Geography of Race in the United States/Economic consequences of segregation
If you surveyed the maps in Racial Segregation in the U.S., two facts would be evident:
- Moderate to high levels of black/white racial segregation, and somewhat lower but still substantial Hispanic/white segregation, are the norm for major U.S. metropolitan regions.
- Moderately to highly segregated black and Hispanic neighborhoods are almost always markedly poor, and poorer than most of the overwhelmingly white neighborhoods in their metro region.
This raises a question: are segregated black and Hispanic neighborhoods poorer simply because their inhabitants happen to be poor, or does racial segregation cause the poverty of their inhabitants? The model below shows that, while hardly the only factor, racial segregation is a major cause of systematic economic disadvantage for blacks. By parallel reasoning, it is probably also a significant cause of disadvantage for Hispanics, although empirical evidence on this point is not as extensive as in the case of blacks. Note that many of the factors below affect middle-class, not just poor, residents of segregated neighborhoods. Middle-class status, as measured by family income, occupation, or education, therefore does not confer the same economic advantages on segregated blacks as on whites.
(Image to come)
This model is drawn from the arguments of Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton in American Apartheid (Harvard UP, 1993). Roll your mouse over the items to view explanations of their causal influence. The blue arrows designate the influence of antiblack racial antipathy. Racism is a major cause of segregation. But segregation propagates its own effects mainly through "color-blind" mechanisms. Thus, it is an error to ascribe the proximate cause of much black disadvantage to direct discrimination.
Massey and Denton's model subsumes two other major models of systematic black disadvantage. William Wilson's "spatial mismatch hypothesis" (The Truly Disadvantaged, University of Chicago, 1987), postulating that inner city black poverty is caused by the flight of jobs to suburbs, where blacks can't reach them, is depicted through the red arrows. The "culture of poverty" theory, postulating that blacks are poor because they reject middle-class cultural values, is depicted through the green arrows. Some vicious circles--causal paths that return on themsleves--are observable in this model. White antipathy causes segregation, which causes concentrated poverty and oppositional culture, which reinforces white antipathy. Low housing values create worse public finances, causing poor public services, reducing housing values even further.