Hawaiian/Pronunciation and Letters
This section talks about the structure of Hawaiian and simple things to note when learning the language.
Letters
[edit | edit source]In each lesson, three parts will be provided for you: a grammar section, a vocabulary section, and a review or practice section. Be sure to go through everything carefully, then move on to the next chapter.
The Hawaiian language consists of the consonants H, K, L, M, N, P, W, and an ʻokina, which represents a glottal stop in the voice when speaking, as in the English phrase, uh-oh. The ʻokina is basically an apostrophe between two vowels and it does not have a specific sound, other than the slight stop. The consonants B, D, R, T, and V are also used, but only in loanwords and foreign proper names. The consonants B, C, D, F, G, J, Q, R, S, T, X, Y and Z are not used in the Hawaiian language. The vowels are the same as in English, A, E, I, O, U, with one exception: a kahakō can be placed over any vowel to make its length increase—expressed as a line over a vowel.
Note how hale (house) has a short A, compared to kāne (man).
Another rule in Hawaiian is that consonants can not double up. That is, they can't be side by side in a word. Vowels have more freedom because they can lie next to each other; consonants, however, cannot. Consonants cannot end a word either (the ʻokina is considered a consonant).
Note the following sounds:
| Hawaiian | Sound | With the Kahakō |
|---|---|---|
| A | Ah | ā - Aah |
| E | Ay | ē - ayy |
| I | Ee | ī - Eee |
| O | Oh | ō - Ohh |
| U | Oo | ū - Ooo |
All of the consonants are pronounced the same as in English, except the W which is sometimes pronounced as a V.
Vocabulary
[edit | edit source]In each lesson, you will be given a short list of vocabulary words to learn. These will help you in future lessons, and increase your knowledge about the language.
| Kāne- man | Wahine- woman |
| Kumu- teacher | Haumana- student |
| Hoaaloha- friend | Keiki- child |
| Pua- flower | One- sand |
| Maikaʻi- good | Maʻi- sick |
| Hauʻoli- happy | Kaumaha- sad |
Simple Sentence
[edit | edit source]A simple Hawaiian sentence's general structure is adjective-noun announcer-noun/proper noun. This is used to say "a noun" is "an adjective", as in Maikaʻi ka pua. Literally: Good the Flower; the flower is good. Notice how the adjective goes to the front of the sentence, and the subject comes after it. If the subject comes first, it would make an entirely different phrase. It would not be a complete sentence, but rather, a fragment, or a part of a complete sentence. In a different sentence structure, the adjective comes after the object it describes. ex: ka pua maikaʻi: the good flower. Compare the two groups of words:
| Maikaʻi ka pua. | The flower is good. |
| Ka pua maikaʻi. | The good flower. |
One must be consciously aware of this switch, and organize their sentence accordingly.