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This tutorial will introduce three new classes that will encapsulate the functionality of a frames per second counter, a cpu usage counter, and a high precision timer. The code in this tutorial is based on the code from the Font Engine tutorial.

The first new class is the FpsClass. The FpsClass will handle recording the frames per second that the application is running at. Knowing how many frames are rendered every second gives us a good metric for measuring our application's performance. This is one of the industry standard metrics that is used to determine acceptable graphics render speed. It is also useful when implementing new features to see how they impact the frame speed. If the new feature cuts the frame speed in half then you can immediately realize you have a major problem by using just this simple counter. Keep in mind that the current standard fps speed for computers is 60 fps. Anything below 60 fps is considered to be performing poorly, and anything below 30 is very noticeable to the human eye. A general rule when coding is keep your fps maximized and if a properly implemented new feature makes a serious dent in that speed then it needs to be justified and at a minimum taken note of.

The second new class is the CpuClass. This will handle recording the cpu usage so that we can display the current percentage of cpu use to the screen. Knowing the cpu usage can be useful for debugging new changes to the code similar to how fps is used. It provides a simple and immediate metric for identifying recently implemented poor code or algorithms.

The final new class is the TimerClass. This is a high precision timer we can use for timing events and ensuring our application and its various components all synchronize to a common time frame.

Framework

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The frame work for this tutorial with the three new classes looks like the following:

We will start the tutorial by examining the three new classes.

Fpsclass.h

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The FpsClass is simply a counter with a timer associated with it. It counts how many frames occur in a one second period and constantly updates that count. 

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: fpsclass.h
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _FPSCLASS_H_
#define _FPSCLASS_H_


/////////////
// LINKING //
/////////////
#pragma comment(lib, "winmm.lib")


//////////////
// INCLUDES //
//////////////
#include <windows.h>
#include <mmsystem.h>


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Class name: FpsClass
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class FpsClass
{
public:
	FpsClass();
	FpsClass(const FpsClass&);
	~FpsClass();

	void Initialize();
	void Frame();
	int GetFps();

private:
	int m_fps, m_count;
	unsigned long m_startTime;
};

#endif

Fpsclass.cpp

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///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: fpsclass.cpp
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "fpsclass.h"


FpsClass::FpsClass()
{
}


FpsClass::FpsClass(const FpsClass& other)
{
}


FpsClass::~FpsClass()
{
}

The Initialize function sets all the counters to zero and starts the timer. 

void FpsClass::Initialize()
{
	m_fps = 0;
	m_count = 0;
	m_startTime = timeGetTime();
	return;
}

The Frame function must be called each frame so that it can increment the frame count by 1. If it finds that one second has elapsed then it will store the frame count in the m_fps variable. It then resets the count and starts the timer again. 

void FpsClass::Frame()
{
	m_count++;

	if(timeGetTime() >= (m_startTime + 1000))
	{
		m_fps = m_count;
		m_count = 0;
		
		m_startTime = timeGetTime();
	}
}

GetFps returns the frame per second speed for the last second that just passed. This function should be constantly queried so the latest fps can be displayed to the screen. 

int FpsClass::GetFps()
{
	return m_fps;
}

Cpuclass.h

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The CpuClass is used to determine the percentage of total cpu use that is occurring each second. 

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: cpuclass.h
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _CPUCLASS_H_
#define _CPUCLASS_H_

We use the pdh library to query the cpu usage. 

/////////////
// LINKING //
/////////////
#pragma comment(lib, "pdh.lib")


//////////////
// INCLUDES //
//////////////
#include <pdh.h>


///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Class name: CpuClass
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class CpuClass
{
public:
	CpuClass();
	CpuClass(const CpuClass&);
	~CpuClass();

	void Initialize();
	void Shutdown();
	void Frame();
	int GetCpuPercentage();

private:
	bool m_canReadCpu;
	HQUERY m_queryHandle;
	HCOUNTER m_counterHandle;
	unsigned long m_lastSampleTime;
	long m_cpuUsage;
};

#endif

Cpuclass.cpp

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///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: cpuclass.cpp
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "cpuclass.h"


CpuClass::CpuClass()
{
}


CpuClass::CpuClass(const CpuClass& other)
{
}


CpuClass::~CpuClass()
{
}

The Initialize function will setup the handle for querying the cpu on its usage. The query setup here will combine the usage of all the cpus in the system and gives us back a total instead of each individual cpu's usage. If it can't get a query handle or poll the cpu usage for whatever reason it will set the m_canReadCpu flag to false and just keep the cpu usage at zero percent. Some cpus and operating systems privilege levels can cause this to fail. We also start the timer so we only sample the cpu usage once a second. 

void CpuClass::Initialize()
{
	PDH_STATUS status;


	// Initialize the flag indicating whether this object can read the system cpu usage or not.
	m_canReadCpu = true;

	// Create a query object to poll cpu usage.
	status = PdhOpenQuery(NULL, 0, &m_queryHandle);
	if(status != ERROR_SUCCESS)
	{
		m_canReadCpu = false;
	}

	// Set query object to poll all cpus in the system.
	status = PdhAddCounter(m_queryHandle, TEXT("\\Processor(_Total)\\% processor time"), 0, &m_counterHandle);
	if(status != ERROR_SUCCESS)
	{
		m_canReadCpu = false;
	}

	m_lastSampleTime = GetTickCount(); 

	m_cpuUsage = 0;

	return;
}

The Shutdown function releases the handle we used to query the cpu usage. 

void CpuClass::Shutdown()
{
	if(m_canReadCpu)
	{
		PdhCloseQuery(m_queryHandle);
	}

	return;
}

Just like the FpsClass we have to call the Frame function each frame. But to reduce the amount of querying we use a m_lastSampleTime variable to ensure we only sample once a second. So each second we ask the cpu for its usage and save that value in m_cpuUsage. More than this is not necessary. 

void CpuClass::Frame()
{
	PDH_FMT_COUNTERVALUE value; 

	if(m_canReadCpu)
	{
		if((m_lastSampleTime + 1000)

The GetCpuPercentage function returns the value of the current cpu usage to any calling function. Once again if it couldn't read the cpu for whatever reason we just set the usage to zero. 

int CpuClass::GetCpuPercentage()
{
	int usage;

	if(m_canReadCpu)
	{
		usage = (int)m_cpuUsage;
	}
	else
	{
		usage = 0;
	}

	return usage;
}

Timerclass.h

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The TimerClass is a high precision timer that measures the exact time between frames of execution. Its primary use is for synchronizing objects that require a standard time frame for movement. In this tutorial we won't have a use for it but we will implement it in the code so you can see how to apply it to your projects. The most common usage of the TimerClass is to use the frame time to figure out what percentage of a second has passed in the current frame and then move the objects by that percentage. 

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: timerclass.h
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _TIMERCLASS_H_
#define _TIMERCLASS_H_


//////////////
// INCLUDES //
//////////////
#include <windows.h>


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Class name: TimerClass
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class TimerClass
{
public:
	TimerClass();
	TimerClass(const TimerClass&);
	~TimerClass();

	bool Initialize();
	void Frame();

	float GetTime();

private:
	INT64 m_frequency;
	float m_ticksPerMs;
	INT64 m_startTime;
	float m_frameTime;
};

#endif

Timerclass.cpp

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///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: timerclass.cpp
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "timerclass.h"


TimerClass::TimerClass()
{
}


TimerClass::TimerClass(const TimerClass& other)
{
}


TimerClass::~TimerClass()
{
}

The Initialize function will first query the system to see if it supports high frequency timers. If it returns a frequency then we use that value to determine how many counter ticks will occur each millisecond. We can then use that value each frame to calculate the frame time. At the end of the Initialize function we query for the start time of this frame to start the timing. 

bool TimerClass::Initialize()
{
	// Check to see if this system supports high performance timers.
	QueryPerformanceFrequency((LARGE_INTEGER*)&m_frequency);
	if(m_frequency == 0)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Find out how many times the frequency counter ticks every millisecond.
	m_ticksPerMs = (float)(m_frequency / 1000);

	QueryPerformanceCounter((LARGE_INTEGER*)&m_startTime);

	return true;
}

The Frame function is called for every single loop of execution by the main program. This way we can calculate the difference of time between loops and determine the time it took to execute this frame. We query, calculate, and then store the time for this frame into m_frameTime so that it can be used by any calling object for synchronization. We then store the current time as the start of the next frame. 

void TimerClass::Frame()
{
	INT64 currentTime;
	float timeDifference;


	QueryPerformanceCounter((LARGE_INTEGER*)& currentTime);

	timeDifference = (float)(currentTime - m_startTime);

	m_frameTime = timeDifference / m_ticksPerMs;

	m_startTime = currentTime;

	return;
}

GetTime returns the most recent frame time that was calculated. 

float TimerClass::GetTime()
{
	return m_frameTime;
}

Systemclass.h

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Now that we have looked at the three new classes we can examine how they fit into the framework. For all three new classes they will all be located under SystemClass. 

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: systemclass.h
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _SYSTEMCLASS_H_
#define _SYSTEMCLASS_H_


///////////////////////////////
// PRE-PROCESSING DIRECTIVES //
///////////////////////////////
#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN


//////////////
// INCLUDES //
//////////////
#include <windows.h>


///////////////////////
// MY CLASS INCLUDES //
///////////////////////
#include "inputclass.h"
#include "graphicsclass.h"

We include the three new classes here. 

#include "fpsclass.h"
#include "cpuclass.h"
#include "timerclass.h"


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Class name: SystemClass
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class SystemClass
{
public:
	SystemClass();
	SystemClass(const SystemClass&);
	~SystemClass();

	bool Initialize();
	void Shutdown();
	void Run();

	LRESULT CALLBACK MessageHandler(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

private:
	bool Frame();
	void InitializeWindows(int&, int&);
	void ShutdownWindows();

private:
	LPCWSTR m_applicationName;
	HINSTANCE m_hinstance;
	HWND m_hwnd;

	InputClass* m_Input;
	GraphicsClass* m_Graphics;

We create a new object for each of the three new classes. 

	FpsClass* m_Fps;
	CpuClass* m_Cpu;
	TimerClass* m_Timer;
};


/////////////////////////
// FUNCTION PROTOTYPES //
/////////////////////////
static LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);


/////////////
// GLOBALS //
/////////////
static SystemClass* ApplicationHandle = 0;


#endif

Systemclass.cpp

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We will cover just the changes to this class since the font tutorial. 

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: systemclass.cpp
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "systemclass.h"


SystemClass::SystemClass()
{
	m_Input = 0;
	m_Graphics = 0;

Initialize the three new objects to null in the class constructor. 

	m_Fps = 0;
	m_Cpu = 0;
	m_Timer = 0;
}


bool SystemClass::Initialize()
{
	int screenWidth, screenHeight;
	bool result;


	// Initialize the width and height of the screen to zero before sending the variables into the function.
	screenWidth = 0;
	screenHeight = 0;

	// Initialize the windows api.
	InitializeWindows(screenWidth, screenHeight);

	// Create the input object.  This object will be used to handle reading the keyboard input from the user.
	m_Input = new InputClass;
	if(!m_Input)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the input object.
	result = m_Input->Initialize(m_hinstance, m_hwnd, screenWidth, screenHeight);
	if(!result)
	{
		MessageBox(m_hwnd, L"Could not initialize the input object.", L"Error", MB_OK);
		return false;
	}

	// Create the graphics object.  This object will handle rendering all the graphics for this application.
	m_Graphics = new GraphicsClass;
	if(!m_Graphics)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the graphics object.
	result = m_Graphics->Initialize(screenWidth, screenHeight, m_hwnd);
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

Create and initialize the FpsClass. 

	// Create the fps object.
	m_Fps = new FpsClass;
	if(!m_Fps)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the fps object.
	m_Fps->Initialize();

Create and initialize the CpuClass. 

	// Create the cpu object.
	m_Cpu = new CpuClass;
	if(!m_Cpu)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the cpu object.
	m_Cpu->Initialize();

Create and initialize the TimerClass. 

	// Create the timer object.
	m_Timer = new TimerClass;
	if(!m_Timer)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Initialize the timer object.
	result = m_Timer->Initialize();
	if(!result)
	{
		MessageBox(m_hwnd, L"Could not initialize the Timer object.", L"Error", MB_OK);
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}


void SystemClass::Shutdown()
{

Release the three new class objects here in the Shutdown function. 

	// Release the timer object.
	if(m_Timer)
	{
		delete m_Timer;
		m_Timer = 0;
	}

	// Release the cpu object.
	if(m_Cpu)
	{
		m_Cpu->Shutdown();
		delete m_Cpu;
		m_Cpu = 0;
	}

	// Release the fps object.
	if(m_Fps)
	{
		delete m_Fps;
		m_Fps = 0;
	}

	// Release the graphics object.
	if(m_Graphics)
	{
		m_Graphics->Shutdown();
		delete m_Graphics;
		m_Graphics = 0;
	}

	// Release the input object.
	if(m_Input)
	{
		m_Input->Shutdown();
		delete m_Input;
		m_Input = 0;
	}

	// Shutdown the window.
	ShutdownWindows();
	
	return;
}

The final change is the Frame function. Each of the new classes needs to call its own Frame function for each frame of execution the application goes through. Once the Frame for each has been called we can now query for the updated data in each and send it into the GraphicsClass for use. 

bool SystemClass::Frame()
{
	bool result;


	// Update the system stats.
	m_Timer->Frame();
	m_Fps->Frame();
	m_Cpu->Frame();

	// Do the input frame processing.
	result = m_Input->Frame();
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Do the frame processing for the graphics object.
	result = m_Graphics->Frame(m_Fps->GetFps(), m_Cpu->GetCpuPercentage(), m_Timer->GetTime());
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Finally render the graphics to the screen.
	result = m_Graphics->Render();
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

Graphicsclass.h

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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: graphicsclass.h
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _GRAPHICSCLASS_H_
#define _GRAPHICSCLASS_H_


/////////////
// GLOBALS //
/////////////
const bool FULL_SCREEN = true;

We disable vsync for this tutorial so the application will run as fast as possible. 

const bool VSYNC_ENABLED = false;
const float SCREEN_DEPTH = 1000.0f;
const float SCREEN_NEAR = 0.1f;


///////////////////////
// MY CLASS INCLUDES //
///////////////////////
#include "d3dclass.h"
#include "cameraclass.h"
#include "textclass.h"


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Class name: GraphicsClass
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class GraphicsClass
{
public:
	GraphicsClass();
	GraphicsClass(const GraphicsClass&);
	~GraphicsClass();

	bool Initialize(int, int, HWND);
	void Shutdown();
	bool Frame(int, int, float);
	bool Render();

private:
	D3DClass* m_D3D;
	CameraClass* m_Camera;
	TextClass* m_Text;
};

#endif

Graphicsclass.cpp

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I will cover just the functions that have changed since the previous font tutorial. 

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: graphicsclass.cpp
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "graphicsclass.h"

The Frame function now takes in the fps, cpu, and timer counts. The fps and cpu count are set in the TextClass so they can be rendered to the screen. 

bool GraphicsClass::Frame(int fps, int cpu, float frameTime)
{
	bool result;


	// Set the frames per second.
	result = m_Text->SetFps(fps, m_D3D->GetDeviceContext());
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Set the cpu usage.
	result = m_Text->SetCpu(cpu, m_D3D->GetDeviceContext());
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	// Set the position of the camera.
	m_Camera->SetPosition(0.0f, 0.0f, -10.0f);

	return true;
}

Textclass.h

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////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: textclass.h
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#ifndef _TEXTCLASS_H_
#define _TEXTCLASS_H_

///////////////////////
// MY CLASS INCLUDES //
///////////////////////
#include "fontclass.h"
#include "fontshaderclass.h"


////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Class name: TextClass
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
class TextClass
{
private:
	struct SentenceType
	{
		ID3D11Buffer *vertexBuffer, *indexBuffer;
		int vertexCount, indexCount, maxLength;
		float red, green, blue;
	};

	struct VertexType
	{
		D3DXVECTOR3 position;
		D3DXVECTOR2 texture;
	};

public:
	TextClass();
	TextClass(const TextClass&);
	~TextClass();

	bool Initialize(ID3D11Device*, ID3D11DeviceContext*, HWND, int, int, D3DXMATRIX);
	void Shutdown();
	bool Render(ID3D11DeviceContext*, D3DXMATRIX, D3DXMATRIX);

We now have two new functions for setting the fps count and the cpu usage. 

	bool SetFps(int, ID3D11DeviceContext*);
	bool SetCpu(int, ID3D11DeviceContext*);

private:
	bool InitializeSentence(SentenceType**, int, ID3D11Device*);
	bool UpdateSentence(SentenceType*, char*, int, int, float, float, float, ID3D11DeviceContext*);
	void ReleaseSentence(SentenceType**);
	bool RenderSentence(ID3D11DeviceContext*, SentenceType*, D3DXMATRIX, D3DXMATRIX);

private:
	FontClass* m_Font;
	FontShaderClass* m_FontShader;
	int m_screenWidth, m_screenHeight;
	D3DXMATRIX m_baseViewMatrix;
	SentenceType* m_sentence1;
	SentenceType* m_sentence2;
};

#endif

Textclass.cpp

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I will cover just the functions that have changed since the previous font tutorial. 

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Filename: textclass.cpp
///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
#include "textclass.h"

The SetFps function takes the fps integer value given to it and then converts it to a string. Once the fps count is in a string format it gets concatenated to another string so it has a prefix indicating that it is the fps speed. After that it is stored in the sentence structure for rendering. The SetFps function also sets the color of the fps string to green if above 60 fps, yellow if below 60 fps, and red if below 30 fps. 

bool TextClass::SetFps(int fps, ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext)
{
	char tempString[16];
	char fpsString[16];
	float red, green, blue;
	bool result;


	// Truncate the fps to below 10,000.
	if(fps > 9999)
	{
		fps = 9999;
	}

	// Convert the fps integer to string format.
	_itoa_s(fps, tempString, 10);

	// Setup the fps string.
	strcpy_s(fpsString, "Fps: ");
	strcat_s(fpsString, tempString);

	// If fps is 60 or above set the fps color to green.
	if(fps >= 60)
	{
		red = 0.0f;
		green = 1.0f;
		blue = 0.0f;
	}

	// If fps is below 60 set the fps color to yellow.
	if(fps

The SetCpu function is similar to the SetFps function. It takes the cpu value and converts it to a string which is then stored in the sentence structure and rendered. 

bool TextClass::SetCpu(int cpu, ID3D11DeviceContext* deviceContext)
{
	char tempString[16];
	char cpuString[16];
	bool result;


	// Convert the cpu integer to string format.
	_itoa_s(cpu, tempString, 10);

	// Setup the cpu string.
	strcpy_s(cpuString, "Cpu: ");
	strcat_s(cpuString, tempString);
	strcat_s(cpuString, "%");

	// Update the sentence vertex buffer with the new string information.
	result = UpdateSentence(m_sentence2, cpuString, 20, 40, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, deviceContext);
	if(!result)
	{
		return false;
	}

	return true;
}

Summary

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Now we can see the FPS and CPU usage while rendering our scenes. As well we now have precision timers which we use to ensure translation and rotation of objects is consistent regardless of the frame speed the application is running at.

To Do Exercises

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1. Recompile the code and ensure you can see the fps and cpu values. Press escape to quit.

2. Turn on the vsync in the graphicsclass.h file to see what refresh speed your video card/monitor locks the application to.

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