Learning Python 3 with the Linkbot/For Loops
And here is the new typing exercise for this chapter:
onetoten = range(1, 11)
for count in onetoten:
print(count)
and the ever-present output:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
The output looks awfully familiar but the program code looks different. The first line uses the range function. The range function uses two arguments like this range(start, finish). start is the first number that is produced. finish is one larger than the last number. Note that this program could have been done in a shorter way:
for count in range(1, 11):
print(count)
The range function returns an iterable. This can be converted into a list with the list function.
Here are some examples to show what happens with the range command:
>>> range(1, 10) range(1, 10) >>> list(range(1, 10)) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] >>> list(range(-32, -20)) [-32, -31, -30, -29, -28, -27, -26, -25, -24, -23, -22, -21] >>> list(range(5,21)) [5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20] >>> list(range(5)) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] >>> list(range(21, 5)) []
The next line for count in onetoten: uses the for control structure. A for control structure looks like for variable in list:. list is gone through starting with the first element of the list and going to the last. As for goes through each element in a list it puts each into variable. That allows variable to be used in each successive time the for loop is run through. Here is another example (you don't have to type this) to demonstrate:
demolist = ['life', 42, 'the universe', 6, 'and', 7, 'everything']
for item in demolist:
print("The current item is:",item)
The output is:
The current item is: life The current item is: 42 The current item is: the universe The current item is: 6 The current item is: and The current item is: 7 The current item is: everything
Notice how the for loop goes through and sets item to each element in the list. So, what is for good for? The first use is to go through all the elements of a list and do something with each of them. Here's a quick way to add up all the elements:
list = [2, 4, 6, 8]
sum = 0
for num in list:
sum = sum + num
print("The sum is:", sum)
with the output simply being:
The sum is: 20
Or you could write a program to find out if there are any duplicates in a list like this program does:
list = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]
list.sort()
prev = None
for item in list:
if prev == item:
print("Duplicate of", prev, "found")
prev = item
and for good measure:
Duplicate of 7 found
Okay, so how does it work? Here is a special debugging version to help you understand (you don't need to type this in):
l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]
print("l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10]", "\t\tl:", l)
l.sort()
print("l.sort()", "\t\tl:", l)
prev = l[0]
print("prev = l[0]", "\t\tprev:", prev)
del l[0]
print("del l[0]", "\t\tl:", l)
for item in l:
if prev == item:
print("Duplicate of", prev, "found")
print("if prev == item:", "\t\tprev:", prev, "\titem:", item)
prev = item
print("prev = item", "\t\tprev:", prev, "\titem:", item)
with the output being:
l = [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10] l: [4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 1, 0, 7, 10] l.sort() l: [0, 1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10] prev = l[0] prev: 0 del l[0] l: [1, 4, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 10] if prev == item: prev: 0 item: 1 prev = item prev: 1 item: 1 if prev == item: prev: 1 item: 4 prev = item prev: 4 item: 4 if prev == item: prev: 4 item: 5 prev = item prev: 5 item: 5 if prev == item: prev: 5 item: 7 prev = item prev: 7 item: 7 Duplicate of 7 found if prev == item: prev: 7 item: 7 prev = item prev: 7 item: 7 if prev == item: prev: 7 item: 8 prev = item prev: 8 item: 8 if prev == item: prev: 8 item: 9 prev = item prev: 9 item: 9 if prev == item: prev: 9 item: 10 prev = item prev: 10 item: 10
The reason I put so many print statements in the code was so that you can see what is happening in each line. (By the way, if you can't figure out why a program is not working, try putting in lots of print statements in places where you want to know what is happening.) First the program starts with a boring old list. Next the program sorts the list. This is so that any duplicates get put next to each other. The program then initializes a prev(ious) variable. Next the first element of the list is deleted so that the first item is not incorrectly thought to be a duplicate. Next a for loop is gone into. Each item of the list is checked to see if it is the same as the previous. If it is a duplicate was found. The value of prev is then changed so that the next time the for loop is run through prev is the previous item to the current. Sure enough, the 7 is found to be a duplicate. (Notice how \t is used to print a tab.)
The other way to use for loops is to do something a certain number of times. Here is some code to print out the first 9 numbers of the Fibonacci series:
a = 1
b = 1
for c in range(1, 10):
print(a, end=" ")
n = a + b
a = b
b = n
with the surprising output:
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34
Everything that can be done with for loops can also be done with while loops but for loops give an easy way to go through all the elements in a list or to do something a certain number of times.
A Linkbot Example
[edit | edit source]In this example the Linkbot will play changing tones a fixed number of times while the duration remains constant. The Linkbot can also change tone and duration a fixed number of times. Here we are using a for loop running with in a fixed range of values.
setBuzzerFrequency.py
import barobo
dongle = barobo.Dongle()
dongle.connect()
robot = dongle.getLinkbot('6wbn') # Replace '6wbn' with the serial ID on your Linkbot
import time # For time.sleep()
t=1 # Set a value to be used for the duration of the note
for i in range (33,43): # Select which keys on a piano keyboard to use for the tones
k=pow(2,(i-49)/12)*440 # Determines the frequency of the note to be played
robot.setBuzzerFrequency(k) # Directs the Linkbot to play this frequency
time.sleep(t) # Pauses the program while the note is played
robot.setBuzzerFrequency(0) # Turns off the piezo speaker at the end of the program
When you run this example play around with the loop range and time values to create interesting sounds.