Introduction to Nynorsk/Pronouns and verbs

The personal pronouns

Table of personal pronouns. The possessives and genitives are presented in the following manner: masculine | feminine | neuter | plural

Personal pronouns

	Person	Subjective case	Objective case	Genitiv or possessive				English
Singular	1.	eg	meg	min	mi	mitt	mine	I
	2.	du	deg	din	di	ditt	dine	you
	3. m.	han		hans				he
	3. f.	ho	ho or henne	hennar				she
	3. n.	det		(dess)				it
Plural	1.	me or vi	oss	vår		vårt	våre	we
	2.	de or dokker	dykk or dokker	dykkar or dokkar				you (plural)
	3.	dei		deira				they

Introduction to verbs

Most verbs in Nynorsk have a particular vowel ending in infinitive, which will here be referred to as the infinitive ending. The are two such to infinitive endings: -a and -e. As an example, take å spela and å spele, which means "to play". This book will use the infintive ending -a: å spela. å is the infinitive marker and works in a similar or identical way to its English counterpart.

One of the most important verbs is vera (or vere, with the other infinitive ending) and means "to be". Its inflection is highly irregular:

å vera

Infinitive	Present tense	Past tense	Past participle / [Pluperfect]	Present participle
vera	er	var	[har] vore	verande
be	is	was	[have] been	"being"1

1: "being" is usually no good translation for verande, which is most often used in the two adjectival senses "staying" and "suitable [to stay at]". Examples: Vert verande! ("Stay there!") and Der er ikkje verande. ("It's not suitable to stay there.")

Note that Nynorsk does not inflect verbs in number and person like English does; in Nynorsk it is both Eg er ("I am") and Dei er ("they are"). When used as adjectives (past participle), however, a lot of verbs are inflected in number and gender (but never in person). har means "have" and is used in the same way as English have to create pluperfect forms: Eg har vore der. ("I have been there."). Note that the pluperfect minus har equals the neuter form of the past participle.

Many verbs in Nynorsk have an irregular inflection, but a lot of verbs do fall into two regular categories:

regular verbs

Class	Infinitive	Present tense	Past tense	Past participle / [Pluperfect]	Present participle
v1	kasta	kastar	kasta	[har] kasta	kastande
-	throw	throws	threw	[have] thrown	throwing
v2	lysa	lyser	lyste	[har] lyst	lysande
-	be alight	is alight	was alight	[have] been alight	being alight
v3	bu	bur	budde	[har] butt or budd	buande
-	live	lives	lived	[have] lived	living

Note that for the second class, v2, the past participle differentiates between number and definiteness:

past participle, v2

Singular indefinite	Singular definite	Plural
lyst	lyste	lyste

Example: Elva er lyst (sg. indef.) opp av måneskinet. ("The river is lit by the moonlight.") and Elvane er lyste (pl.) opp av måneskinet. ("The rivers are lit by the moonlight.")

Irregular verbs

The irregular verbs are characterised by a changing root vowel, just like in English. Below is a list of several irregular verbs. As noted earlier, the pluperfect form is har + the neuter form of the past participle (e.g. Dei har kome means "They have come", cf. the table below).

irregular verbs

Infinitive	Present tense	Past tense	Neuter past participle	Present participle	Meaning in English
ta(ka)1	tek or tar	tok	teke or tatt	takande	take
finna	finn	fann	funne	finnande	find
kunna	kan	kunne	kunna	kunnande	can
ko(m)ma2	kjem	kom	kom(m)e	kom(m)ande	come
sjå	ser	såg	sett	sjåande	see
halda	held	heldt	halde	haldande	hold
gje(va)	gjev	gav	gjeve	gjevande	give
dra(ga)	dreg or drar	drog	drege or dratt/-dd3	dragande	pull

1:Several verbs have a longer, older form and a shorter, newer form. The shorter form is typically the most common form. In this case, the two forms are taka and ta. Additionally, there is the form take, with -e as the infinitive ending. The -a in ta is not an infinitive ending; i.e. there is no such form as *te

2: This is another feature that will bother you as you study Nynorsk: parallel forms whose only difference is an m. In this case, the two forms are koma and komma; with yet one more parallel forms for each: kome and komme. koma is the older form, but is still in widespread use.

3: Substitute -tt for -dd to get the last form. The three forms are thus drege, dratt and dradd

Some verbs are only partially irregular due to the changes they have gone through since Old Norwegian. Some of them are listed below.

semi-irregular verbs

Infinitive	Present tense	Past tense	Neuter past participle	Present participle	Meaning in English
ha	har	hadde	hatt	havande	have
gå	går	gjekk	gått	gåande	walk, go
stå	står	stod	stått	ståande	stand
få	får	fekk	fått	fåande	get, receive

Generally, the present tense is used differently in Nynorsk compared to English. In English one would typically say "He is coming." rather than "He comes.". In Nynorsk, it's only the latter sentence structure that is used in regular verb use: Han kjem. The same holds for other English constructions with verbs like "are/is" and "do", and often "will". E.g. the English sentence "Are you coming?" is Kjem du? in Nynorsk. Likewise "What do you see?" is Kva ser du?, which translated literally would be "What see you?". "I will fix it" is Eg ordnar det, where å ordna is v1 and means "to fix"; so the literal translation is "I fix (present tense) it".

Imperative

For the v1 class of verbs, the imperative is traditionally equal to the infinitive, like in English: kasta det! ("throw it!") In most contemporary texts, however, the imperative for the v1 class is formed in the same manner as all the other classes:

1. If the verb has no infinitive ending, the imperative is identical to the infinitive: sjå! ("look!")
2. If the verb has an infinitive ending and the two letters that precede it are two different consonants, the infinitive is typically used as imperative in order to make the pronunciation easier: lagra! ("save!", as in a computer interface), but the infinitive ending can also be removed: lagr! ("save!")
3. If neither of the two previous conditions are met, the imperative is normally created by removing the infinitive ending from the infinitive: kom! ("come!")

Examples

Try to figure out the meaning of the following sentences by using the tables above. The answer is accessed by hovering the mouse pointer over the sentence.

1. Eg går heim. (heim = home)
2. Me ser det.
3. Han fann fjernkontrollen. (fjernkontrollen = the remote control)
4. Kvar har du vore? (kvar = where)
5. Ho fekk ei gåve. (ei gåve = a present)
6. Har de sett boka mi? (boka = the book)
7. Huset er vårt. (huset = the house)