Folksprak/Grammar/Particle
Particle
[edit | edit source]Using particles, you narrow the meaning of verbs.
- De mannen gæ in. (The men go inside.) [in as particle]
Particles are preceded by the object of the verb.
- De kild werp de ball up. (The child throws the ball up.)
Particle as Preposition
[edit | edit source]Many particles may have an object, shortening the stem vowel of the particle. Then the particle is called a preposition. The shortening of the stem vowel will not be indicated in Folksprak.
- De mannen gæ in de hus. (The men go inside the house.) [in as preposition with short vowel]
Prepositions are preceded by the object of the verb.
- De kild werp de ball up de tak. (The child throws the ball up on the roof.)
Particle as adverb
[edit | edit source]Particles may precede a preposition like an adverb. Then they narrow the meaning of the preposition.
- De kild werp de ball up in de windog. (The child throws the ball up into the window.)
Using the prepositions to and bi, you can differentiate between aimed and non-aimed movement/position.
- De ball flyg up to de tak. (The ball flies up onto the roof.)
- De ball ligg up bi de tak. (The ball lies above on the roof.)
Particle as Adjective
[edit | edit source]Using the suffix -er you can form an adjective.
- de upper ball (the upper ball)
Particle as Prefix
[edit | edit source]When adding a particle in front of a verb, the verb's meaning gets even more narrowed. Then the accent lies back on the verb stem.
- De mann stæ for de grupp. (The man leads/stands in front of the group.)
- De mann ferstæ de grupp. (The man understands the group.)
Particles (North, South ...)
[edit | edit source]The directions nord, sud, west, ost are treated like particles.
- De mann ga nord / sud / west / ost. (The man goes north / south / west / east.)
When used as adjectives, they end in -ern.
- nordern sang (northern song)
- sudern comfort (southern comfort)
- western film (western film)
- ostern (eastern)
In proper names they appear shortened, i. e. the ending -ern turns to -er. nordern gets even more shortened to nor.
- Norwegen (Norway)
- Suderland (Southerland (actor))
- Westerland (Westerland)
- Osterrik (Austria)