Jump to content

Circuit Theory/Phasor Arithmetic

From Wikibooks, open books for an open world

Phasor Arithmetic

[edit | edit source]

This page will review phasors and phasor arithmetic topics.

Forms

[edit | edit source]

Phasors have two components, the magnitude (M) and the phase angle (φ). Phasors are related to sinusoids through our cosine convention:

Remember, there are 3 forms to phasors:

Phasor Form

[edit | edit source]

Rectangular Form

[edit | edit source]

Exponential Form

[edit | edit source]

Phasor and Exponential forms are identical and are also referred to as polar form.

Converting between Forms

[edit | edit source]

When working with phasors it is often necessary to convert between rectangular and polar form. To convert from rectangular form to polar form:

To convert from polar to rectangular form:

A is the part of the phasor along the real axis

B is the part of the phasor along the imaginary axis

Addition

[edit | edit source]

To add two phasors together, we must convert them into rectangular form:

This is a well-known property of complex arithmetic.

Subtraction

[edit | edit source]

Subtraction is similar to addition, except now we subtract

Multiplication

[edit | edit source]

To multiply two phasors, we should first convert them to polar form to make things simpler. The product in polar form is simply the product of their magnitudes, and the phase is the sum of their phases.

Keep in mind that in polar form, phasors are exponential quantities with a magnitude (M), and an argument (φ). Multiplying two exponentials together forces us to multiply the magnitudes, and add the exponents.

Division

[edit | edit source]

Division is similar to multiplication, except now we divide the magnitudes, and subtract the phases

Inversion

[edit | edit source]

An important relationship that is worth understanding is the inversion property of phasors:

Or, in degrees,

On the normal cartesian plane, for instance, the negative X axis is 180 degrees around from the positive X axis. By using that fact on an imaginary axis, we can see that the Negative Real axis is facing in the exact opposite direction from the Positive Real axis, and therefore is 180 degrees apart.

Complex Conjugation

[edit | edit source]

Similar to the inversion property is the complex conjugation property of phasors. Complex conjugation is denoted with an asterisk above the phasor to be conjugated. Since phasors can be graphed on the Real-Imaginary plane, a 90 degree phasor is a purely imaginary number, and a -90 degree phasor is its complex conjugate:

Essentially, this holds true for phasors with all angles: the sign of the angle is reversed to produce the complex conjugate of the phasor in polar notation. In general, for polar notation, we have:

In rectangular form, we can express complex conjugation as:

Notice the only difference in the complex conjugate of C is the sign change of the imaginary part.