Lower Sorbian/Grammar/Pronouns
Personal pronouns
[edit | edit source]|
1. pers. |
2. pers. |
reflexive | |
|
NOM. sg. |
ja |
ty |
- |
|
GEN. sg. |
mnjo; mě (mje) |
tebje (tebjo); śi |
sebje; se |
|
DAT. sg. |
mnjo (mnje); mě |
tebje; śi |
sebje; se |
|
ACC. sg. |
mnjo; mě |
tebje (tebjo); śi |
sebje; se |
|
INS. sg. |
mnu |
tobu |
sobu |
|
LOC. sg. |
mnjo (mnje) |
tebje; śi |
sebje; se |
|
NOM. du. |
mej |
wej |
cf. sg. |
|
GEN. ACC. du. |
naju |
waju |
cf. sg. |
|
DAT. INS. LOC. du. |
nama |
wama |
cf. sg. |
|
NOM. pl. |
my |
wy |
cf. sg. |
|
GEN. pl. |
nas |
was |
cf. sg. |
|
DAT. pl. |
nam |
wam |
cf. sg. |
|
ACC. pl. |
nas |
was |
cf. sg. |
|
INS. pl. |
nami |
wami |
cf. sg. |
|
LOC. pl. |
nas |
was |
cf. sg. |
|
m |
f |
n | |
|
NOM. sg. |
wón |
wóna |
wóno |
|
GEN. sg. |
njogo; jogo |
njeje; jeje |
njogo; jogo |
|
DAT. sg. |
njomu; jomu |
njej; jej |
njomu; jomu |
|
ACC. sg. |
animate: njogo; jogo inanimate: njen; jen |
nju; ju |
njo; jo |
|
INS. sg. |
nim |
njeju |
nim |
|
LOC. sg. |
njom |
njej |
njom |
|
NOM. du. |
wónej | ||
|
GEN. du. |
njeju; jeju | ||
|
ACC. du. |
animate: njeju; jeju inanimate: njej; jej | ||
|
DAT. INS. LOC. du. |
nima; jima | ||
|
NOM. pl. |
wóni | ||
|
GEN. pl. |
nich; jich | ||
|
DAT. pl. |
nim; jim | ||
|
ACC. pl. |
animate: nje; je inanimate: nich; jich | ||
|
INS. pl. |
nimi | ||
|
LOC. pl. |
nich | ||
(a) longer form of personal pronouns are used after prepositions and to emphasise the focus on the denotate of the pronoun
(b) improper prepositions can also be followed by short forms of the pronouns, e.g. mimo mje
(c) the form wy is also a polite singular form
Possessive pronouns
[edit | edit source]| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | dual |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ceji? `whose` | ceja? | ceje? | ceje? | cejej? |
| mój | mója | móje | móje | mójej |
| twój | twója | twóje | twóje | twójej |
| naš | naša | naše | naše | našej |
| waš | waša | waše | waše | wašej |
| jogo | jeje | jogo | jich | jeju |
singular
| NOM. | mój | mója | móje | naš | naša | naše |
| GEN. | mójogo | mójeje | mójogo | našogo | našeje | našogo |
| DAT. | mójomu | mójej | mójomu | našomu | našej | našomu |
| ACC. | =NOM. / GEN. (animacy) |
móju | móje | =NOM. / GEN. (animacy) |
našu | naše |
| INS. | mójim | mójeju | mójim | našym | našeju | našym |
| LOC. | mójom | mójej | mójom | našom | našej | našom |
plural and dual
| NOM. | móje | naše | mójej | našej |
| GEN. | mójich | našych | mójeju | našeju |
| DAT. | mójim | našym | mójima | našyma |
| ACC. | =NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) |
=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) |
=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) |
=NOM. / GEN. (personal masculine) |
| INS. | mójimi | našymi | mójima | našyma |
| LOC. | mójich | našych | mójima | našyma |
Declension of twój, vaš pronouns follows mój, vaš patterns accordingly. 3rd person possessive pronouns are indeclinable.
reflexive possessive pronoun
| masculine | feminine | neuter | plural | dual | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NOM. | - | - | - | - | - |
| GEN. | swójogo | swójeje | swójogo | swójich | swójeju |
| DAT. | swójomu | swójej | swójomu | swójim | swójima |
| ACC. | =NOM. / GEN. (animacy) |
swóju | swójo | swóje / / swójich (personal masculine) |
swójej / / swójeju (personal masculine) |
| INS. | swójim | swójeju | swójim | swójimi | swójima |
| LOC. | swójom | swójej | swójom | swójich | swójima |
Demonstrative pronouns
[edit | edit source]In Lower Sorbian there is a twofold division of a deictic space, analogous to that in English: ten `this` and 2 synonymous pronouns for `that` - tamny and wóny.
Declined stem of the pronoun ten is t- and the pattern is analogous to the declension of possessive pronouns, e.g. ta (NOM. sg. f.), tomu (DAT. sg. m., n.), teju (GEN. du.). The only exception is NOM. sg. masculine ten.
Pronouns tamny and wóny are declined as adjectives
Interrogatory pronouns
[edit | edit source]Subjective interrogatory pronouns
[edit | edit source]|
personal |
impersonal | |
|
NOM. |
chto? `who?` |
co? `what?` [1] |
|
GEN. |
kogo? |
cogo? |
|
DAT. |
komu? |
comu? |
|
ACC. |
kogo? |
co? [1] |
|
INS. |
kim? |
cym? |
|
LOC. |
kim? |
com? |
|
INS. du. |
kima? |
|
|
INS. pl. |
kimi? |
|
|
DAT. pl. |
kim? |
[1] after the prepositions na, wo, za, pśez the final –o can be omitted (a pśez > pśe, np. pśeco? `why?`)
Attributive interrogatory pronouns
[edit | edit source]They are inflected as adjectives.
i) attributive interrogative referential pronoun: kótary? (kotry) `which?`
ii) attributive interrogative predicative pronoun: kaki? `what like?`
iii) attributive interrogative possesive pronoun: ceji? `whose?` - only in an agreement binding with a noun
iv) attributive interrogative manifold pronoun: wjeleseraki? `how manifold?`
Interrogatory adverbs
[edit | edit source]ga? gdy? `when?`
źo? `where? where to?`
wotkul? `where from?`
cogodla? `why?`
kak? `how?`
wjele? kak wjele? `how much?`
Relative pronouns
[edit | edit source](a) derived from subjective interrogatory pronouns and the attributive referential pronouns by adding a suffix –ž, np. chtož, comuž; [the suffix –ž can be also attached to nouns or adverbs in the subordinate phrase (instead)]
(b) an alternative relative attributive referential pronoun – only in NOM. of all numbers and genders: kenž
(c) there exists also an uninflected indefinite relative pronoun ako, the content of which is complemented by an adequate personal pronoun in the subordinate phrase, e.g. ta wjaža, ako wy sćo we njej bydlili `the house, you used to live in`
Indefinite pronouns
[edit | edit source]a) existential (detailed) indefinite pronouns – generally formed by adding a prefix ně- to the personal pronoun, e.g. něco – but: něcht ''(něchten) `somebody`
b) alternative indefinite attributive qualitative pronouns: młogi and wótery `one, some`
c) general indefinite pronoun wšen (m), wša (f), wšo (n) `every, everybody`
d) generalised indefinite pronouns – formed by adding a –kuli suffix to a personal or a relative pronoun (if in the relative function), np. chtokuli `whoever`
Indefinite negative pronouns
[edit | edit source]Generally formed by adding a prefix ni- to a personal pronoun, e.g. niceji `no one's`, but: nicht (nichten) `no one`, nic `nothing`
Adjectival pronouns
[edit | edit source]wšyken, wšykna, wšykno `every, everybody`
žeden, žedna, žedno `none`
wobej `both`
taki `such`
kaki `what like`
wšaki `of every sort, manifold`
kuždy `every`
kuždycki `every with no exception`
hynakšy `other`
wjelesery `manifold`
teliki `that big, that many`
někaki `somehow`
nikaki `of no qualities`
młogoraki `manifold`
wšakoraki `manifold`
wjeleseraki `manifold`
telikeraki `that manifold`