Manchu/Lesson 3 - Nouns, Script
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Dialogue & Translation
[edit | edit source]| Baturu............: ᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠶᡡᠨ᠉ | Baturu............: How are you? |
| Zhang Min......: ᠪᡳ ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ᠉ ᠰᡳᠨᡳ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᠰᡠᠨ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ ᠨᡳᠣ᠉ | Zhang Min......: I am very good, how is your health? |
| Baturu............: ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ ᠰᠠᡳᠨ᠈ ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ᠉ | Baturu............: Very good, thank you. |
| Zhang Min......: ᡤᡠᠴᡠ᠈ ᠰᡳ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᡳᠨᡠᠣ᠉ | Zhang Min......: Friend, are you Manchu? |
| Baturu............: ᡳᠨᡠ᠈ ᠪᡳ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ᠉ ᠰᡳᠨᡳ ᠠᡳᠮᠠᠨ ᠠᡳ᠉ | Baturu............: Yes, I am Manchu. What is your nationality? |
| Zhang Min......: ᠪᡳ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠨᡳᡴᠠᠨ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ᠈ ᡩᠠᠮᡠ ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ᠉ ᠰᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠪᡳᠣ᠉ | Zhang Min......: I am Chinese, but my wife is Mongolian. Do you have a wife? |
| Baturu............: ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠠᡴᡡ᠉ ᠰᡳᠨᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᠠᡳ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠠᡳ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ᠉ | Baturu............: No. What is your wife's first and last names? |
| Zhang Min......: ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ ᡤᡝᠪᡠ ᠪᡳᠩ ᠪᡳᠩ᠈ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ ᠸᠠᠩ ᡳᠨᡠ᠉ ᠰᡳ ᡳᠮᠪᡝ ᡨᠠᡴᠠᠮᠪᡳᠣ᠉ | Zhang Min......: My wife's first name is Bing Bing and her surname is Wang. Do you know her? |
| Baturu............: ᡨᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠉ ᠪᡳ ᡠᠪᠠᡩᡝ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ ᠣᡥᠣ᠈ ᡴᡝᠮᡠᠨᡳ ᡨᠣᡴᠰᠣ ᡳ ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ ᠪᡝ ᡨᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ᠉ | Baturu............: I don't know her. I have been here for 2 months, I still don't know many people. |
| Zhang Min......: ᠰᡳ ᡨᠣᡴᠰᠣ ᡩᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᠴᡳ ᡨᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᠸᡝ ᡨᠠᡴᠠᠮᠪᡳ᠉ | Zhang Min......: In the village apart form me who do you know? |
| Baturu............: ᠪᡳ Xiao Zhang ᠵᠠᡳ Xiao He ᡨᠠᡴᡳᠮᠪᡳ᠉ | Baturu............: I know Xiao Zhang and Xiao He. |
| Zhang Min......: ᠰᡳ ᠠᡳ ᡝᡵᡳᠨ ᡩᡝ Xiao Wang ᠪᡝ ᡨᠠᡴᠠᡥᠠ᠉ | Zhang Min......: When did you meet Xiao Wang. |
| Baturu............: ᠪᡳ ᠴᡝᠮᠪᡝ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠯᠣ ᡨᠠᡴᠠᡥᠠ᠉ | Baturu............: I met him one month ago. |
| Zhang Min......: ᠠᡳᠪᠠᡩᡝ᠉ | Zhang Min......: Where? |
| Baturu............: Xiao Zhang ᡳ ᠪᠣᠣᡩᡝ᠉ | Baturu............: At Xiao Zhang's house |
| Zhang Min......: ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠰᡳ Xiao Zhang ᠨᡳ ᠪᠣᠣ ᡩᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉ | Zhang Min......: In that case you have been to Xiao Zhang's house? |
| Baturu............: ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ᠉ ᠪᡳ ᡨᡝ ᡧᠣᠯᠣ ᠠᡴᡡ᠈ ᠪᡳ ᠨᡝᠨᡝᠮᡝ ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ᠉ | Baturu............: I have been. I don't have time, I will go first᠉ |
| Zhang Min......: ᠰᠠᡳᠨ᠈ ᠰᡳᡵᠠᠮᡝ ᠠᠴᠠᡴᡳ! | Zhang Min......: Okay, see you later! |
| .............................................................................................................................................. | .............................................................................................................................................. |
Vocab
[edit | edit source]| ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ |
| Manchu Vocabulary | English Translation | Manchu Vocabulary | English Translation |
| ᠠᡳ | What | ᠠᡳᠪᠠᡩᡝ | Where |
| ᠠᡳᠮᠠᠨ | Nationality | ᠪᠠᠨᡳᡥᠠ | Thankyou |
| ᠪᡝᠶᡝ ᡩᡠᡵᠰᡠᠨ | Health | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ | Month |
| ᠪᠣᠣ | Home/house | ᠴᡝᠮᠪᡝ | Them accusative case |
| ᡩᠠᠮᡠ | But/only | ᡝᠮᡠ | One |
| ᡝᡵᡳᠨ | Time | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ | Name |
| ᡤᡝᠨᡝᡥᡝ | To have gone (past tense of ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ) | ᡤᡝᠨᡝᠮᠪᡳ | To go |
| ᡤᡠᠴᡠ | Friend | ᡥᠠᠯᠠ | Surname |
| ᡳᠮᠪᡝ | Him/her accusative case | ᡳᠨᡠ | Is/also |
| ᠵᠠᡳ | And | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ | Two |
| ᡴᡝᠮᡠᠨᡳ | Still | ᠮᡳᠨᠴᡳ | From me |
| ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ | At me | ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣ | Mongol |
| ᠨᡝᠨᡝᠮᡝ | First (before ...) | ᠊ᠣ | Suffix indicating a question |
| ᠣᡥᠣ | To have become | ᠣᠮᠪᡳ | To become |
| ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠯᠣ | Before | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ | Good |
| ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ | Wife | ᠰᡳ | You |
| ᠰᡳᠨᡩᡝ | At you | ᠰᡳᠨᡳ | Your |
| ᠰᡳᡵᠠᠮᡝ ᠠᠴᠠᡴᡳ | See you later | ᡨᠠᡴᠠᠮᠪᡳ | To know (someone) |
| ᡨᠠᡴᠠᡵᠠᡴᡡ | To not know (someone) | ᡨᠣᡴᠰᠣ | Village |
| ᡨᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ | Apart from | ᡨᡠᡨᡨᡠ ᠣᠴᡳ | In that case |
| ᡠᠪᠠᡩᡝ | Here | ᡠᠮᡝᠰᡳ | Very |
| ᠸᡝ | Who | ᡧᠣᠯᠣ | Free time |
| ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ | ............................................................ |
Grammar
[edit | edit source]Pronouns
[edit | edit source]Personal pronouns
[edit | edit source]As with nouns, personal pronouns in Manchu also have different cases. The normal form of Manchu personal pronouns is expressed by using the nominative case. See following table for list of all personal pronouns in the 5 different cases:
| ..................................................... | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. |
| Personal Pronoun | Nominative | Genitive | Dative/Locative | Accusative | Ablative |
| Singular | |||||
| 1st Person | ᠪᡳ | ᠮᡳᠨᡳ | ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ | ᠮᡳᠮᠪᡝ | ᠮᡳᠨᠴᡳ |
| 2nd Person | ᠰᡳ | ᠰᡳᠨᡳ | ᠰᡳᠨᡩᡝ | ᠰᡳᠮᠪᡝ | ᠰᡳᠨᠴᡳ |
| 3rd Person | ᡳ | ᡳᠨᡳ | ᡳᠨᡩᡝ | ᡳᠮᠪᡝ | ᡳᠨᠴᡳ |
| Plural | |||||
| 1st Person (incl.) | ᠮᡠᠰᡝ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝᡳ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝᡩᡝ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝᠪᡝ | ᠮᡠᠰᡝᠴᡳ |
| 1st Person (excl.) | ᠪᡝ | ᠮᡝᠨᡳ | ᠮᡝᠨᡩᡝ | ᠮᡝᠮᠪᡝ | ᠮᡝᠨᠴᡝ |
| 2nd Person | ᠰᡠᠸᡝ | ᠰᡠᠸᡝᠨᡳ | ᠰᡠᠸᡝᠨᡩᡝ | ᠰᡠᠸᡝᠮᠪᡝ | ᠰᡠᠸᡝᠨᠴᡳ |
| 3rd Person | ᠴᡝ | ᠴᡝᠨᡳ | ᠴᡝᠨᡩᡝ | ᠴᡝᠮᠪᡝ | ᠴᡝᠨᠴᡳ |
| ..................................................... | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. |
- The personal pronoun in the nominative case is the ordinary form of the pronoun, e.g. ᠪᡳ = I, ᠰᡳ = you, ᡳ = he/she/it, ᠪᡝ = we (excl.), ᠮᡠᠰᡝ = we (incl.), ᠰᡠᠸᡝ = you (plural), ᠴᡝ = they/them
- For the singular first personal pronoun "I" the different forms are: nominative ᠪᡳ "I"; genitive ᠮᡳᠨᡳ "my"; dative/locative ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ "to/at me"; accusative ᠮᡳᠮᠪᡝ "me"; ablative ᠮᡳᠨᠴᡳ "from me". All the other personal pronouns follow the same pattern.
- As with Chinese, Manchu has two versions of the 1st plural personal pronoun: an exclusive version 〈ᠪᡝ〉, and an inclusive version 〈ᠮᡠᠰᡝ〉.
- To express the idea of oneself, you would use the genitive form of the personal pronoun and follow it with the word 〈ᠪᡝᠶᡝ〉 (body). E.g. ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ (myself), ᠰᡳᠨᡳ ᠪᡝᠶᡝ (yourself).
- The possessive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix 〈᠊ᠩᡤᡝ〉 after the genitive form of the personal pronoun. E.g. ᠮᡳᠨᡳ᠊᠊᠊ᠩᡤᡝ (mine). ᡝᡵᡝ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ (this book is mine).
- The suffix 〈᠊ᠩᡤᡝ〉 is a possessive suffix which does not change with the rules of vowel harmony. When written it is proceeded by the genitive case and therefore becomes one of 〈᠊ᡳᠩᡤᡝ〉 or 〈᠊ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ〉. In the case of use with personal pronouns, it is already proceeded by the genitive form of the pronoun so remains 〈᠊ᠩᡤᡝ〉. It can be translated as belong to, and is often written separately from the noun. E.g. ᡝᠵᡝᠨ ᠨᡳᠩᡤᡝ - belonging to the master.
Now for some examples of the different cases:
Nominative
- ᠪᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ ᠪᡝ ᡨᠠᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ - I study the Manchu language
- ᡳ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ - He is Manchu
Genitive
- ᠮᡳᠨᡳ ᡤᡠᠴᡠ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ - My friend is Manchu
- ᠮᡝᠨᡳ ᡝᠮᡝ ᠣᠴᡳ ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ - Our mother is the fatherland
Dative/Locative
- ᠰᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᠠᡳ ᠪᠠᡳᡨᠠ ᠪᡳ᠉ - What issue do you (at) have?
- ᡨᡝᡵᡝ ᡝᠮᡠ ᡩᡝᠪᡨᡝᠯᡳᠨ ᠪᡳᡨᡥᡝ ᠪᡝ ᠮᡳᠨᡩᡝ ᠪᡠᡴᡳ (to give imp) - Can you please give this book to me
Accusative
- ᠮᠠᡶᠠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ ᠮᡝᠮᠪᡝ ᡠᠵᡳᠮᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡧᠠᠪᡠᡥᠠ - The fatherland raised us (object)
- ᠪᡳ ᠴᡝᠮᠪᡝ ᡝᠮᡠ ᠪᡳᠶᠠ ᠣᠩᡤᠣᠯᠣ ᡨᠠᡴᠠᡥᠠ - I met him (object) one month ago
Ablative
- ᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᠴᡳ ᠵᡠᠸᡝ ᠰᡝ ᠠᠵᡳᡤᡝ - He is two years younger than me
- ᠰᡳ ᠮᡳᠨᠴᡳ ᡨᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠨ ᠸᡝ ᡨᠠᡴᠠᠸᠪᡳ᠉ - Apart from me who do you know?
Demonstrative pronouns
[edit | edit source]The demonstrative pronouns in Manchu are:
| ............................................ | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. |
| Case | This | These | That | Those |
| Nominative | ᡝᡵᡝ | ᡝᠰᡝ | ᡨᡝᡵᡝ | ᡨᡝᠰᡝ |
| Genitive | ᡝᡵᡝᡳ 〔ᡝᡵᡝᠨᡳ〕 | ᡝᠰᡝᡳ | ᡨᡝᡵᡝᡳ | ᡨᡝᠰᡝᡳ |
| Dative/locative | ᡝᡵᡝᡩᡝ 〔ᡝᡩᡝ〕 | ᡝᠰᡝᡩᡝ | ᡨᡝᡵᡝᡩᡝ 〔ᡨᡝᡩᡝ〕 | ᡨᡝᠰᡝᡩᡝ |
| Accusative | ᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ | ᡝᠰᡝᠪᡝ | ᡨᡝᡵᡝᠪᡝ | ᡨᡝᠰᡝᠪᡝ |
| Ablative | ᡝᡵᡝᠴᡳ | ᡝᠰᡝᠴᡳ | ᡨᡝᡵᡝᠴᡳ | ᡨᡝᠰᡝᠴᡳ |
| ............................................ | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. |
Interrogative pronouns
[edit | edit source]The main interrogative pronouns in Manchu are (note the cases):
| ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. |
| Manchu | English | Manchu | English |
| ᠸᡝ | Who | ᠠᡳᠪᡳᡩᡝ᠈ ᠶᠠᠪᠠᡩᡝ | At/to what place |
| ᠠᡳ | What | ᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠᠮᡝ | How |
| ᠶᠠ | What, who | ᠠᡳᠴᡳ | What type |
| ᠠᡳᠨᡠ | Why | ᡠᡩᡠ | How many |
| ᠠᡳᠪᡳ᠈ ᠶᠠᠪᠠ | What place/where | ᠠᠪᠠ | Where |
| ................................. | ................................. | ................................. | ................................. |
Lesson 2, Script (Nouns) ---- Contents ---- Lesson 4 (Numerals)