   procedure Close_Selector (Selector : in out Selector_Type);
   --  Close Selector and all internal descriptors associated; deallocate any
   --  associated resources. This subprogram may be called only when there is
   --  no other task still using Selector (i.e. still executing Check_Selector
   --  or Abort_Selector on this Selector). Has no effect if Selector is
   --  already closed.

   procedure Check_Selector
     (Selector     : Selector_Type;
      R_Socket_Set : in out Socket_Set_Type;
      W_Socket_Set : in out Socket_Set_Type;
      Status       : out Selector_Status;
      Timeout      : Selector_Duration := Forever);
   --  Return when one Socket in R_Socket_Set has some data to be read or if
   --  one Socket in W_Socket_Set is ready to transmit some data. In these
   --  cases Status is set to Completed and sockets that are ready are set in
   --  R_Socket_Set or W_Socket_Set. Status is set to Expired if no socket was
   --  ready after a Timeout expiration. Status is set to Aborted if an abort
   --  signal has been received while checking socket status.
   --
   --  Note that two different Socket_Set_Type objects must be passed as
   --  R_Socket_Set and W_Socket_Set (even if they denote the same set of
   --  Sockets), or some event may be lost. Also keep in mind that this
   --  procedure modifies the passed socket sets to indicate which sockets
   --  actually had events upon return. The socket set therefore has to
   --  be reset by the caller for further calls.
   --
   --  Socket_Error is raised when the select(2) system call returns an error
   --  condition, or when a read error occurs on the signalling socket used for
   --  the implementation of Abort_Selector.

   procedure Check_Selector
     (Selector     : Selector_Type;
      R_Socket_Set : in out Socket_Set_Type;
      W_Socket_Set : in out Socket_Set_Type;
      E_Socket_Set : in out Socket_Set_Type;
      Status       : out Selector_Status;
      Timeout      : Selector_Duration := Forever);
   --  This refined version of Check_Selector allows watching for exception
   --  events (i.e. notifications of out-of-band transmission and reception).
   --  As above, all of R_Socket_Set, W_Socket_Set and E_Socket_Set must be
   --  different objects.

   procedure Abort_Selector (Selector : Selector_Type);
   --  Send an abort signal to the selector. The Selector may not be the
   --  Null_Selector.

   type Fd_Set is private;
   --  ??? This type must not be used directly, it needs to be visible because
   --  it is used in the visible part of GNAT.Sockets.Thin_Common. This is
   --  really an inversion of abstraction. The private part of GNAT.Sockets
   --  needs to have visibility on this type, but since Thin_Common is a child
   --  of Sockets, the type can't be declared there. The correct fix would
   --  be to move the thin sockets binding outside of GNAT.Sockets altogether,
   --  e.g. by renaming it to GNAT.Sockets_Thin.

private

   package ASU renames Ada.Strings.Unbounded;

   type Socket_Type is new Integer;
   No_Socket : constant Socket_Type := -1;

   --  A selector is either a null selector, which is always "open" and can
   --  never be aborted, or a regular selector, which is created "closed",
   --  becomes "open" when Create_Selector is called, and "closed" again when
   --  Close_Selector is called.

   type Selector_Type (Is_Null : Boolean := False) is limited record
      case Is_Null is
         when True =>
            null;

         when False =>
            R_Sig_Socket : Socket_Type := No_Socket;
            W_Sig_Socket : Socket_Type := No_Socket;
            --  Signalling sockets used to abort a select operation
      end case;
   end record;

   pragma Volatile (Selector_Type);

   Null_Selector : constant Selector_Type := (Is_Null => True);

   type Fd_Set is
     new System.Storage_Elements.Storage_Array (1 .. SOSC.SIZEOF_fd_set);
   for Fd_Set'Alignment use Interfaces.C.long'Alignment;
   --  Set conservative alignment so that our Fd_Sets are always adequately
   --  aligned for the underlying data type (which is implementation defined
   --  and may be an array of C long integers).

   type Fd_Set_Access is access all Fd_Set;
   pragma Convention (C, Fd_Set_Access);
   No_Fd_Set_Access : constant Fd_Set_Access := null;

   type Socket_Set_Type is record
      Last : Socket_Type := No_Socket;
      --  Highest socket in set. Last = No_Socket denotes an empty set (which
      --  is the default initial value).

      Set : aliased Fd_Set;
      --  Underlying socket set. Note that the contents of this component is
      --  undefined if Last = No_Socket.
   end record;

   Any_Port : constant Port_Type := 0;
   No_Port  : constant Port_Type := 0;

   Any_Inet_Addr       : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                           (Family_Inet, [others => 0]);
   Any_Inet6_Addr      : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                           (Family_Inet6, [others => 0]);
   No_Inet_Addr        : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                           (Family_Inet, [others => 0]);
   Broadcast_Inet_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                           (Family_Inet, [others => 255]);
   Loopback_Inet_Addr  : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                           (Family_Inet, [127, 0, 0, 1]);
   Loopback_Inet6_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                           (Family_Inet6,
                            [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]);

   Unspecified_Group_Inet_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                                   (Family_Inet, [224, 0, 0, 0]);
   All_Hosts_Group_Inet_Addr   : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                                   (Family_Inet, [224, 0, 0, 1]);
   All_Routers_Group_Inet_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
                                   (Family_Inet, [224, 0, 0, 2]);

   Unspecified_Group_Inet6_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
     (Family_Inet6, [255, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
   All_Hosts_Group_Inet6_Addr   : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
     (Family_Inet6, [255, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]);
   All_Routers_Group_Inet6_Addr : constant Inet_Addr_Type :=
     (Family_Inet6, [255, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 2]);

   No_Sock_Addr : constant Sock_Addr_Type := (Family_Inet, No_Inet_Addr, 0);

   Max_Name_Length : constant := SOSC.NI_MAXHOST;
   --  Most systems don't provide constants that specify the maximum size
   --  of either a FQDN or a service name. In order to aid applications in
   --  allocating buffers, the constant NI_MAXHOST is defined in <netdb.h>.

   subtype Name_Index is Natural range 1 .. Max_Name_Length;

   type Name_Type (Length : Name_Index := Max_Name_Length) is record
      Name : String (1 .. Length);
   end record;
   --  We need fixed strings to avoid access types in host entry type

   type Name_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Name_Type;
   type Inet_Addr_Array is array (Positive range <>) of Inet_Addr_Type;

   type Host_Entry_Type (Aliases_Length, Addresses_Length : Natural) is record
      Official  : Name_Type;
      Aliases   : Name_Array (1 .. Aliases_Length);
      Addresses : Inet_Addr_Array (1 .. Addresses_Length);
   end record;

   type Service_Entry_Type (Aliases_Length : Natural) is record
      Official : Name_Type;
      Port     : Port_Type;
      Protocol : Name_Type;
      Aliases  : Name_Array (1 .. Aliases_Length);
   end record;

   type Request_Flag_Type is mod 2 ** 8;
   No_Request_Flag           : constant Request_Flag_Type := 0;
   Process_Out_Of_Band_Data  : constant Request_Flag_Type := 1;
   Peek_At_Incoming_Data     : constant Request_Flag_Type := 2;
   Wait_For_A_Full_Reception : constant Request_Flag_Type := 4;
   Send_End_Of_Record        : constant Request_Flag_Type := 8;

   procedure Raise_Socket_Error (Error : Integer) with No_Return;
   --  Raise Socket_Error with an exception message describing the error code
   --  from errno.

end GNAT.Sockets;

See also

Wikibook

• Ada Programming/Libraries/GNAT

External examples

• Search for examples of GNAT.Sockets in: Rosetta Code, GitHub (gists), any Alire crate or this Wikibook.
• Search for posts related to GNAT.Sockets in: Stack Overflow, comp.lang.ada or any Ada related page.