HKDSE Geography/M2a/Fluvial Processes

HKDSE Geography

• Objectives
• Living with our physical environment
  • M1: Opportunities and Risks
  • M2a: Rivers
  • M2b: Coasts
• Facing changes in the human environment
  • M3: Industry
  • M4: Sustainable City

development mutually exclusive?

• Confronting global challenges
  • M5: Famines and Agriculture
  • M6: Tropical Rainforests
  • M7: Global Warming
• Elective modules
  • E1: Dynamic Earth
  • E2: Climate
  • E3: Transport
  • E4: Zhujiang Delta

The three fluvial processes are erosion, transportation and deposition.

• Erosion is the process in which materials are removed by an agent.
• Transportation is the process in which eroded materials are carried away.
• Deposition is the process in which materials are 'dumped'.

Erosion

There are three directions and four processes. Remember the names and what they mean (but don't memorise the definitions).

Three Directions

	Headward erosion	Vertical erosion/Downcutting	Lateral erosion
Diagram
Primary location	Source	River bed of upper course	River bank of middle and lower courses
Result	The river is lengthened.	The river is deepened.	The river is widened.
Description	Loose rock debris is brought down by overland flow running downslope. The source is extended backward and the backwall retreats upslope, accelerated by mass movement.	The riverbed is eroded.	The two riverbanks are eroded when the river swings from side to side.

Four Processes

Four processes:

• Hydraulic action: Water exerts pressure on the river bank and undercuts it. Cracks are widened.
• Corrosion/Solution (Solvent action): Water dissolves soluble minerals from the bed or bank, e.g. calcium in limestone. It is a form of chemical erosion.
• Abrasion (Corrasion): River load acts as a tool to wear away the bed or bank, e.g. large, angular boulders downcut the bed.
• Attrition: Load knocks against each other, the bed or the bank. They break down into smaller pieces and get smaller and smaller.

Attrition vs. Abrasion Attrition is the wearing down of the load. Abrasion is the wearing down of the bed or bank. When load knocks against the bed or bank, abrasion occurs on the bed or bank, and attrition occurs in the load.

Factors

These factors affect erosion:

• Nature of load:
  • Load weight ↑ → Erosion ↑
  • Load angularity ↑ → Erosion ↑
• Amount of load: Load amount ↑ → Erosion ↑
• Discharge and velocity:
  • Discharge ↑/Velocity ↑ → Energy ↑ → Erosion ↑
• Geology of rocks: Joints ↑ → Erosion ↑
• Additional factors for corrosion:
  • Water acidity ↑ (pH value ↓) → Erosion ↑
  • Hot and humid climate → Erosion ↑
  • Rocks composed of soluble minerals → Erosion ↑

Transportation

The materials carried by transportation are load.

Four Processes

Name	Load	Description	Weight
Solution	Dissolved load	Soluble minerals are dissolved and carried downstream	Lightest
Suspension	Solid load (suspended load)	Small particles are carried downstream in water without touching the bank	Light
Saltation	Solid load (suspended load)	Load is moved in a series of hops and bounces along the bed	Heavy
Traction	Solid load (bed load)	Load rolls and slides on the bed	Heaviest

Factors

• Energy ↑ → Velocity ↑ → More, heavier load
• Fluvial Erosion ↑ → Load ↑
• Soil Erosion ↑ → Load ↑
• Deposition ↑ → Load ↓

Deposition

One Process

One process occurs in deposition: Sorting. The heaviest load is deposited first. Cobbles are deposited, then pebbles, then sand, then silt, and finally clay. Thus deposited materials are deposited in layers.

Factors

• Input of water ↓ / Output of water ↑
  • Drought, dry season, high evaporation rate → Amount of water (discharge) ↓ → river energy ↓ → Deposition ↓

• Velocity ↓
  • Inland flow of seawater → Velocity ↓ → Deposition ↑
  • Load ↑ → Internal friction ↑ → Velocity ↓ → Deposition ↑
    • Examples: Siltation, landslide
  • Channel friction ↑ → Deposition ↑
    • Examples: entering a channel with long wetted perimeter
  • Gradient ↓ → Velocity ↓ → Deposition ↑
    • e.g. waterfall, entering a flood plain
  • Water enters a large body of water
    • shallow lake, shallow sea
  • At inner banks (will be discussed later)