Lower Sorbian/Grammar/Numerals
Numeral with noun groups
[edit | edit source](a) accommodation of numeral groups in a sentence - as a subject
- the numeral jaden, jadna, jadno `1` is formally an adjective– i.e. it creates with a noun a relationship of agreement, in which the noun is the domining part
- the numeral dwa, dwě `2`,
being a main part of the numeral group, it goes into a relationship of a mutual accommodation: it triggers dual number in a noun, the noun triggers than a dual number in a verb
- the numerals tśo, tśi `3` and styrjo, styri `4` behave like the numeral 2, however they trigger in a noun (and directly - in a verb) plural number
- numerals higher than 5[apart from compounds with numeral 1-4, what will be mentioned here later] are formally singular nouns, the objects of which are the quantified nouns on a principle of government – triggering GEN. pl.; those numerals trigger plural number in a verb** [!] (np. Gospoza jo wšykno wurěšyła a te šesć paršonow su zasej zgromaźone, SC-1926-032, Po 10 dnjach su něto hyšći pěś zasypanych gornikow žywe k swětłu pśišli, NSC-1923-024)
[* - the numerals 1-10 have alternative forms, extended with an ending –o, which are used to quantify masculine nouns – those than take w NOM. pl., e.g. Šesćo Nimce su jogo wobstupili, SC-1926-040]
[** - if the numeral group follows linearly a verb, the verb can also take singular number, e.g. Běšo wosym wosobow śěžko a šesć lažko zranjonych, NSC-1923-016]
(b) accommodation of numeral groups and oblique cases
- the numerals 1-4 mandatory take categorial forms, expected by a government binding, e.g. Njejsu mogli z tśomi konimi woz wuśěgnuś, SC-1926-024
- the numerals 5-40 can take categorial forms, expected by a government binding, yet they can do otherwise, e.g. Jěł jo Hansko nalědy, k šesćim korcam nawora, MWi_DobWjac, Nowy sud ze styrźasćimi politiskimi a juristiskimi sobucłonkami, NSC-1923-005
wobec Cogodla ma južo we styrźasća lětach šere włosy, Prat-1935, W slědnych šesć dnjach woranja jo bur był lichy, SC-1924-039
Declension of the numerals 1-4
[edit | edit source](a) jaden, jadna, jadno `1`
|
m |
n | |
|
NOM. sg. |
jaden |
jadno |
|
GEN. sg. |
jadnogo | |
|
DAT. sg. |
jadnomu | |
|
ACC. sg. |
=NOM./GEN. (anim.) |
jadno |
|
INS. sg. |
jadnym | |
|
LOC. sg. |
jadnom | |
[NOM. f. and du. i pl. - strictly according to the adjectival pattern]
(b) dwa, dwěma `2`
|
m |
f, n | |
|
NOM. sg. |
dwa |
dwě |
|
GEN. sg. |
dweju | |
|
ACC. sg. |
=NOM./GEN. (pers.) |
=NOM. |
|
DAT. INS. LOC. sg. |
dwěma | |
(c) tśo, tśi `3` i styrjo, styri `4` - pluralia tantum
|
m. pers. |
m. impers., f, n | |
|
NOM. pl. |
tśo, styrjo |
tśi, styri |
|
GEN. pl. |
tśoch, styrjoch |
tśich, styrich |
|
DAT. pl. |
tśom, styrjom |
tśim, styrim |
|
ACC. pl. |
tśoch, styrjoch |
=NOM. |
|
INS. pl. |
tśomi, styrjomi |
tśimi, styrimi |
|
LOC. pl. |
tśoch, styrjoch |
tśich, styrich |
(d) inflective numerals over 4 are inflected like tśi, styri
Cardinal numerals
[edit | edit source]n: 1. jaden, 2. dwa, 3. tśi, 4. śtyri, 5. pěś, 6. šesć, 7. sedym, 8. wosym, 9.źewjeś, 10. źaseś
10 + n, n < 10: n + nasćo /11. jadnasćo/
d = 10n, 4 > n > 1: n + źasća /40. styŕzasća/
d' = 10n, 10 > n > 4: n + źaset
d + n, n < 10: n + a + d / d + a + n, e.g. 21. jaden a dwaźasća, dwaźasća a jaden
a) numerals over 100 are treated as nouns, including the rules of accommodation to the numerals-multipliers, e.g. sto – dwě sćě
b) lower positions are added to them by attaching to them a coordinate group after a conjunction a, e.g. dwě sće a jaden
100 sto
1 000 towzynt (tysac)
1 000 000 milion
Ordinal numerals
[edit | edit source]Formally they are adjectives.
1. prědny, 2. drugi, 3. tśeśi, 4. stworty, 5. pěty, 6. šesty,7. sedymy, 8. wosymy, 9.źewjety, 10. źasety
G - cardinal numeral, P - ordinal numeral
G[x...nasćo] > P[x...nasty]
G[x...źasća] > P[x...źasty]
G[x...źaset] > P[x...źasety]
100.'' hundertny (stoty)
100n, n < 10: G+hundertny, np. 200. dwahundertny
100 + n, n < 100: sto + P[n], np. 150. sto a pěśźasety
1 000. ''towzyntny (tysacny)
a) in compound ordinal numerals by a rule only the last part takes a form of an ordinal numeral, while the remaining ones retain the form of ordinal numerals, e.g. 583. pěś stow a tśi a wosymźasety
b) in tens-ones compounds both parts can take inflective form of an ordinal numeral, even independently of the order of the tens and ones, np. we tśeśem a wosymźasetem
Adjectival derivates of numerals
[edit | edit source]a) frequentative numeral adjective - (1. jadnaki), 2. dwoji, 3. tšoji, 4. stwory, ... [G + ory ]; from the frequentatives are also derived collective nouns + they stay before pluralia tantum (in neuter gender)
b) manifold adjectives - 1. jadnaki, 2. dwojaki, 3.tšojaki, 4. stworaki, ... [G + raki]
c) frequentative adverbs - 1. raz, 2. dwojcy; higher ones G + a noun raz or krot
Fractional numerals
[edit | edit source]a) 1/x, 11 > x > 2: x+in /3. tśeśina, 4. stworśina/, np. pěśina
b) x/(x+1): x + adequately inflected noun źěł, np. 2/3. dwa źěła
c) x/y: x + źěł wót + P[y] w GEN., np. 2/5. dwa źěła wót pěśich