Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry/Resources for Students and Teachers
Resources for Students and Teachers
[edit | edit source]Powerpoint slides to accompany the chapters of this book will be provided to instructors upon request (tem5@psu.edu)
Additional resources:
12.1 VIPEr: Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource: A community for teachers and students of inorganic chemistry
[edit | edit source]IONIC VIPEr is a cyber-interface that facilitates collaborative development of learning materials and their dissemination to the wider inorganic community. This website, VIPEr (Virtual Inorganic Pedagogical Electronic Resource), serves both as a repository and as a user-friendly platform for social networking tools that facilitate virtual collaboration and community building. The VIPEr community seeks to develop and disseminate best practices for teaching inorganic chemistry.
12.2 Beloit College/University of Wisconsin Video Lab Manual
[edit | edit source]The video lab manual provides a broad range of videos of laboratory experiments in inorganic nanoscience and materials chemistry. This is an especially useful resource for teachers who would like to develop laboratory experiments for their classes in inorganic chemistry.
12.3 Atomic and Molecular Orbitals (University of Liverpool)
[edit | edit source]The University of Liverpool website shows animations of atomic orbitals, selected molecular orbital diagrams, and the VSEPR shapes of selected molecules.
12.4 Interactive 3D Crystal Structures (University of Liverpool)
[edit | edit source]The University of Liverpool website also provides a menu of inorganic structures (both molecules and extended solids) that can be visualized and manipulated in 3D. This is a valuable tool that supplements the descriptions of structures in Chapters 5-8 of this book.
12.5 Appendix 1: Periodic Tables
[edit | edit source]
- Interactive Periodic Table (Wikipedia)
- Interactive Periodic Table (Wikipedia)
Interactive Periodic Properties (ptable.com)
-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-
12.6 Appendix 2: Selected Thermodynamic Values
[edit | edit source]Selected Thermodynamic Values (at 298.15 K)
| Substance | ΔHf° (kJ/mol) | S° (J/K·mol) | ΔGf° (kJ/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aluminum | |||
| Al(s) | 0 | 28.3 | 0 |
| AlCl3(s) | -704.2 | 110.67 | -628.8 |
| Al2O3(s) | -1675.7 | 50.92 | -1582.3 |
| Barium | |||
| BaCl2(s) | -858.6 | 123.68 | -810.4 |
| BaCl2 • 2 H2O (s) | -1460.1 | 203 | -1296.5 |
| BaO(s) | -553.5 | 70.42 | -525.1 |
| Ba(OH)2 • 8 H2O (s) | -3342 | 427 | -2793 |
| BaSO4(s) | -1473.2 | 132.2 | -1362.2 |
| Beryllium | |||
| Be(s) | 0 | 9.5 | 0 |
| Be(OH)2(s) | -902.5 | 51.9 | -815 |
| Bromine | |||
| Br(g) | 111.884 | 175.022 | 82.396 |
| Br2(liq) | 0 | 152.2 | 0 |
| Br2(g) | 30.907 | 245.463 | 3.11 |
| BrF3(g) | -255.6 | 292.53 | -229.43 |
| HBr(g) | -36.4 | 198.695 | -53.45 |
| Calcium | |||
| Ca(s) | 0 | 41.42 | 0 |
| Ca(g) | 178.2 | 158.884 | 144.3 |
| Ca2+(g) | 1925.9 | ||
| CaC2(s) | -59.8 | 69.96 | -64.9 |
| CaCO3 (s; calcite) | -1206.92 | 92.9 | -1128.79 |
| CaCl2(s) | -795.8 | 104.6 | -748.1 |
| CaF2(s) | -1219.6 | 68.87 | -1167.3 |
| CaH2(s) | -186.2 | 42 | -147.2 |
| CaO(s) | -635.09 | 39.75 | -604.03 |
| CaS(s) | -482.4 | 56.5 | -477.4 |
| Ca(OH)2(s) | -986.09 | 83.39 | -898.49 |
| Ca(OH)2(aq) | -1002.82 | -74.5 | -868.07 |
| CaSO4(s) | -1434.11 | 106.7 | -1321.79 |
| Carbon | |||
| C(s, graphite) | 0 | 5.74 | 0 |
| C(s, diamond) | 1.895 | 2.377 | 2.9 |
| C(g) | 716.682 | 158.096 | 671.257 |
| CCl4(liq) | -135.44 | 216.4 | -65.21 |
| CCl4(g) | -102.9 | 309.85 | -60.59 |
| CHCl3(liq) | -134.47 | 201.7 | -73.66 |
| CHCl3(g) | -103.14 | 295.71 | -70.34 |
| CH4 (g, methane) | -74.81 | 186.264 | -50.72 |
| C2H2 (g, ethyne) | 226.73 | 200.94 | 209.2 |
| C2H4 (g,ethene) | 52.26 | 219.56 | 68.15 |
| C2H6 (g, ethane) | -84.68 | 229.6 | -32.82 |
| C3H8 (g, propane) | -103.8 | 269.9 | -23.49 |
| C4H10 (g, butane) | -888.0 | ||
| C6H6 (liq, benzene) | 49.03 | 172.8 | 124.5 |
| C6H14(liq) | -198.782 | 296.018 | -4.035 |
| C8H18(liq) | -249.952 | 361.205 | 6.707 |
| CH3OH(liq, methanol) | -238.66 | 126.8 | -166.27 |
| CH3OH(g, methanol) | -200.66 | 239.81 | -161.96 |
| C2H5OH(liq, ethanol) | -277.69 | 160.7 | -174.78 |
| C2H5OH(g, ethanol) | -235.1 | 282.7 | -168.49 |
| CH3COOH(liq) | -276.981 | 160.666 | -173.991 |
| CO(NH2)2(s, urea) | -333.5 | 104.6 | -197.4 |
| CO(g) | -110.525 | 197.674 | -137.168 |
| CO2(g) | -393.509 | 213.74 | -394.359 |
| CS2(g) | 117.36 | 237.84 | 67.12 |
| COCl2(g) | -218.8 | 283.53 | -204.6 |
| Cesium | |||
| Cs(s) | 0 | 85.23 | 0 |
| Cs+(g) | 457.964 | ||
| CsCl(s) | -443.04 | 101.17 | -414.53 |
| Chlorine | |||
| Cl(g) | 121.679 | 165.198 | 105.68 |
| Cl-(g) | -233.13 | ||
| Cl2(g) | 0 | 223.066 | 0 |
| HCl(g) | -92.307 | 186.908 | -95.299 |
| HCl(aq) | -167.159 | 56.5 | -131.228 |
| Chromium | |||
| Cr(s) | 0 | 23.77 | 0 |
| Cr2O3(s) | -1139.7 | 81.2 | -1058.1 |
| CrCl3(s) | -556.5 | 123 | -486.1 |
| Copper | |||
| Cu(s) | 0 | 33.15 | 0 |
| CuO(s) | -157.3 | 42.63 | -129.7 |
| CuCl2(s) | -220.1 | 108.07 | -175.7 |
| Fluorine | |||
| F2(g) | 0 | 202.78 | 0 |
| F(g) | 78.99 | 158.754 | 61.91 |
| F-(g) | -255.39 | ||
| F-(aq) | -332.63 | -13.8 | -278.79 |
| HF(g) | -271.1 | 173.779 | -273.2 |
| HF(aq) | -332.63 | -13.8 | -278.79 |
| Hydrogen | |||
| H2(g) | 0 | 130.684 | 0 |
| H(g) | 217.965 | 114.713 | 203.247 |
| H+(g) | 1536.202 | ||
| H2O(liq) | -285.83 | 69.91 | -237.129 |
| H2O(g) | -241.818 | 188.825 | -228.572 |
| H2O2(liq) | -187.78 | 109.6 | -120.35 |
| Iodine | |||
| I2(s) | 0 | 116.135 | 0 |
| I2(g) | 62.438 | 260.69 | 19.327 |
| I(g) | 106.838 | 180.791 | 70.25 |
| I-(g) | -197 | ||
| ICl(g) | 17.78 | 247.551 | -5.46 |
| Iron | |||
| Fe(s) | 0 | 27.78 | 0 |
| FeO(s) | -272 | ||
| Fe2O3(s, hematite) | -824.2 | 87.4 | -742.2 |
| Fe3O4(s, magnetite) | -1118.4 | 146.4 | -1015.4 |
| FeCl2(s) | -341.79 | 117.95 | -302.3 |
| FeCl3(s) | -399.49 | 142.3 | -344 |
| FeS2(s, pyrite) | -178.2 | 52.93 | -166.9 |
| Fe(CO)5(liq) | -774 | 338.1 | -705.3 |
| Lead | |||
| Pb(s) | 0 | 64.81 | 0 |
| PbCl2(s) | -359.41 | 136 | -314.1 |
| PbO(s, yellow) | -217.32 | 68.7 | -187.89 |
| PbS(s) | -100.4 | 91.2 | -98.7 |
| Lithium | |||
| Li(s) | 0 | 29.12 | 0 |
| Li+(g) | 685.783 | ||
| LiOH(s) | -484.93 | 42.8 | -438.95 |
| LiOH(aq) | -508.48 | 2.8 | -450.58 |
| LiCl(s) | -408.701 | 59.33 | -384.37 |
| Magnesium | |||
| Mg(s) | 0 | 32.68 | 0 |
| MgCl2(g) | -641.32 | 89.62 | -591.79 |
| MgO(s) | -601.7 | 26.94 | -569.43 |
| Mg(OH)2(s) | -924.54 | 63.18 | -833.51 |
| MgS(s) | -346 | 50.33 | -341.8 |
| Mercury | |||
| Hg(liq) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| HgCl2(s) | -224.3 | 146 | -178.6 |
| HgO(s, red) | -90.83 | 70.29 | -58.539 |
| HgS(s, red) | -58.2 | 82.4 | -50.6 |
| Nickel | |||
| Ni(s) | 0 | 29.87 | 0 |
| NiO(s) | -239.7 | 37.99 | -211.7 |
| NiCl2(s) | -305.332 | 97.65 | -259.032 |
| Nitrogen | |||
| N2(g) | 0 | 191.61 | 0 |
| N(g) | 472.704 | 153.298 | 455.563 |
| NH3(g) | -46.11 | 192.45 | -16.45 |
| N2H4(liq) | 50.63 | 121.21 | 149.34 |
| NH4Cl(s) | -314.43 | 94.6 | -202.87 |
| NH4Cl(aq) | -299.66 | 169.9 | -210.52 |
| NH4NO3(s) | -365.56 | 151.08 | -183.87 |
| NH4NO3(aq) | -339.87 | 259.8 | -190.56 |
| NO(g) | 90.25 | 210.76 | 86.55 |
| NO2(g) | 33.18 | 240.06 | 51.31 |
| N2O(g) | 82.05 | 219.85 | 104.2 |
| N2O4(g) | 9.16 | 304.29 | 97.89 |
| NOCl(g) | 51.71 | 261.69 | 66.08 |
| HNO3(liq) | -174.1 | 155.6 | -80.71 |
| HNO3(g) | -135.06 | 266.38 | -74.72 |
| HNO3(aq) | -207.36 | 146.4 | -111.25 |
| Oxygen | |||
| O2(g) | 0 | 205.138 | 0 |
| O(g) | 249.17 | 161.055 | 231.731 |
| O3(g) | 142.7 | 238.93 | 163.2 |
| Phosphorus | |||
| P4(s, white) | 0 | 164.36 | 0 |
| P4(s, red) | -70.4 | 91.2 | -48.4 |
| P(g) | 314.64 | 163.193 | 278.25 |
| PH3(g) | 5.4 | 310.23 | 13.4 |
| PCl3(g) | -287 | 311.78 | -267.8 |
| P4O10(s) | -2984 | 228.86 | -2697.7 |
| H3PO4(s) | -1279 | 110.5 | -1119.1 |
| Potassium | |||
| K(s) | 0 | 64.18 | 0 |
| KCl(s) | -436.747 | 82.59 | -409.14 |
| KClO3(s) | -397.73 | 143.1 | -296.25 |
| KI(s) | -327.9 | 106.32 | -324.892 |
| KOH(s) | -424.764 | 78.9 | -379.08 |
| KOH(aq) | -482.37 | 91.6 | -440.5 |
| Silicon | |||
| Si(s) | 0 | 18.83 | 0 |
| SiBr4(liq) | -457.3 | 277.8 | -443.8 |
| SiC(s) | -65.3 | 16.61 | -62.8 |
| SiCl4(g) | -657.01 | 330.73 | -616.98 |
| SiH4(g) | 34.3 | 204.62 | 56.9 |
| SiF4(g) | -1614.94 | 282.49 | -1572.65 |
| SiO2(s, quartz) | -910.94 | 41.84 | -856.64 |
| Silver | |||
| Ag(s) | 0 | 42.55 | 0 |
| Ag2O(s) | -31.05 | 121.3 | -11.2 |
| AgCl(s) | -127.068 | 96.2 | -109.789 |
| AgNO3(s) | -124.39 | 140.92 | -33.41 |
| Sodium | |||
| Na(s) | 0 | 51.21 | 0 |
| Na(g) | 107.32 | 153.712 | 76.761 |
| Na+(g) | 609.358 | ||
| NaBr(s) | -361.062 | 86.82 | -348.983 |
| NaCl(s) | -411.153 | 72.13 | -384.138 |
| NaCl(g) | -176.65 | 229.81 | -196.66 |
| NaCl(aq) | -407.27 | 115.5 | -393.133 |
| NaOH(s) | -425.609 | 64.455 | -379.484 |
| NaOH(aq) | -470.114 | 48.1 | -419.15 |
| Na2CO3(s) | -1130.68 | 134.98 | -1044.44 |
| Sulfur | |||
| S(s, rhombic) | 0 | 31.8 | 0 |
| S(g) | 278.805 | 167.821 | 238.25 |
| S2Cl2(g) | -18.4 | 331.5 | -31.8 |
| SF6(g) | 1209 | 291.82 | -1105.3 |
| H2S(g) | -20.63 | 205.79 | -33.56 |
| SO2(g) | -296.83 | 248.22 | -300.194 |
| SO3(g) | -395.72 | 256.76 | -371.06 |
| SOCl2(g) | -212.5 | 309.77 | -198.3 |
| H2SO4(liq) | -813.989 | 156.904 | -690.003 |
| H2SO4(aq) | -909.27 | 20.1 | -744.53 |
| Tin | |||
| Sn(s, white) | 0 | 51.55 | 0 |
| Sn(s, gray) | -2.09 | 44.14 | 0.13 |
| SnCl4(liq) | -511.3 | 248.6 | -440.1 |
| SnCl4(g) | -471.5 | 365.8 | -432.2 |
| SnO2(s) | -580.7 | 52.3 | -519.6 |
| Titanium | |||
| Ti(s) | 0 | 30.63 | 0 |
| TiCl4(liq) | -804.2 | 252.34 | -737.2 |
| TiCl4(g) | -763.2 | 354.9 | -726.7 |
| TiO2(s) | -939.7 | 49.92 | -884.5 |
| Zinc | |||
| Zn(s) | 0 | 41.63 | 0 |
| ZnCl2(s) | -415.05 | 111.46 | -369.398 |
| ZnO(s) | -348.28 | 43.64 | -318.3 |
| ZnS(s, sphalerite) | -205.98 | 57.7 | -201.29 |
| Aqueous Ions and Molecules | |||
| Ca2+(aq) | -542.96 | -55.2 | -553.04 |
| CO32-(aq) | -676.26 | -53.1 | -528.1 |
| CO2(aq) | -413.8 | 117.6 | -386.0 |
| Cl-(aq) | -167.16 | 56.5 | -131.26 |
| H+(aq) | 0 | 0 | |
| HCO2-(aq) | -410 | 91.6 | -335 |
| HCO2H(aq) | -410 | 164 | -356 |
| HCO3-(aq) | -691.11 | 95 | -587.06 |
| H2CO3(aq) | -698.7 | 191 | -623.42 |
| NH3(aq) | -80.29 | 111 | -26.6 |
| OH-(aq) | -229.94 | -10.54 | -157.3 |
| Ag+(aq) | 105.58 | 72.68 | 77.124 |
12.7 Appendix 3: Bond Enthalpies
[edit | edit source]Average single bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)
| H-H 436 | C-H 413 | N-H 391 | O-H 483 | F-F 155 |
| H-F 567 | C-C 348 | N-N 163 | O-O 146 | |
| H-Cl 431 | C-N 293 | N-O 201 | O-F 190 | Cl-F 253 |
| H-Br 366 | C-O 358 | N-F 272 | O-Cl 203 | Cl-Cl 242 |
| H-I 299 | C-F 485 | N-Cl 200 | O-I 234 | |
| C-Cl 328 | N-Br 243 | Br-F 237 | ||
| C-Br 276 | S-H 339 | Br-Cl 218 | ||
| C-I 240 | P-H 322 | S-F 327 | Br-Br 193 | |
| C-S 259 | P-F 490 | S-Cl 253 | ||
| S-Br 218 | I-Cl 208 | |||
| Si-H 323 | S-S 266 | I-Br 175 | ||
| Si-Si 226 | I-I 151 | |||
| Si-C 301 | ||||
| Si-O 368 | ||||
| Si-F 565 | ||||
| Si-Cl 464 |
Average double bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)
| C=C 614 | N=N 418 | O=O 495 |
| C=N 615 | N=O 607 | S=O 523 |
| C=O 799 | S=S 418 |
Average triple bond enthalpies (kJ/mol)
| C≡C 839 | C≡N 891 | N≡N 941 | C≡O 1072 |