Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation

Introduction

In order to facilitate word-building and to maximize comprehension and decipherability of words, certain meanings and functions have been attached to consonants and vowels.

The vocabulary of Mirad is composed of base words and derived words.

The vocabulary is built on base words, that is, indivisible, building-block words. The choice of the root of these words (formed generally from two or three letters) is determined by:

• The meaning of each letter of the word.
• The importance of the group of ideas that this word evokes in its proper sense and in the sense that is directly opposite it, eg.: fixed vs. variable.
• How frequently the word and its derivations are used in the language.
• The geometric system of vocabulary construction (see a later section on what this is all about).
• The logic of its composition.
• The mnemonic associations this word suggests.

The words derived from base words in turn follow very simple laws called vocabulary-building rules, which are spelled out below.

Base Words

Base words are elements of vocabulary that cannot be broken down any further and which serve as the basis for many derived words in the language. Base words are divided into two groups:

• Group 1:  consisting of nouns
• Group 2:  consisting of prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, determiners, and verbs.

Base words of Group 1

Base words of Group 1 (nouns) are composed of three letters:

• The first, a consonant called the classifier
• The second, a vowel or vowel cluster called the ordinal
• The third, a consonant called the generic

Examples:

Base Word Composition

CLASSIFIER	ORDINAL	GENERIC	MEANING
t	o	b	man
d	o	t	society
p	o	t	animal
f	o	b	plant

Base words of Group 2

Base words of Group 2 (everything but nouns) are composed of one or two letters, not including grammatical endings. If one letter, it is a consonant or sometimes a vowel(*). If two letters, they consist of a consonant + vowel combination or a vowel + consonant combination. Here are some examples (the hyphen at the end means that the base word does not stand alone, but is followed in usage by a grammatical ending such as -er (verb infinitive marker) or -a (adjective marker):

Some Examples of Group 2 Base Words

b-....put	p-....go
s-....be	x-....do
d-....say	t-....know
ab....on	ob....off
bu....to	bi....from
if-....love	uf-....hate
fi-....good	fu-....bad
va....yes	vo....no
vya*-....true	vyo-....false
a....one	o....zero

* As mentioned above, "vowel" in this case may include complex vowels, i.e. those preceded and/or followed by one of the glides y or w. So, for purposes here, ya, ye, yi, yo, yu, wa, and other pre- and post-glided vowels, are considered "complex vowels".

Consonants and Their Meanings

The classifier (initial letter) and generic (final letter) in group 1 base words (nouns) are consonants. Also, group 2 base words almost always have one consonant. So, you need to be familiar with the general meaning of the consonants in the Mirad alphabet, as shown in the following chart:

Consonants and Their Meanings

CONSONANT	GROUP 1 CLASSIFIER	GROUP 1 GENERIC	GROUP 2 CLASSIFIER	IN NUMBERS
b	organ, health	organism	gesture, position
d	society	family	communicating
f	vegetation	textile, clothing	volition, attributes
g	--	measurement	quantity, attributes
j	time	time	time
k	--	health	change, risk, attributes
l	--	element, food, liquid, nature	--	l = ten
m	nature	place, building, furniture	temperature, light	ml = million mr = billion
n	commerce	--	--
p	animal, vehicle	motion	movement
r	--	tool, machine, cosmos	--	r = thousand
s	form, image, furniture	thing	being, form, thing	s = hundred
t	human, body	person, animal	intelligence, knowing
v	plant, color	linen	truth, attributes
x	action	--	action, doing, making
z	--	precious, art	spatial, attributes

The following consonants have semantic functions rather than, or in addition to semantic values:

• l and r:   Liquids used after vowels to intensify the semantics of a word, eg.: baer....to lean, baler....to press, barer....to crush;
• y:   Glide used 1) before a stem vowel to intensify the semantics of a word, eg. voa....negative -> vyoa....false, or 2) after a vowel to de-intensify the semantics of a word, eg. ama....hot -> ayma....warm.
• h:   Used functionally only in certain interjections like hoy....goodbye and determiners like his....this, and has no semantic value.
• w:   Has no semantic value of its own, but is used only 1) to form the masculine gender of nouns and pronouns, eg. tob....person -> twob....man, or 2) to form the passive voice of verbs, eg. uber....to send -> ubwer....to be sent, or 3) to form a numerical unit marker, eg. awa....one, or 4) sometimes to substitute for y when this letter would cause ambiguity or difficulty in pronunciation with other consonants eg. jwo....late, instead of jyo.
• n:   In addition to its semantic values, functions often 1) as a buffer letter, as in ana....only, or 2) as a suffix to derive a nominal abstraction from an adjective, such as fian....goodness from fia....good, or from a verb, such axnen....behaving from axner....to behave.

Vowels and Their Meanings

Ordinal vowels in Mirad have meanings or values of the following types:

• meronymic
• hierarchical
• scalar
• geo-specific
• oppositional/polar
• vectorial
• directional and positional
• special

Ordinal Vowel Values

The numerical value of ordinal vowels is shown in the chart below. The vowels beginning with y are considered pre-y-glided vowels. These numeric values serve as the "ordinal vowel" in scaled base words. See the section on Vowels.

Numeric Values of Vowels

Ordinal Vowel	o	a	e	i	u	yo	ya	ye	yi	yu
Cardinal Number	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Meronymic Vowel Gradation

Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a meronymic series. (This gradation can also be called taxonomic. The top element, or hypernym, has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are hyponyms or meronyms, and have incrementally higher numbers of their ordinal vowel. Tab (body) is the first meronym of tob (human being), the hypernym or zeroth element.

Meronymic Series

Rank	Meronymic
0	tob....human	fob....plant	vob....crop
1	tab....body	fab....tree	vab....grass
2	teb....head	feb....fruit	veb....tuft
3	tib....trunk	fib....trunk	vib....stalk
4	tub....arm	fub....branch	vub....shoot
5	tyob....leg	fyob....root	vyob....tuber

The words that descend from the base word are called subordinal words, hyponyms, or meronyms. A hypernym is a word that is higher in the taxonomy.

Hierarchical Vowel Values

Ordinal vowels can be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a hierchical series where the top element has zero (o) as its defining vowel. The others are subordinate elements and have incrementally higher numbers that define a descending series related to that top element.

Hierarchical Vowel Gradation

Rank	Hierarchy
0	dob....state	dot....society	tod....family	xob....organization
1	dab....government	dat....friend	tad....spouse	xab....staff
2	deb....leader	det....associate	ted....parent	xeb....boss
3	dib....ministry	dit....citizen	tid....sibling	xib....department
4	dub....minister	dut....gentleman	tud....child	xub....branch

Scalar Vowel Gradation

Ordinal vowels can also be used as the stem vowel in Group 1 base words to form a scalar series, where each member of the series is a smaller or less important component as it descends.

Scalar Series

Rank	Scalar
0	mos....masonry	som....furniture	tom....building
1	mas....wall	sam....cabinet	tam....house
2	mes....door	sem....table	tem....hall
3	mis....window	sim....chair	tim....room
4	mus....stairs	sum....bed	tum....closet

Geo-specific Vowel Gradation

Ordinals can have geo-specific values, that is values, related to the sky, land, sea, outer space, and underground.

Geo-specific Vowel Values

Ordinal	Mirad Color	English Color
o	outer space, top level	mop....orbit	mom....outer space	mol....nature	dop....military	pop....voyage
a	air, gas, sky	map....wind	mam....sky	mal....air	dap....air force	pap....flight
e	ground, soil, solid	mep....road	mem....land	mel....soil	dep....army	pep....ride
i	liquid, water, sea	mip....river	mim....sea	mil....water	dip....marines	pip....navigation/swim
u	underground, mineral, substance	mup....tunnel	mum....underground	mul....mineral		pup....tunneling

Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation

The basic color terms use the natural order of the spectrum to determine the ordinal vowels:

Spectral Ordinal Vowel Gradation

Order	Mirad	English
0	olza1	blank, of no color
1	alza	red
2	elza	orange
3	ilza	yellow
4	ulza	green
5	yolza	blue
6	yalza	purple
7	yelza	pink2

1) In the natural spectrum, there really is no 0th order. The colors black and white are rendered in Mirad by the words molza and malza, which are polar opposites based on the roots mo for dark and ma- for light.

2) Properly indigo, but humans have a hard time distinguishing purple and indigo.

Oppositional (or Polar) Vowel Values

In Group 2 stems:

Oppositional Vowel Values

a  ⇔  ya	intermediate	i  ⇔  yi
⇑ positive ⇓negative	e  ⇔  ye	⇑ positive ⇓negative
o  ⇔  yo	value	u  ⇔  yu

• positive a contrasts with negative o    (av....for vs. ov....against)
• positive ya contrasts with negative yo    (yava....innocent vs. yova....guilty)
• positive i contrasts with negative u    (fia....good vs. fua....bad)
• positive yi contrasts with negative yu    (yiva....free vs. yuva....bound)
• e and ye are in-between values    (eva....neutral, yeva....fair)

Group 1 Oppositional Vowel Gradation

positive	intermediate	negative
aga....big	ega....normal	oga....small
yava....innocent	yeva....just	yova....guilty
ava....for	eva....neutral	ova....against
aker....to win	eker....to risk	oker....to lose
yak....expectation	yek....attempt	yok....surprise
fia....good		fua....bad
ifer....love		ufer....hate
yifa....brave		yufa....afraid

Some Group 1 base words have ordinal vowel stems that exhibit oppositional values:

The Group 1 base word bok (illness) is a good example:

Group 1 base word with oppositional values

NEGATIVE	INTERMEDIATE	POSITIVE
bak....health	bek....treatment	bok....illness
byak....hygiene	byek....cure	byok....pain byoyk....ache blok....suffering brok....agony
baak....sanitation		book....fatigue
bik....care		buk....wound buyk....sore

Vectorial Vowel Values

These ordinal vowels have to do with directions, up, down, south, left, etc.

a

↑

u  ←     e     →  i

↓

o

a....on, above, north (ab....on, zamer....north)

e....center, middle, equator (eb....between, ze....center)

o....off, below, south (ob....off, zomer....south)

i....right, east (zi....right, zimer....east)

u....left, west (zu....left, zumer....west)

Directional and Positional Vowel Values

Directional and Positional Vowel Values

A
U		a ↓	↓ a	↑ ya	ya ↑		I
	u →		e	ye		→ i
	→ u		e	ye		i →
	→ yu		E			yi →
	yu →					→ yi
		↑ o	o ↑	yo ↓	↓ yo
O

Explanation of the above chart:

• If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
• The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
• If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs
• Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words.

Explanation of the Vowel Meanings Chart

A	position		on, above, north	zamer....north
a	movement	(free)	on	baer....lean
a	movement	(contact)	onto	aber....put on
ya	movement	(free)	up, ascend	byaer....lift
ya	movement	(contact)	up, get up, set up	yaber....raise
O	position		under, lower, south	zomer....south
o	movement	(free)	off	boer....hang
o	movement	(contact)	on the bottom of, underneath	oper....get off
yo	movement	(free)	down	pyoser....fall
yo	movement	(contact)	fall	yoper....rise
U	position		left, west	zumer....west
u	movement	(free)	move toward the center, come	uber....send
u	movement	(contact)	reach the center, arrive	pyuer....reach
yu	movement	(free)	near, approach	yuber....approach
yu	movement	(contact)	near, reach	byuser....touch
I	position		right, east	zimer....east
i	movement	(free)	from the center out, go away	pier....go away
i	movement	(contact)	from the center out, leave	iper....leave
yi	movement	(free)	away, go far	yiper....go far
yi	movement	(contact)	from afar, originate	pyiser....originate
E	position		center, equator	zemer....equator
e	rest		between	eb....between
e	rest		at, stay, hold	bexer....hold
ye	movement		in, into, enter	yeper....enter
ye		(contact)	contain	byeer....contain

Special value of certain vowels

The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular.

• aot....person
• anot....individual

Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.

• yanber....to compose
• yonber....to separate

The letter y is prefixed to the vowels of personal pronouns to make them plural:

• at....I, me as opposed to yat....we, us
• et....you as opposed to yet....you (pl.), you all
• it....he, she, him, her as opposed to yit....they, them

The letter y is post-fixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically feminine:

• it....he, she, him, her as opposed to iyt....she, her
• tob....person, human being as opposed to toyb....woman

The letter w is prefixed to vowels to change the gender to specifically masculine:

• it....he, she, him, her as opposed to wit....he, him
• tob....person, human being as opposed to twob....man

The Meaning of Group 1 Base Words

The meaning of the base words of Group 1 comes from the combination of the values of the classifier (initial) and the generic (final) consonants.

The ordinal vowel of those Group 1 base words has a 1) scalar/hierachical, 2) geo-spatial, 3) oppositional, 4) vectorial/positional, or 5) mnemonic values.

The following table shows some Group 1 bases words, the meaning of their consonants, and the type of ordinal vowel scalarity:

Group 1 Zeroth-level Scalar Base Words and Meanings of the Consonants

BASE WORD	CLASSIFIER CONSONANT	GENERIC CONSONANT	SCALARITY TYPE
tob....person	t = human	b = organism	meronymic
tof....clothing	" " "	f = fabric	meronymic
tod....family	" " "	d = society	hierchical
tom....building	" " "	m = place	vectorial/positional
tov....lingerie	" " "	v = linen	meronymic
tol....nourishment	" " "	l = food	oppositional
top....soul, spirit	" " "	p = motion	meronymic
dob....state	d = society	b = organism	hierarchical
dop....military	" " "	p = movement	geo-specific
dot....society	" " "	t = human	hierarchical
dom....city	" " "	m = place	geo-specific
job....time	j = time	b....organism	hierarchical
fob....vegetation	f = vegetable	b = organism	meronymic
vob....crop	v = plant	b = organism	meronymic
vos....flower	" " "	s = thing	meronymic
volz....color	" " "	lz = color, art	spectral
som....furniture	s = thing	m = place	scalar
mos....masonry	m = place, nature	s = thing	scalar
mor....universe	" " "	r = machine, system	scalar
mom....outer space	" " "	m = place	geo-specific
mol....nature	" " "	l = substance	geo-specific
mop....orbit	" " "	p = movement	geo-specific
pot....animal	p = movement	t = human, animal	geo-specific
bok....illness	b = organ	k = condition	oppositional
nom....place	n = commercial	m = place	special
nog....degree	" " "	g = measurement	special
nof....cloth	" " "	f = cloth	special
nov....linen	" " "	v = linen	special
nod....point	" " "	d = communication	special
xob....organization	x = action	b = organism	hierarchical

Special Arrangement

Other Group 1 nouns, listed in the chart below, have an ordinal vowel which is not so much geo-specific or hierarchical per se, but rather special in some fashion. The consonants, especially the classifier consonant, have meanings like those in the above chart.

Other Group 1 Base Words

d- communication daz dance dyaz ballet dez theater diz comedy duz music dyez cinema din story dun word dyun name dyan sentence dyes book deup rhythm

dr- write drof board draf card dref paper drov cardboard drav notebook drev page drez poetry drar pencil drir typewriter drur printer

m- nature mag fire mak electricity mog ash meg stone mef brick mug metal muk mineral mez crystal mek dust myek powder mav flame mov smoke maf cloud maj daytime moj night man light maz shine mon shade moz dark

n- commerce naz value nas money nax price nyaz wealth nyan stack nox expense nyox waste nex saving nyex storing nix earning nyix order nux pay nyux supply nun merchandise nyun product nuz jewel nem location nyem place nyeb box nab row nap order nad line nod point ned plane nyed grid nyad chain nid volume nag measure nog degree nig space

j- time jag age jud date jod instance jop sequence jep process jwap moment jwep instant

s- thing sag number saz sculpture san form saun kind son matter (abstract) sin image siz painting sun thing (concrete) syan class syen style syin subject syun object sar instrument sir machine sor engine sur motor

t- human / knowledge taz statue tap physique tep mind top spirit tuz art toz skin color tez culture tyez magic tin doctrine tun science tyan class tyen skill tyun idea tos sensation tes meaning tot god

The Meaning of Group 2 Base Words

The meaning of Group 2 base word stems comes from the combination of the values of the classifier consonant and the ordinal (stem) vowel. The stem does not include adjectival (-a), adverbial (-ay), and verbal inflections (-er, -ser, -xer, etc.), which are shown in a smaller typeface after the stem.

The ordinal (stem vowel) holds oppositional values like positive, intermediary, and negative.

Examples:

Stems of Group 2 Base Words

CLASSIFIER CONSONANT	POSITIVE	INTERMEDIATE	NEGATIVE	POSITIVE	NEGATIVE
j (time)	ja before	je during	jo after	ji since	ju until
	aj past	ej present	oj future	ij/er beginning/begin	uj/er end/end
	taj/er birth/to be born	tej/er life/to live	toj/er death/to die	tij/er awake state/to be awake	tuj/er sleep/to sleep
	jwa early	jwe on time	jwo late	yij/a opening/open	yuj/a closing/closed
g (measurement)	ga more	ge equal	go less	gin point	gun angle
	aga big	ega normal	oga small	iga fast	uga slow
	yaga long	yega normal	yoga short	yiga hard	yuga soft
	gyaa thick	gyea enough	gyo- thin	gyia solid	gyua fragile
k (randomness)	kaxer find	kexer seek	koxer hide	kia oblique	kua lateral
	aker win	eker play	oker lose	ika full	uka empty
	yaker expect	yeker try	yoker suprise	yika difficult	yuka easy
	kyaa mobile	kyea haphazard	kyoa fixed	kyia heavy	kyua light
m (nature)	ama hot	--	oma cold	ima wet	uma dry
fer (want, qualities)				fia good	fua bad
	fyaa holy	fyea mythical	fyoa profane	fyia useful	fyua harmful
	yafer be able	yefer must	yofer cannot	yifer dare	yufer fear
	afer may	efer need	ofer be prohibited	ifer love	ufer hate
v (truth, qualities )	va yes	ve maybe	vo no	via beautiful	vua ugly
	vay really	vey may	voy not
	av for	eva neutral	ov against	iva happy	uva sad
	vyaa true	vyea relative	vyoa false	vyia clean	vyua dirty
	yava innocent	yeva fair	yova guilty	yiva free	yuva captive
	van that	ven if	von lest
z (spatial)	za in front of	ze in the middle of	zo in back of	zia right	zua left
	zay ahead	zey across	zoy back, re-
	zyaa wide	zye through	zyoa narrow	zyia flat	zyua round
	aza strong	eza moderate	oza weak	iza straight	uza curved
	yaza convex	yez along	yoza concave	yiz beyond	yuz around
b-er (put)	bay/(xer) with, (agitate)	bey/((xer)) by, (hold)	boy(xer) without/(calm)	bi(er/xer) from, (take/pull)	bu(er/xer) to, (give/push)
	ab(er) on,(put on)	eb(er) between,(block)	ob(er) off,(take off)	ib(er) away,(receive)	ub(er) toward,(send)
	byaser/xer stand/erect	byexer tap	byoser/xer hang/hang	byi(ser) since,(originate)	byu(ser/xer) up to,(contact/touch)
	yab(er) up,(raise)	yeb(er) in,(enter) oyeb(er) out,(exit)	yob(er) down,(lower)	yib(er) far,(remove)	yub(er) near,(bring)
per (go)	paser/xer move/move	peser/xer wait/trap	poser/xer stop/stop	pier/ser/xer leave/withdraw/catch	puer/ser/xer arrive/jump/throw
	pyaer/ser/xer hover/jump up/launch	pyeser/xer encounter/strike	pyoser/xer fall/drop	pyiser/xer emanate/derive	pyuser/xer reach/impact
	yaper rise	yeper enter	yoper descend	yiper go far	yuper approach
	aper get on	eper intervene	oper get off	iper go away	uper come
ser (be)	san/s/xer evolve/make	sexer build	son/xer matter/destroy	sin/yn image/sign	sun/er/xer thing/provide/realize
	aser become	eser exist	oser cease to be
xer (do )	xaler execute	xeler practice	xoler fail	xiler undertake	xuler provoke
	axler act	exer function	oxler abstain	ixer effect	uxer cause
	yaxer be busy	yexer work	yoxer be idle	yixer use	yuxer help
ter/rer/yer (know/recognize/know how)	taxer remember	texer think	toxer forget	tier/xer learn/study trier get to know tyier learn how	tuer/xer/uxer inform/teach/raise truer familiarize tyuer train
der/rer (say/write)	daler talk	deler state dyeer read	doler be silent droer erase	dier/ler/rer ask/beg/require	duer/ler/rer suggest/insist/demand dyuer call
h- (determiners)	ha(a) the	hea some	hoa which	hia this	hua that
	hya(a) all	hyea any	hyoa no	hyia same	hyua other
(conjunctions)	ay and	ey or	oy but
	yan together		yon apart
(numbers)	a one	e two	o zero	i three	u four
	ya six	ye seven	yo five	yi eight	yu nine
(privatives)			lo- (dis-/un-) lyo- (dis-) oy- (-less)

* Mixed root. taj/tej/toj instead of yaj/yej/yoj, because the human letter root t is more intuitive.

Note: The opposition (y)a-(y)e-(y)o is a three-way opposition with an intermediary sense, but (y)i-(y)u is two-way, without any intermediary sense.

Derived Word Formation Rules

Derived words are formed in accordance with certain simple rules of word-building:

These consist of the following rules:

1. Compounding
2. Affixation
3. Ordinal Vowel Scaling
4. Overlapping
5. Adding Ordinal Vowels
6. Swapping Generic Consonants
7. Marking Words for Gender
8. Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels
9. Deriving Words with Directional and Positional Vowels
10. Deriving Words with a Mnemonic Pattern
11. Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

Rule #1: Compounding

Compound words are obtained through the combination of two or more whole words or stub words. In the combining process, the determining word is placed quite simply in front of the word it determines. Compounds consist mainly of noun + noun, but there can be other part-of-speech combinations.

Examples:

Compounding

COMPONENT 1	COMPONENT 2	COMPOUND
mor....cosmos	tun....science, -ology	mortun....cosmology
mag....fire	yazmel....mountain	magyazmel....volcano
dob....state	mem....land	dobmem....territory
tul....dish	dras....something written	tuldras....menu
sin....picture	dras....something written	sindras....description
tam....house	kyoxer....to fix (in place)	tamkyoxer....to settle
tax....memory	drer....to write	taxdrer....to record
kyo-....fixed	tep-....head	kyotepa....stubborn

Sometimes, the first element can be a stub of a whole word, i.e. the word with the final consonant dropped. The word for rain, for example, is ma(m) (sky) + mil (water), where the final consonant of the first word is dropped, thus, mamil.

When compounding an adjective with a noun, if the adjective begins with a vowel, often it will be suffixed to the noun, otherwise prefixed, (but this is not a strict rule), eg:

• uzra....twisted + tep....mind ---> tepuzra....crazy
• kyoa....fixed + tep....mind ----> kyotepa....stubborn, obsessed
• aza....strong + tep....mind ----> tepaza....intelligent
• fua....bad + tip....mood ----> futipa....cross, ill-tempered
• aga....big + tip....mood ----> tipaga....magnanimous, generous

Rule #2: Affixation

Most adverbs and prepositions can be used as prefixes:

Prefixes

Adverbs and Prepositions as Prefixes

PREFIX	BASE	COMPOUND
ja....before	per....to go	japer....to precede
jo....after	per....to go	joper....to follow
va....yes	der....to say	vader....to affirm
jo....after	dras....something written	jodras....postscript
za....ahead	jub....day	zajub....tomorrow
yon....apart	mel....land	yonmel....island

Prepositional prefixes ending in b with verbs per and ber (and their derivations) lose the b before verbal elements based on per (go) and ber (put), as shown in the following chart:

Assimilation of b and p

PREFIX	BASE VERB	NEW VERB
yab....up	ber....put	yaber....raise (NOT: yabber)
yab....up	per....go	yaper....rise (NOT: yabper)
ab....on	ber....put	aber....put on, apply
ab....on	per....go	aper....get on, mount
yob....down	ber....put	yober....take down
yob....down	per....go	yoper....descend
ob....off	ber....put	ober....take off, remove
ob....on	per....go	oper....get off, dismount
yeb....in	bux....a push	yebux....impulse
yeb....in	pyoser....fall	yepyoser....collapse

The loss of the b in the above words in one of the only cases of fusion in Mirad's grammar. Mirad is by and large an agglutinative language where building-blocks are juxtaposed with no change of form. Another case of fusion is when so-called stubs are combined. For example, doyijem (public square), which is composed of do(m)....city + yij(a)....open + (n)em....place. The morphemes (= building-block words) of Mirad always have one and only one meaning, unlike in English where the prefix a- can have many different meaninings.

The adjective ending a is often dropped¹, as is the er or prefixes taken from verbs. Longish noun prefixes are sometimes clipped, so that tyoyab becomes tyoya-.

Prefixes Built on Words and Word Stubs

PREFIX	BASE VERB	COMPOUND VERB
oza....weak	der....say	ozder....whisper
yaga....long	der....say	yagder....ramble
aja....past	der....say	ajder....evoke
yoga....short	der....say	yogder....summarize
tyoyab....foot	per....go	tyoyaper....walk
dreer....write	sar....tool	dresar....pencil
tuyob....hand	dren....writing	tuyodren....manuscript
mam....sky	mil....water	mamil....rain

¹: Sometimes, the adjective ending a is retained when an adjective is compounded with xer or ser. This device may be used to distinguished two differently nuanced verbs. For example, aga + xer can produce agaxer....to magnify or agxer....to grow. Usually, the compound where the adjective suffix has been eclipsed has the more idiomatic meaning.

Most Common Mirad Prefixes

Common Prefixes

PREFIX	EXAMPLES
a(n)-....uni-, number one, up	anzyuspar....unicycle antotin....monotheism adeb....emperor
aa-....arch-, first-, prime	aadub....prime minister aatat....archangel aavyan....principle
aag-....arch-, proto-, main	aagmep....highway aagdovyab....constitution aagovekut....archrival
aaj-....paleo-, proto-	aajtobtun....paleoanthropology aajsiyn....fossil
ab-....ad-, top, on, epi-	abtob....superman abtim....attic abzen....epicenter
ayb-....over-, super-, hyper-, sur-	aybmep....overpass aybdresin....superscript abdyun....hypernym
agal-....mega(lo)-	agalvyotos....megalomania agaltoj....megadeath
alo(n)-....deca-, ten-	alojaga....ten years old alojab....decade alonsuna....decimal
aloy(n)-....deci-, tenth-	aloynux....tithe aloyngoler....decimate
am-....thermo-	amzemula....thermonuclear amvyabxar....thermostat
amlo(n)-....mega-	amloagvunak....megavolt amlotoj....megadeath
amloyn-....micro-	amloynjweb....microsecond
anyen-....idio-	anyenboka....idiopathic anyendyan....idiom anyentepa....idiotic
ao(b/p)-....north-south, up-down, vertical, vertically, y-axis	aonab....column, x-y-axis aopuys yuzpar....hop-on-hop-off bus aonada....vertical
aoye(b/p)-....in-and-out	aoyebar....piston aoyebelen....import-exports aoyepaper....fly in and out
aro(n)-....kilo-	aronminak....kilometer arobanak....kilobit
aroyn-....milli-	aroynvunak....millivolt aoynwunak....milliwatt
(a)so(n)....cent-	asojagat....centenarian asolinak....hectoliter sojab....century
asoy(n)-....cent-, centi-	asoygenak....centigram asoylinak....centiliter
av-....pro-	avyaotina....pro-communist
ayn-....full-, holo-, whole-	aynnuut....wholesaler aynsin....hologram aynteptija....fully-conscious
e(b/p)-....inter-	ebmos....mezzanine ebyanmulxer....intermingle eper....intercede
ejna-....neo-	ejnadun....neologism ejnaobdabin....neocolonialism
e(n)-....ambi-, bi-, di-, duo-, two-	entyoba....bipedal enzyuspar....bicycle envolza....dichromatic
eon-....duo-, double-, twin-	eonin....dualism eondal....double-speak eonsum....twin bed
ev-....a-, neutral	evdofina....amoral evdabtuna....apolitical
ey(b/p)-....intra-, among	eybmasa....intramural eybmimkuma....intracoastal
ey(n)-....demi-, half-, hemi-, mixed-, pen-, quasi-, semi-	eynzyus....semi-circle eynzyup....half-turn eyntilsyeb....demitassee eynyonmel....peninsula
fi-....bene-, eu-, good-, nice-, well-	fixut....benefactor fidrawa....well-written fitos...euphoria
fu-....dys-, ill-, mal-, mis-, poorly-	futos....dysphoria futuwa....ill-informed fuxeyn....malfeasance
fya-....hiero-, holy-, sancti-	fyasdresiyn....hieroglyphic fyader....sanctify fyatwed....holy father
fye-....mythical, fantasy	fyetop....phantom fyetobet....elfin fyetexer...fantacize fyedin....fantasy
fyo-....evil, profane	fyotez....occult fyotat....devil fyotyez....witchcraft
gaw-....re-, again	gawteaper....revisit gawaker....regain
garale-....tera-	garaleagbanak....terabyte
garalyi-....exa-	garalyibanak....exabit
garalyo-....peta-	galayoagbanak....petabyte
garela-....zetta-	garelaagbanak....zettabyte
garelu-....yotta-	gareluagbanak....yottabyte
ge-....equal to, equi-, even-	geyafwa....equipollent genaza....equivalent
gel-....homo-, like-, simul-	gelzena....homocentric gelvolza....homochromatic
geyl-....simul-	geyldyan....simile geylxer....assimilate
gla-....many-, multi-, poly-	glatyenika....multi-skilled glatwada....polyandrous glavolza....many-hued
glo-....mini-, little-, few-	gloduna....succint, of few words glonixea....low-earning
gorale-....pico-	goraleagfenak....picofarad
goralyi-....atto-	goralyigenak....attogram
goralyo-....femto-	goralyoon....quadrillionth
goralyu-....nano-	goralyusonak....nanosecond
gorela-....zepto-	gorelagenak....zeptogram
gorelu-....yocto-	gorelugenak....yoctogram
gra-....extra-, hyper-, over-, ultra-	gratosea....hypersensitive grazoyaxler....overreact granoxea....extravagant
gro-....hypo-, under-	groyixlawa....underemployed groaman....hypothermia
gwa-....hyper-, maxi-, -most, pleisto-, uber-, ultra-, pure, macro-	gwayelza....pure pink gwayafa....supreme gwauja....ultimate gwazoa....hindmost
gwo-....least-, mini-, micro-	gwosag....minimum gwoyuzpur....minibus gwoexlus....microprocessor
hi-....hither, these, this	his....this hisi....these him....here
hya(s)-....pan(to)-, omni-, all-, every-	hyas....everything hyati....all of them hyastea....omniscient hyataadifa....pansexual
hu-....that	hus....that huj....then huyen...that way
huim-....here-and-there, here-and-yon	huimkexer....search high and low huimpaper....fly here and there hyuimpoper....travel here-and-there
huu-....so, such	huugla....so, so very hus....such huyen....in such a way, so, thus
hyaewa-....ambi-	hyaewati....both of them hyaewaziza....ambidextrous hyaewatoobifa....ambi-sexual
hye-....-ever, any, whatever, whichever	hyem....anywhere, wherever hyempea....erratic hjej....ever, anytime
hyi-....homo-, like-, same	hyitoobifa....homosexual hyis....same thing hyij....at the same time
hyo(s)-....nothing, a-	hyostosea....apathetic
hyu(t/s)-....alter-, hetero-, other-, xeno-, else	hyutoobifa....heterosexual hyua....another, alternate hyutufa....xenophobic hyus....something else
hyui(t/s)-....cross-, mutual, one thing and another, reciprocal	hyuitvikaxen....mutual admiration hyuixer....reciprocate hyuisa....mutual, reciprocal hyuitif....mutual love
i-....toward the speaker	iber....receive ixer....result
ik-....fully, thoroughly	iktoxer....forget completely iktos....satisfaction ikyebixer....engulf, swallow up completely
i(n)-....three-, tri-, tripl-, tern-	inzyuspar....tricycle inaga....three-dimensional injiba....trimensual insuna....ternary intotan....trinity
iyn-....terci-, third	iyna....terciary iynxer....cut into thirds
iz-....ortho-, recti-, right-, straight-	iznada....rectilinear izguna....orthogonal iztin....orthdoxy izdea....forthright
ja-....ante-, fore-, pre-	jaupya....foregone jauper....precede jadropeka....antebellum
je-....per-, continuously, ever-	jetejer....persevere jeteaxer....watch jexrer....perpetuate
jo-....after-, meta-, post-	joexlen....postprocessing jomir....metasphere jotej....afterlife
jwa-....early-, eo-, preter-, proto-	jwaber....prepare jwader....warn, premonish jwadodin....early history, protohistory jwamola....preternatural jwajoeb....eocene
jwo-....ceno-, late-, latter-, tard-	jwonux....late payment jwoa....tardy jwoteja....cenozoic
ko-....cover-, hidden, secret-, stealth-	koa....covert koexut....spy koyeper....sneak in
kovyo-....pseudo-	kovyotun....pseudoscience
ku-....para-	kuifut....paramour kuteliut....parasite kuteptun....parapsychology
kya-....alternate, dia-, re-, trans-, vari-, cross-	kyaember....relocate kyajoba....diachronic kyatajnad....crossbreed kyatooba....transgendered kyavolza....variegated, motley
kyao-....falteringly, unsteadily	kyaoper....stagger kyaotexer....vacillate
kye-....chance-, hap-, random-	kyea....haphazard kyebyus....chance encounter kyeteater....happen to see kyesauna....of a random type
kyo-....fixed-, still-, stereo-, stat-	kyosaun....stereotype kyopa....stable, static, stationary kyoson....status
lo-....dis-, semantic reversing prefix, un-	lozeb....disequilibrium loyuvlaxer....disengage loyuzyuber....uncoil lomulvyusber....decontaminate
logel-....hetero-, different-	logelsauna....heterogenous logelaxer....differentiate
maz-....bright-	mazteaba....bright-eyed
mial-....hygro-, atmo-, vapori-	mialama....hygrothermal mialnagar....atomometer, vaporimeter
mil-....aqua-, hydro-, water-	milyexun....aquaculture milmaka....hydroelectric miltilsyeb....water glass
mul-....hylo-, substance	mulsana....hylomorphic
o(l)-....a-, dis-, non-, un-, in-	ovyilxwa....unwashed omalza....non-white ototina....atheist otepzexea....inattentive
o(b/p)-....de-, hypo-, off-, sub-, vice-	oper....get off obneg....sublevel obxeb....sous-chef, sub-officer obtyodeb....vice-president
gwo-....micro-, mini-	ogalmor....microcosm ogalteaxer....microscope gowaxer....minimize
ov-....contra-, counter-, dis-, non-, the opposite of, un-	ovalxer....countervail ovper....contravene ovkyin....counterweight ovdat....enemy olovmasbwa....undefended
oy-....-less, a(n)-, without	oytofa...naked oyxer....deprive oytosen....apathy oyteupiba....toothless
oyb-....hypo-, infra-, sub-, under-	oybnadrer....underline oybtomsan....infrastructure oybseuxa....subsonic oybtayoba....hypodermic
oyeb-....ex-, extra-, out-	oyebnad....outline oyebyujber....exclude oyebdoabuer....extradite
oyeyb-....extra-	oyeybdovyaba....extralegal oyeybtadiena....extramarital
oyv-....contra-, opposite, reverse	oyvkuma...opposite oyvder....contradict oyvduer....contraindicate oyvaxer....reverse
tayi(b)-....neuro-, nerve	tayibteptun....neuropsychology tayibyok....neuralgia
teeb-....auri-, oto-, ear-	teebbekut....aurist teeteiteyobtut....otorhinolaryngologist teebyel....earwax
tee(s/x/t)-....audio-, son-, phono-	teesnagen....audiography teestaxdras....phonogram teestun....audiology teexdras....audiogram teetyofwa....inaudible
tei(b)-....nasal, nose, rhino-, aroma-, olfact-, osmo-	teibbok....rhinitis teibyeg....nostril teiz....perfume teizuka....aroma-free teityaf....olfactory sense
tiibil-....blood-, hema-, hemato-, hemo-, sanguin-	tiibililp....hemorrhage tiibiliut....bloodsucker tiibloker....exsanguinate tiibiltun....hematology
tuj-....hypno-, somni-, sopor-	tujbek....hyptotherapy tujbyea....somniferous, soporific
u-....away from the speaker	uber....send uxer....cause
ui-....horizontal, left-right, x-axis	uinab....row, x-axis uinada....horizontal
uib-....back-and-forth, toward-and-away, transmit-receive	uibar....transceiver
uig-....fast-and-slow	uigpar....scooter
uij-....begin-and-end, start-and-stop	uijdaler....stutter
uip-....come-and-go	uipen....traffic, coming and going
uiz-....straight-then-crooked	uizbaser....swagger uizdrer....scribble uizpaser....swerve
u(n)-....four-, quadri-, tetra-, quater-	ungona....quadripartite unnednid....tetrahedron unsuna....quaternary
uyn-....fourth-, quarti-	uynxer....quarter uynjab....quarter (of a year)
ut-....auto-, self-, sui-, ego-	utifon....egoism utgober....autodecrement utfuyix....self-abuse uttujben....suicide
va-....yes	vayovder....convict vabier....accept vatexer....believe
vao-....yes-no	vaoder....decide vaodaler....waffle vaonaza....boolean
vi-....bell-, eu-, fine-, pulchri-	vituzyan....fine arts, beaux arts vidun....euphemism vidrenyan....literature, belles lettres visuana....classic
vo-....non-, neg-	voyafxer....veto voxer....negate voyovder....acquit, declare not guilty
vya-....justi-, recti-, true-, reg-	vyadin....true story vyader....avow vyamol....essence
vyak-....ortho-, correct-	vyakdred....orthography vyakxer....correct
vyo-....mis-, para-, wrong-	vyoyufa....paranoid vyoyux....perfidy vyoyixer....misuse
ya-....more than one, multi-	yaota....communal
yab-....hyper-, supra-, sur-, up-, upper-	yabdom....uptown yabdoneg....upper class yabduzneg....high pitch yabexer....support yabzyobix....hypertension
yabnan-....height-, hypso-, alti-	yabnanagar....hypsometer, altimeter
yag-....long-	yagyiban....long distance yagyeker....strive yagblokea....long-suffering
yan-....co(n)-, fellow-, -mate	yanzena....concentric yanyeker....compete yandit....fellow-citizen
yao(b/p)-....up-and-down	yaopuyser....skip yaopsim....seesaw yaoblir....elevator yaobaser....bounce
ya(on)-....six-, hexa-, sex-	yaonat....sextet yaongun....hexagon yaona....six-fold, sextuple yagol....sextile
yaov-....guilty-or-innocent	yaovder....adjudicate yaovdutyan....jury yaovkader....plead yaovyek....trial
yaoz-....serrated, bumpy, jagged	yaozaxer....serrate yaozgoblar....saw yaozper....bump along
yayb-....supra-	yaybdooba....supranational
yayn-....sex-, sixth	yayna...sixth
ye(on)-....hept-, hepta-, septi-, seven-	yejub....week yeongun....heptagon yeonat....septuplet
ye(b/p)-....en-, endo-, in-, intra-, intro-	yebuzaser.....inflect yebzoytiibufa....intravenous yebyujer....enclode yebtayoba....endodermal yeper....enter yeber....introduce
yeov-....fair or not	yeovdut....umpire
yeyb-....intra-	yeybmepyan....intranet yeybdoeba....intrastate
ye-'....hepto-, seven-, septi-	yejub....week
yeyn-....seventh	yeynxer....split into sevenths
yi(on)-....oct-, eight-	yiona...eight-fold octuple
yib-....far-, tele-, remote	yibsin....televison yibteata....far-sighted yibtrawa....famous
yibaj-....archai-, archeo-, ancient	yibajtun....archaeology,yibajtun....archeology
yiyn-....eighth	yiynxer....divide into eighths
yiz-....beyond, extra-, meta-, out-, para-, past, super-, supra-, trans-, ultra-	yiztyun...metaphor yizeza....paranormal yizmeirat....extraterrestrial yizseux....utrasound
yoon-....five-, penta-, quint-	yoongun....pentagon yoongol...quintile yoon....group of five quintet
yo(b/p)-....down-, hypo-, sub-	yobdom...downtown yoper....go down yobgoler....subdivide
yon-....apart, dis-, se-	yonzyaber....disperse yonxer....separate yonsauna....distinct
yoyn-....fifth-, quinti-	yoynnaga....quintic yoyn....a fifth
yu(n)-....nine-, nona-	yunapa....ninth (in order) yungunid....nonagon yunkunid....nonahedron
yub-....near-, proxi-	yuboj....near future yubna....next yubteas....closeup (view) yubge....almost yubfia....intimate yubgeser....approximate
yui(b/p)-....near-and-far	yuibjo....sooner or later yuibteabar....bifocals yuipoper....travel near and far
yuij-....open-and-shut	yuijar....valve yuijer....blink, wink manyuijer....blink makyuijar....switch
yuyb-....quasi-, pen-, almost	yuybyonmel....peninsula yuybega....quasi-normal
yuon-....ninth-, novi-	yuonat....nonuplet
yuz-....circ-, circum-, peri-, roto-, round-	yuzper....circulate yuznad....perimeter yuzof....wrap-around yuznadrer....circumscribe
za-....ante-, fore-, front-, pre-, pro-	zatim....antechamber zamimuf....foremast zagab....prefix zajuber....procrastinate
zao-....back-and-forth, front-and-back	zaopaser....wobble zaokuper....slalom zaopyoser....pendulate
zay-....forth-, pro-, forward, ahead, north	zaypuyser....skip ahead zaypuxer....propel zayper....go forward, procede zayupea....forthcoming zamer....north
ze-....mid-, central, medio-	zetej....midlife zepoxer....interrupt, stop midway zetem....central hall
zey-....cross-, meta-, over-, trans-, across	zeyper....transit, get across zeynod....crosspoint zeytyun....metaphor
zi-....right, east	zim....right side zimera....eastern
zo-....back-, hind-, retro-, south	zotib....back zotiub....hindquarters zonapa....retrograde zomer....south
zoy-....back-, retro-, re-	zoyper....recede, go back zoybeler....carry back zoyzyublen....backspin
zu-....left-, west-	zutinut....leftist zukum....left side zumera....western
zui-....left-and-right, zig-zag, east-west	zuibyoser....dangle, hang left-and-right zuiper....zigzag zuituyaba....ambidextrous zuimera....east-west
zya-....-wide, wide-, broad-, all about	zyauber....broadcast zyateaba....wide-eyed zyasauna....general zyapoper....cruise, wander zyamira....global, worldwide
zye-....per-, thorough-, thru-, trans-	zyetejer....live through, experience zyeteaxer....peruse zyeteatyafwa....transparent zyemep....thoroughfare zyeper....permeate, transit
zyo-....narrow, steno-	zyotepa....narrow-minded zyoteat....tunnel vision zyoyija....stenopeic
zyu-....cyclo-, rot-, round-, gyro	zyutim....rotunda zyusem....roundtable zyuper....cycle, gyrate, rotate

Suffixes

Mirad has semantic stub suffixes, derivational suffixes, and normal semantic suffixes.

Semantic Stub Suffixes

Semantic stub suffixes are generally formed from the last letters of a base word minus the initial consonant. They serve to put a word into some category, such as liquid, place, person, or material.

Semantic Stub Suffixes

SUFFIX STUB	SUFFIX FULL FORM	SUFFIXED EXAMPLE < BASE WORD
-il....liquid, drink	mil....water	teabil....tear  <  teab....eye teubil....saliva  <  teub....mouth tayebil....sweat  <  tayeb....skin mamil....rain  <  mam....sky
-al....gas	mal....air	tiebal....breath  <  tieb....lung
-(e)l....food	tel....food	supel....pork  <  supet....swine taol  <  taob....flesh fel  <  feb....fruit
-ul....stuff	mul....substance	vixul....cosmetic  <  vix-....to beautify bekul....medecine  <  bek....treatment
-yel....oil, gel, wax, pulp	yel....oil	olfyel....olive oil  <  olfeb....olive appelatyel....wax  <  appelat....bee magyel....grease  <  mag....fire bekyel....salve  <  bek....treatment megyel....cement  <  meg....stone yanyel....paste  <  yan....together
-am....house	tam....house	apatam....chicken coop  <  apat....chicken apellatam....beehive  <  apellat....bee melyexam....farmhouse  <  melyex....agriculture datibam....hostel  <  datib....guest-reception
-(e)m....place	nem....place	vobyexem....plantation, farm  <  vob....plant + yex....work vabem....field  <  vab....grass abem....top, surface  <  ab....above, upper zem....middle  <  ze(a)....middle tim....room
-im....room	tim....room	tulim  <  tul....cuisine tujim....bedroom  <  tuj....sleep
-um....cell, booth	tum....compartment	pexum....cage  <  pexer....catch ilzyapixum....shower stall  <  ilzyapix....shower
-yem....space	nyem....enclosure	yomyem....icebox  <  yom....ice
-yeb....container	nyeb....container	zyeb....bottle  <  zye(f)....glass vosyeb....vase  <  vos....flower
-of....material	nof....cloth	tof....clothes  <  t-....human misof....curtain  <  mis....window faof....wood  <  fa(b)-....tree tayof....leather  <  tayo(b)....skin
-ov....linen	nov....linen	teyov....collar  <  teyob....neck
-ar....instrument	sar....tool	par....cart  <  p-....motion zyupar....rotor  <  zyup....turn gobrar....knife  <  gobrar....cut jwobar....watch  <  jwob....hour
-ir....machine	sir....machine	drir....typewriter  <  dr-....write gwobir....clock
-ur....large machine	sur....engine	purr....car jwoburr....grandfather clock  <  jwob....hour
-(u)n....thing	sun....thing	dun....word  <  d-....utter, say gofrun....piece, scrap  <  gofrer....rip, shread, tear zyiun....plaque, plate  <  zyia....flat vyun....spot  <  vyua....dirty
-on....abstract thing	son....issue	yovon....tort, wrong  <  yov....guilt
yen....manner, kind	byen....manner	texyen....opinion  <  tex....thought hiyen....this way, thus  <  hi-....this esyen....status  <  es-....exist
-in....-ism	tin....doctrine	totin....theism, religion  <  tot-....god Kristin....Christianity  <  Krist....Christ vyisatin....puritanism  <  vysiat....puritan, clean person oytofin....nudism  <  oytofa....nude
-ufyeg....cylinder	mufyeg....pipe	manufyeg....candle  <  man....light tiibufyeg....artery  <  tiib....heart milufyeg....toilet  <  mil....water movufyeg....cheminee  <  mov....smoke
-ab....government	dab....government	ditab....democracy  <  dit....citizen
-eb....leader	deb....leader	xeb....boss  <  x-....do tameb....master of the house  <  tam....house
-ub....branch	tub....arm	patub....wing  <  pat....bird
-ad....language	-a + d(alzeyn)....language	Fransad....French (language)
-uz....jewelry	nuz....jewel	teyobuz....necklace  <  teyob....neck teebuz....earring  <  teeb....ear
-u(er)....give	buer....give	tiebaluer....exhale  <  tieb....lung + al....air
-i(er)....take	bier....take	tiebalier....inhale  <  tieb....lung + al....air
-ui(er)....exchange	buier....exchange	tiebaluier....breathe  <  tieb....lung + al....air

Derviational Suffixes

Mirad has only a few derivational suffixes, i.e. suffixes that change the part of speech.

Derivational Suffixes

DERIVATIONAL SUFFIX	FUNCTION	BASE WORD --> SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-er	NOUN --> VERBAL INFINITIVE	sag....count --> sager....to count
-n	PRESENT TENSE VERB --> VERBAL NOUN (GERUND) ADJECTIVE --> ABSTRACT NOUN	yexe....(he/she/...) works --> yexen....working via....beautiful --> vian....beauty yuba....near --> yuban....proximity, nearness
-a	NOUN --> ADJECTIVE ACTIVE VERB --> VERBAL ADJECTIVE (PRESENT PARTICIPLE) PAST PASSIVE VERB --> PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)	mor....universe --> mora....universal ake....wins --> akea....winning teatwa....was seen -->teatwaa (or, shortened to: teatwa....seen)
-ya	INTRANSITIVE VERB STEM --> PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLE	ip-....go away --> ipya....gone away
-yea	VERB STEM --> HABITUAL PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ADJECTIVE)	zaypas-....progress --> zaypasyea....progressive
-y	ADJECTIVE --> ADVERB	iga....quick --> igay....quickly tea-....knowing -->teay....knowingly
-ut	VERB STEM --> ANIMATE AGENT NOUN one who Xes, -er	ak-....win --> akut ....winner
-us	VERB STEM --> INANIMATE AGENT NOUN thing that Xes, -er	gol-....divide --> golus ....divisor

*Derivational affixes change the part of speech of a base word, whereas inflexional affixes change the status of a word within a grammatical paradigm. Verb tense/mood/voice affixes and the plural marker -i fall under the latter category.

Normal Semantic Suffixes

• Augmentative Suffixes

Augmentative Suffixes

AUGMENTATIVE SUFFIX	BASE WORD	SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-ag (augmentative)	tam....house	tamag....mansion
-ayg (affectionate augmentative)	sem....chair	semayg....big old chair
-yag (pejorative augmentative)	apet....horse	apetyag....nag

• Diminutive Suffixes

Diminutive Suffixes

DIMINUTIVE SUFFIX	BASE WORD	SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-og (diminutive)	tam....house	tamog....hut
-oyg (affectionate diminutive)	tam....house	tamoyg....cottage
-yog (pejorative diminutive)	tam....house	tamyog....shack
-et (a smaller person)	twob....man	twobet....boy
-es (thing of lesser importance)	nas....money	nases....change, coin
-ud (child of, offspring)	tob....man	tobud....infant

• Semantic Adjectival Suffixes

Semantic Adjectival Suffixes

ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX	MEANING	BASE WORD	SUFFIXED DERIVATION
-a	mor....universe	related to, -al, -ic	mora....universal
-aya	miek....dust	full of, -ous, -y	miekaya....dusty
-oya	vyun....spot	empty of, -less, -free	vyunoya....spotless
-ika	miek....dust	full of, -ous, -y	miekika....dusty
-uka	miek....dust	empty of, -less, -free	miekuka....dust-free
-yea	vyod....lie	given to doing X, -ive	vyodyea....mendacious, given to lying
-yena	tat....angel	like, -ly, -ic	tatyena....angelic

• Other Semantic Suffixes

Other Semantic Suffixes

SUFFIX	BASE WORD	DERIVATION
-tun....science, ...ology	tej....life	tejtun....biology
-tut....-ologist, expert, -ist	dar....language	dartut....linquist
-tuin....theory	tob....mar	martuin....astrology
-yan....collection, aggregate	fab....tree	fabyan....forest
-tyen....trade, -ics	sir....machine	sirtyen....mechanics
-if....pet name	twed....father	twedif....papa
ifa....-philic, -loving	dyes....book	dyesifa....bibliophilic
ifwa....liked by	tyod....people	tyodifwa....popular
ufa....-phobic, -hating	toyb....woman	toybufa....misogynous
ufwa....hated by	tyod....people	tyodufwa....unpopular
yafa....able to	tyoyap-....walk	tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
yafwa....possible to	teat-....see	teatyafwa....visible
yofa....unable to	teat-....see	teatyofa....blind
yofwa....impossible to	dye-....read	dyeyofwa....illegible
yika....hard of...ing	teet-....hear	teetyika....hard of hearing
yikwa....hard to	teet-....hear	teetyikwa....hard to hear
yuka....easy at...ing	vatex-....believe	vatexyuka....gullible
yukwa....easily...ed	test-....understand	testyukwa....easily understood
yufa....fearful of, -phobic	tot....god	totyufa....god-fearing
yufwa....feared	hyat....everybody	hyatyufwa....feared by all
yiva....free to	kebi-....choose	kebiyiva....free to choose
efa....needful of	tel....food	telefa....hungry
efwa....necessary to	tej....life	tejefa....vital
yefa....duty-bound to, -worthy of	dud....answer	dudyefa....responsible
yefwa....due, -worthy of	fid-....laud	fidyefwa....praiseworthy
afa....authorized to	dokebi-....vote	dokebiafa....franchised
ofwa....prohibited to	movi-....smoke	moviofwagonem....no-smoking zone
yiva....free to	kebi-....choose	kebiyiva....free to choose
yivwa....free to be ...ed	kebi-....choose	kebiyivwa....optional
yuva....bound	tam....house	tamyuva....house-bound
ova....resistant, anti-	aagdovyab....constitution	aagdovyabova....anti-constitutional
ava....in favor of, pro-	tyodab....democracy	tyodabava....pro-democracy
eva....neutral	toos....gender	tooseva....gender-neutral

Rule #3: Ordinal Vowel Scaling

Creating a hierarchy of scalar terms applies only to base words of the Group 1. The hierarchy of scalar terms is built by increasing the numeric value of the ordinal vowel of the base word as the importance or relevance of the word decreases from the topmost, zeroth object. This process is called first-level ordinal scaling.

First-level Ordinal Scaling

First-level Ordinal Scaling

ORDINAL VOWEL	t...b	m...r	j...b	m...s	t...m	d...b	f...b	s...m	d...t	t...d
o = 0	tob man	mor universe	job time	mos floor	tom building	dob state	fob plant	som furniture	dot society	tod family
a = 1	tab body	mar sun	jab year	mas wall	tam house	dab government	fab tree	sam armoire	dat friend	tad spouse
e = 2	teb head	mer planet	jeb season	mes door	tem hall	deb leader	feb fruit	sem table	det associate	ted parent
i = 3	tib trunk	mir earth	jib month	mis window	tim room	dib office	fib tree trunk	sim chair	dit citizen	tid sibling
u = 4	tub arm	mur moon	jub day	mus stairs	tum cell	dub minister	fub branch	sum bed	dut gentleperson	tud child
yo = 5	tyob leg		jyob* hour				fyob root			tyod people

* The palatal glide y in these words, which follows a palatal j is hard to pronounce, so the y is replaced with a w, giving jwob, jwab, and jweb.

Second-level Ordinal Scaling

A second-level hierarchy of scalar words can be creating by adding a vowel immediately after the ordinal vowel of the word stem.

Examples:

Second-level Ordinal Scaling

mi...p	me...p	tu...b	tyo...b	ma...f	me...g	do...b
mip river	mep way	tub arm	tyob leg	maf cloud	meg stone	dob state
miap stream	meap road	tuab shoulder	tyoab hip	maaf stratus	meag marble	doab...fatherland
miep brook	meep path	tueb upper arm	tyoeb thigh	maef cumulus	meeg slate	doeb province, state
miip rivulet	meip trail	tuib elbow	tyoib knee	maif stratocumulus	meig granite	doib county, shire
miup torrent	meup track	tuub forearm	tyoub shin	mauf cumulonimbus	meug clay, dough	doub district
miyop trickle		tuyob wrist	tyoyob ankle	mayof nimbostatus	meyog china
		tuyab hand	tyoyab foot	mayaf altostratus	meyag chalk
		tuyeb fist	tyoyeb heel	mayef altocumulus	meyeg limestone
		tuyib palm	tyoyib sole	mayif cirrus	meyig alabaster
		tuyub finger	tyoyub toe	mayuf cirrostratus	meyug gypsum
		tulob fingernail	tyolob toenail	malof cirrocumulus

Third-level Ordinal Scaling

A third-level hierarchy can be created by prefixing a third ordinal number vowel to the word.

Example:

Third-level Ordinal Scaling

tuyub....finger
atuyub....thumb
etuyub....index
ituyub....middle finger
utuyub....ring finger
yotuyub....pinky

So, to sum up, we have:

Summary of Scaling

t...b	tob = human being
FIRST-LEVEL	tub....arm
SECOND-LEVEL	tuyub....finger
THIRD-LEVEL	atuyub....thumb

Scaling with Prefixed Numbering

We can also obtain a very convenient classification for new words through prefixed numbering even though there is no first-level or second-level numbering. In this case, the first subordinal level usually begins with a.

Example:

Prefix Numbering

NUMBER	dob....state	pet....animal	deb....leader	mez....gem	mer....planet	maf....cloud	sagtun....mathematics
1	adob....empire	apet....horse	adeb....emperor	amez....diamond	Amer....Mercury	amaf....nimbus	asagtun....arithmetic
2	edob....kingdom	epet....bull	edeb....king	emez....topaz	Emer....Venus	emaf....stratus	esagtun....geometry
3	idob....principality	ipet....ass	ideb....prince	imez....ruby	Imer....Earth	imaf....nimbostatus	isagtun....algebra
4	udob....duchy	upet....ram	udeb....duke	umez....emerald	Umer....Mars	umaf....cumulus	usagtun....trigonometry
5	yodob....marquisate	yopet....goat	yodeb....marquis	yomez....saphire	Yomer....Jupiter	yomaf....cumulostatus	yosagtun....calculus
6	yadob....county	yapet....pig	yadeb....count	yamez....lapis lazuli	Yamer....Saturn	yamaf....stratocumulus
7	yedob....dominion	yepet....dog	yedeb....lord	yemez....amthyst	Yemer....Uranus	yemaf....altocumulus
8	yidob....viscounty	yipet....cat	yideb....viscount	yimez....amber	Yimer....Pluto	yimaf....altostratus
9	yudob....barony	yupet....rabbit	yudeb....baron	yumez....topaz		yumaf....cirrocumulus
10	alodob....tribe		alodeb....tribal chief	alomez....opal		alomaf....cirrus

Rule #4: Overlapping

When combining two words, if the generic (final) consonant of the first word is the same as the classifier (first) consonant of the second word, the generic consonant of the determining word is dropped. This results in overlapping or a portmanteau.

Examples:

Overlapping in Compounds

FIRST WORD	SECOND WORD	PORTMANTEAU
dom....city	mep....road	domep....boulevard
pat....bird	teub....mouth	pateub....beak
pat....bird	tub....arm	patub....wing
teypib....tooth	byok....pain	teypibyok....toothache

In some cases, this type of overlapping can cause ambiguity, and is therefore avoided.

Rule #5: Adding Ordinal Vowels

When forming a compound word with the words of a same family of terms, if the ordinal vowel is an o, replace it with the ordinal vowel of the determinant word.

Examples:

• edob....kingdom -> deb....chief -> edeb....monarch (edweb....king, edeyb....queen)
• udob....principality -> deb....chief -> udeb....prince (udweb....prince, udeyb....princess)

By contrast, if the two words are already ordered, the vowel of the determinant (first word) is inserted between the ordinal vowel of the determined (second) word and the generic (final) consonant:

Examples:

mil....water + mal....air -> mial....vapor, steam

Rule #6: Swapping Generic Consonants

When the generic (final) consonant of a base word is replaced by that of another base word, the entire family of the latter undergoes the transformation by the new generic consonant.

Example:

Swapping Generic Consonants

BASE WORD 1	BASE WORD 2	DERIVED WORD
tob....human	nov....linen	tov....lingerie
tab....body	nof....cloth	taf....suit
teb....head	nof....cloth	tef....hat
tib....trunk	nof....cloth	tif....vest
tyoyab....foot	nof....cloth	tyoyaf....shoe
tyoyab....foot	nov....linen	tyoyav....sock
tuyab....hand	nof....cloth	tuyaf....glove
doob*....nation	nof....cloth	doof....flag
taob*....flesh	tol....food	taol....meat

* This is a derived, not base, word, but the principle holds.

Rule #7: Marking Words for Gender

Words in Mirad are neutral with respect to gender, but specifically masculine or feminine gender can be marked in nouns and pronouns with the use of the masculine infix w and the feminine infix y. If the noun or pronoun is animate, then gender can marked. If the noun or pronoun is inanimate, then it can be marked for predominate use by or reference to a male or female.

• To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically male, precede the ordinal (stem) vowel with w.
• To make a neutral animate noun or pronoun specifically female, follow the ordinal (stem) vowel with y.

Examples:

Marking Animate Nouns for Gender

GENDER NEUTRAL	MALE	FEMALE
tob....human being	twob....man	toyb....woman
tobet....young person	twobet....boy	toybet....girl
ted....parent	twed....father	teyd....mother
it....he/she/it	wit....he	iyt....she
apat....cock	apwat....rooster	apayt....hen
toob....gender	twoob....male	tooyb....female

• Inanimate objects, such as items of clothing or body pats, can be "feminized" in a similar way. In such a case, the feminized form refers to an object that is for woman, rather than men, eg.:

Making Inanimate Objects Female-related

MALE-ORIENTED OR NEUTRAL	FEMALE-ORIENTED
taf....suit	tayf....dress
tyoyav....sock	tyoyayv....stockings
tiav....shirt	tiayv....blouse

• Some body parts can be marked for maleness or femaleness:

Body Parts Genderized

NEUTRAL	MALE-ORIENTED	FEMALE-ORIENTED
tilab....breast	twilab....male breast	tilayb....female breast
	twiyib....testicals	tiyiyb....ovary
tiyub....sexual organ	twiyub....penis	tiyuyb....vagina

• In nouns that end in -ut, the agentive suffix meaning -er, one who..., the nouns can be feminized by changing -ut to -uyt, eg. dezut....actor -> dezuyt....actress. Because the stem of such words is often a verb, prefixing -ut with w to make it specifically male is normally not done, because the w can sometimes be confused with the passive voice marker. For this reason, a word like dezut can mean actor of neutral or male gender.

• Animate nouns having the ending -et (smaller version of some person), are genderized by adding w or y to the semantic base of the word, eg. tobet....child, youth -> toybet....girl or twobet....boy.

Rule #8: Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels

A series of related words can be derived from a Group 1 base word by replacing the ordinal vowel with one of the following vowels, which have certain specific geographic meanings.

Geo-specific Vowels:

• o  =  outer space, abstract object, initial stuff
• a  =  sky, air, gas
• e  =  land, soil, solid
• i  =  sea, water, liquid
• u  =  underground, mineral, concrete object, other

Examples:

Deriving Words with Geo-specific Vowels

	m...p	m...m	d...p	p...t	m...l	m...r
Space	mop....orbit	mom....space	dop....military	pot....animal	mol....nature	mor....universe
Sky	map....wind	mam....sky	dap....air force	pat....bird	mal....air	mar....star
Land	mep....road	mem....land	dep....army	pet....land animal	mel....soil	mer....planet
Water	mip....river	mim....sea	dip....marine force	pit....fish	mil....water	mir....world
Underground (or other)	mup....tunnel	mum....underground			mul....mineral	mur....moon

This vowel codification also allows generating other categories of words by infixing, just before the generic (final) consonant, a vowel having the value that is attributed to it in Rule #9. This creates "hybrid" nouns. See the chapter on Hybrids for more on this subject.

Examples:

Hybrid nouns

FIRST-LEVEL DERIVATION	+ GEOSPECIFIC VOWEL	SECOND-LEVEL DERIVATION
pet....land animal	i....water, sea	peit....aquatic mammal
pelt....insect	a....air, sky	pelat....flying insect
mel....soil	i....water, sea	meil....mud
mil....air	a....air, gas	mial....vapor

Rule #9: Deriving Words with Vectorial Vowels

The rule for deriving words with vectorial ( = directional and positional) vowels starts with the following schema:

Vectorial Vowel Values

A
U		a ↓	↓ a	↑ ya	ya ↑		I
	u →		e	ye		→ i
	→ u		e	ye		i →
	→ yu		E			yi →
	yu →					→ yi
		↑ o	o ↑	yo ↓	↓ yo
O

Explanation of the above chart:

• If the vowel is capitalized, it indicates a positional value. It is used in its lowercase spelling as a prefix in Group I words.
• The non-capitalized vowels (including y-glides) indicate directional values.
• If the vowel is underlined, it means that it is placed before the classifier consonant (prefixed) in verbs and involves contact.
• Otherwise, a normal vowel means that it is placed after the classifier consonant (infixed) in Group 2 words and involves free movement.

Explanation of the Vectorial Vowels Chart

A	position		on, above, north	amer....north
a	movement	(free)	on	baer....lean
a	movement	(contact)	onto	aber....put on
ya	movement	(free)	up, ascend	byaer....lift
ya	movement	(contact)	up, get up, set up	yaber....raise
O	position		under, lower, south	omer....south
o	movement	(free)	off	boer....hang
o	movement	(contact)	on the bottom of, underneath	oper....get off
yo	movement	(free)	down	pyoser....fall
yo	movement	(contact)	fall	yoper....rise
U	position		left, west	umer....west
u	movement	(free)	move toward the center, come	uber....send
u	movement	(contact)	reach the center, arrive	pyuer....reach
yu	movement	(free)	near, approach	yuber....approach
yu	movement	(contact)	near, reach	byuser....touch
I	position		right, east	imer....east
i	movement	(free)	from the center out, go away	pier....go away
i	movement	(contact)	from the center out, leave	iper....leave
yi	movement	(free)	away, go far	yiper....go far
yi	movement	(contact)	from afar, originate	pyiser....originate
E	position		center, equator	emer....equator
e	rest		between	eb....between
e	rest		at, stay, hold	bexer....hold
ye	movement		in, into, enter	yeper....enter
ye		(contact)	up against, strike	pyexer....strike

Special value of certain vowels

The prefixes a- or an- meaning one, sole, singular:

• aot....person, individual
• anota....alone, solitary
• anay....only
• aun....unit

The prefixes ya- or yan- meaning collection, plural:

• yat....we, us
• yanot....constituent
• yanota....communal
• yanotyan....community
• yan....together

Also, the prefix yan- meaning together contrasts with yon-....apart.

• yon....apart
• yanota....communal vs. yonota....private
• yanxer....to combine vs. yonxer....to separate

Rule #10: Deriving Words with Mnemonic Patterns

Sometimes part of a derived word can serve as a mnemonic pattern for forming other words having some relationship or parallelism in meaning.

For example, the mnemonic eu pattern from the word for mouth, teud can be used to form many other words having an oral, acoustic, vocal, or sound-related meaning:

Mnemonic Pattern Derivation

PATTERN WORD teub....mouth	CLASSIFIER	GENERIC
teud....shout	t = human	d = communication
teuz....voice	t = human	z = art
deuz....song	d = communication	z = art
seuz....tone	s = thing	z = art
seux....sound	s = thing	x = action
xeus....noise	x = action	s = thing
teuf....muzzle	t = human	f = apparel
teuv....mask	t = human	v = linen
teus....taste	t = human	s = thing

More Mnemonic Pattern Derivations

PATTERN WORD teab....eye	(t)ea- = see	GENERIC
teaper....visit	" " "	p = go
teader....witness	" " "	d = say
teaxer....look	" " "	x = do
teaser....seem	" " "	s = be
teater....see	" " "	t = know
keaxer....scan	ke- = seek	x = do
vyaleaxer....check	vyal- = certain	x = do
yoneater....distinguish	yon- = apart	t = know
beaxer....guard	be- = hold	x = do
teatier....perceive		-i- = subject-directed
teatuer....show		-u- = object-directed
PATTERN WORD teeb....ear	(t)ee- = hear	GENERIC
teeper....attend	" " "	p = go
teeder....testify	" " "	d = say
teexer....listen	" " "	x = do
teeser....sound (like)	" " "	s = be
teeter....hear	" " "	t = know
keexer....scan (acoustically)	ke- = seek	x = do
koteexer....snoop on	ko- = hide	x = do
vyaleexer....sound out	vyal- = certain	x = do
teetier....get wind of		-i- = subject-directed
teetuer....make heard		-u- = object-directed
zyateetuer....rumor	zya- = all around	-u- = objected-directed

A syllable of a long compound can be suppressed as long as it does not cause ambiguity or confusion.

Examples:

Shortening Long Compounds

WORD 1	WORD 2	LONG COMPOUND	SHORTENED COMPOUND
ekpet....horse	teuder....make a noise	*ekpeteuder	ekpeder....neigh
serpyet....snake	teuder....make a noise	*serpyeteuder	sepyeder....hiss
vifeb....grape	il....liquid	*vifebil....grape juice	vifil....wine
povob....grain	il....liquid	*povobil	povil....beer

Sometimes, the last syllable of a compound or last letters of a word will give birth to a new stubs whose derivations, through the application of this rule, will not be long.

Examples:

From Full Words to Stubs

COMPOUND	NEW STUB	DERIVATION
tilabil....breast milk	bil....milk	bilyug....butter
fauf....log	-uf....(stub suffix for types of) cylinder	muf....rod, stick
zyeg....hole	-yeg....(stub suffix for types of) hole, hollow thing	mufyeg....pipe

The clipped word bil now gives rise to other compounds:

• bilyig....cheese
• bilyigem....cheese factory
• bilyug....butter
• bilyugyena....butter-like

The word mufyeg (Lit: hollow stick) means pipe, reed, cylinder

Rule #11: Deriving Nuanced Words Phonetically

Words which follow Rule #12 are those that are connected by a similarity of meaning or quality. These words differ by nuances and it is phonetic nuances that govern their formation.

These nuances are obtained by:

• Addition of a subordinal vowel of the same type as the ordinal vowel.

These vowels are:

a for a and ya

e for e and ye

i for i and yi

o for o and yo

u for u and yu

Examples:

Creating Nuances with a Doubled Vowel

WORD	NUANCED DERIVATION
nad....line	naad....rail
dob....state	doob....nation
vyab....rule	vyaab....system
boka....sick	booka....tired

• Post-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of less intensity:

Deintensification with Post-y-gliding

WORD	MITIGATED DERIVATION
ifer....love	iyfer....like
iva....happy	iyva....glad
zyutom....tower	zyutoym....turret
ama....hot	ayma....warm
oma....cold	oyma....cool

• Pre-y-gliding the ordinal vowel or subordinal vowel, to produce a nuance of greater intensity:

Intensification with Pre-y-Gliding

WORD	ENHANCED DERIVATION
pot....wild animal	pyot....predator animal
pat....bird	pyat....bird of prey
tod....family	tyod....people
oma....cold	yoma....frozen
nuxer....pay	nyuxer....deliver
nexer....save	nyexer....store

• Following the ordinal vowel or the consonant with the intensifying liquid l or the further intensifying liquid r:

Intensification with L and R

WORD	L-INTENSIFIED	R-INTENSIFIED
ifer....love	ifler....be fond of	ifrer....adore
iva....happy	ivla....content	ivra....delighted
vaa....affirmative	vlaa....sure	vraa....indubitable
aga....big	agla....huge	agra....immense
ga....more	gala....multiple	gara....exponential
baer....lean on	baler....press	barer....crush
yexer....work	yexler....labor	yexrer....toil, slave
yixer....use	yixler....hire	yixrer....exploit

• Adding consonants other than l or r as the generic consonant:

Some words have so many nuanced varieties that other letters like t, f, s, k, and z are used, eg.:

Creating Nuances with Other Consonants

WORD	NUANCED DERIVATION
fia....good	fika....perfect fira....excellent
fua....bad	futa....wicked fura....rotten
gea....equal	geta....identical gela....alike
vyaa....true	vyaka....correct vyama....real
vyoa....false	vyoka....incorrect vyoma....fake
yiga....hard	yigza....sour yigla....brusk yigra....brutal
yuga....soft	yugfa....smooth yugla....tender yugra....mild

• Transforming the generic consonant from voiced to unvoiced or vice versa:

Voicing or Devoicing Consonants for Nuance

WORD	NUANCED DERIVATION
nab....row	nap....order
vyava....just	vyafa....precise
jwab....minute	jwap....moment
jweb....second	jwep....instant
tab....body	tap....physique
tob....person	top....soul, animus
nov....linen	nof....cloth
naz....value	nas....money
nag....dimension	nak...unit of measurement

Technical Nomenclature

The sections below describe how techical vocabulary is developed in Mirad. In most cases, there are common, ordinary words, but these are supplemented with less common, technical terms that are usually somehow based on an international nomenclature standard. Typically, the common words share a stem, which is prefixed with ordinal syllables that group words of the basis of some like features.

Zoological Nomenclature

The names of animals are formed in a systematic way.

Base Names

First of all, the base stem of all animal names (except human) begin with p (mobile) and end with t (sentient), the idea being that animals are moving, sentient creatures.

The vowels in the stem are geo-specific and indicate whether the animal inhabits the air (a), water (i), land (e), or a hybrid of these; whether it is wild (o), tame, or predatory (y); and a few other features, as shown in the chart below:

Animal Base Names in Geo-specific Terms

TYPE	AIR = a	WATER = i	LAND = e	ANYWHERE = o
Ordinary	pat....bird	pit....fish	pet....domestic land animal	pot....wild animal
Predatory	pyat....raptor	pyit....predatory fish	pyet....reptile	pyot....predatory animal
Hybrid	piat....waterfowl pelat....flying insect opat....flightless bird	piit....crustacean pilt....marine invertebrate peit....mammalian fish pyeit....mollusk	payet....flying reptile piyet....batracian peyet....worm pelt....insect	piot....aquatic mammal

Derived Names

The names of different species of animals are derived by prefixing syllables to the base names that are obtained from the Latin names in the Linnaean taxonomy. In that taxonomy, all of the dog or dog-like animal species are ranked under the family name Canidae (canids). The family prefix is derived by taking the first syllable and spelling it in Mirad as it is pronounced in Latin. Ca in Latin is pronounced ka. See the table below in which Latin spellings are given in Mirad. In this family, one dog species is domestic, Canis familiaris, while all the others are wild or predatory. So, to derive the word for the common domesticated dog, we would affix the family taxonomic prefix ka to the base name for domestic land animal pet, yielding kapet (dog). All other members of the dog family end in pot (feral animal) or pyot (predatory animal). The taxonomic prefix must contain at least one consonant and one vowel. If not, the prefix derived from the Latin taxon is extended until that rule is met. The taxonomic syllables are prefixed to the base animal type name in reverse order of the Linnaean; for example, prairie dog (which is not a dog, but a rodent) is rendered by ci³xi²ro¹pot from Ro¹dentia Sci²uridae Cy³nomys, where pot is the basic animal type wild animal. All rodents have the taxonomic syllable ro from the Latin "order" taxon Rodentia, while all squirrel names will have the syllable xi from a pronunciation spelling of the Latin "family" taxon Sciuridae (xiuriday). The following shows the system as it is applied to the dog family:

Canidae (dog family) >

kapet...the common domestic dog (only one species, Canis familiaris)

kapot...wild dog

kapyot...predatory dog

Species under kapyot are derived by taking the first syllables of the respective Latin binomial (and sometimes trinomial) species names:

Canis lupus > lukapyot...gray wolf (or just wolf)

Canis latrans > lakapyot...coyote, prairie wolf

Canis latrans lestes > leslakapyot...mountain coyote

Canis aurus > awkapyot > jackal, golden jackal

Canis aurus curensis > kurawkapyot....Indochinese jackal

Canis vulpus > vulkapyot...fox, red fox

If the taxonomic syllable ends in a vowel and precedes another syllable beginning with a vowel, the first taxonomic syllable is extended until it ends in a consonant. In the case of the Indochinese jackal, the base is awkapyot and the taxonomic syllable to be prefixed from curensis would normally be ku, but it has to be extended to kur because the base begins in a vowel.

The conversion of Latin/Greek spellings to Mirad is governed by the following chart:

Latin/Greek - Mirad correspondences

Latin/Greek Spelling	Latin Sound	Mirad Spelling	Example
au	aw	aw	aurus....aw-
eu	ew	ew	europa....ew-
ai ae	ay	ay	aegyptus....ay-
ei ey	ey	ey	Rheidae....ey
oe	oy	oy	Foeniculum....oy
ua	wa	wa	suavis....swa
ca/co/cu	ka/ko/ku	ka/ko/ku	canis....ka
ce/ci/cy'	che/chi/chi	ce/ci/ci	cypris....ci
y	i	i	cypris....i
g'	g	g	Geococcyx/Gastropoda....g
ch	k	k	Chiroptera....ki
ph	f	f	Sphyrapicus....f
rh	r	r	Rheidae....ey
x	ks	ks	Loxodonta....ks
qu	kw	kw	Quercus....kw
j	y	j	julianus....ju
sci	ski	ski	Sciuridae....xi
th	t	ti	Thunnus....t
cci	ksi	ksi	Vaccinus....ksi

Note that double consonants are counted as being two consonants in different syllables. So, for example, the taxonomic syllable for Cinnamomum would be cin.

The Latin letter j is represented in Mirad with j even though it is pronounced like a y. This is for better recognizability.

Genderized and Other Forms

Form the female of an animal by inserting a y before the t of the base adult name:

• kapet....dog ====> kapeyt....bitch
• vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkapyoyt....vixen

Form the specific male of an animal by inserting a w right after the p of the base adult name, unless the base name begins with py in which case the w is inserted just before the t of the base name:

• ekpet....horse ====> ekpwet....stallion
• ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopwet....ram
• vulkapyot....fox ====> vulkpyowt....dog fox

Form the gelded version of an animal by inserting an o after the ordinal vowel of the base male adult name:

• bopet....bovine ====> bopweot....ox
• gafapat....cock ====> gafapweot....capon

The offspring of an animal is formed by suffixing -ud, the stub for tud....child:

• ekpet....horse ====> ekpetud....colt
• kapet....dog ====> kapetud....pup
• ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetud....lamb

The pet name of an animal is derived by suffixing -if:

• kapet....dog ====> kapetif....puppy
• fepet....cat ====> fepetif....kitty

The diminutive of an animal is formed by suffixing -og:

• supet....pig ====> supetog....piggy
• ekpet....horse ====> ekpetog....pony

Sometimes, the above derivations can be combined. The animal ekpet....horse can serve as an example:

Derivations of Horse

VARIATION	MIRAD NAME	ENGLISH NAME
Adult	ekpet	horse
Male	ekpwet	stallion
Female	ekpeyt	mare
Offspring	ekpetud	colt
Female Offspring	ekpetuyd	filly
Small adult	ekpetog	pony
Gelded	ekpweot	gelding

Animal Sounds

The sound that an animal makes can be derived by substituting the t of the base name with d, the letter associated with communication. The verb form ends in -der:

• ekpet....horse ====> ekpeder....to neigh
• kapet....dog ====> kapeder....to bark
• pat....bird ====> pader....to tweet, chirp
• serpyet....snake ====> serpyeder....to hiss

A collection of animals can be derived by suffixing -yan or -nyan:

• lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotyan....a pride of lions
• ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopetyan....a herd of sheep
• pit....fish ====> pityan....a school of fish

Motions that animals make can be derived by replacing the final t of the base name with -per....to go:

• serpyet....snake ====> serpeper....to slither
• lapet....rabbit ====> lapeper....to hop
• ekpet....horse ====> ekpeper....to gallop

The food name associated with an animal can be derived by ending the animal or animal part name in l (a stub for tel, meaning food):

• supet....pig ====> supel....pork
• supetyob....hog leg ====> supetyol....ham
• bopet....steer ====> bopel....beef
• ovbopet....sheep ====> ovbopel....mutton
• bopetud....calf ====> bopetul....veal
• appelat....bee ====> appelatil....honey

The habitats of animals are formed by suffixing -am....house, -um....cage, etc. to the base name:

• supet....pig ====> supetam....pigsty
• gafapayt....chicken ====> gafapaytam....chicken coop
• lepanfepyot....lion ====> lepanfepyotam....lion's den
• kapet....dog ====> kapetam....doghouse
• forpelt....ant ====> forpeltam....anthill
• appelat....bee ====> appelatam....bee hive
• pat....bird ====> patum....birdcage, patsum....nest, patyanam...aviary
• pot....wild animal ====> potam....lair

Dog Breeds

Dog breeds are created by prefixing elements to kapet....dog that are based on the official World Canine Organization dog breed site [[1]]. This site organizes dog breeds by groups, sections, subsections, and country ownership.

The base of the dog breed name is kapet....dog. The group number is converted to the lowercase alphabetic consonants (b, c, d, etc.). The top or zeroth group is assigned the the ordinal vowel o, so bokepet is a group category for sheepdogs and cattledogs. The sections underneath this group change the o....zero to a....one, e....two, etc. The subsections below are enumerated with an initial ordinal vowel starting with a....one, e....two, etc. A particular breed is written as the country adjective representing the breed country of origin, followed a space, and the lowest section name preceded by the number of the country entry alphabetized. If there is only one entry of that country, no ordinal number is prefixed.

As an example:

To get the name for basset hound:

• Start with the word for dog: kapet.

This animal is in Group 6 for scent hounds and related breeds, so the 6th consonant in the Mirad alphabet is h. This is prefixed to kapet, with an ordinal vowel representing the section the breed is in, starting with a for one. The basset hound is in Section 1 for "scent hounds", so the prefix becomes ha-.

• hakapet is a "scent hound" (not to be confused with ha kapet....the dog.).

A basset hound is classified in subsection 1.3 as a "small-sized scent hound", so the ordinal vowel i.... three is prefixed:

• ihakapet is a "small-sized scent hound"

A basset hound is the 1st small-sized scent hound entry under the country Great Britain, so the Mirad word a.... one is prefixed (with a w buffer vowel when prefixed to a vowel) and the adjectival word for Great Britain, Gebaroma is placed in front, separated by a space:

• Gebaroma awahikapet is a basset hound, a dog breed name owned by Great Britain.

Here is a partial representation of the hiararchy as obtained by the World Canine Organization (FCI) site. Other Mirad dog breed names can be created by consulting the site.

Group 1 = bokapet....sheepdogs/cattledogs

• Section 1 = bakapet....sheepdogs

• Belgian only entry = Belima bakapet....Belgian shepherd dog
• German only entry = Deuma bakapet....German shepherd

• Section 2 = bekapet....cattledogs except Swiss cattledogs

• Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ebekapet....Welsh corgi (Cardigan)

Group 2 = cokapet....pinscher/schnauzer/Molossoid/Swiss Mountain-/Cattle Dogs

• Section 1 = cakapet....pinscher/schnauzer type
• Section 2 = cekapet....Molossian type
• Section 3 = cikapet....Swiss mountain/cattledogs

Group 3 = dokapet....terriers

• Section 1 = dakapet....large and medium-sized terriers

• Great Britain 9th entry = Gebaroma yudakapet....Welsh terrier

• Section 2 = dakapet....small-sized terriers
• Section 3 = dekapet....bull type terriers

• Great Britain 3rd entry = Gebaroma idekapet....Staffordshire bull terrier

• Section 4 = dakapet....toy terriers

Group 4 = fokapet....dachshunds

• Germany only entry = fakapet....dachshund

Group 5 = gokapet....spitz and primitive types

• Section 1 = gakapet....nordic sledge dogs

USA 1st entry = agakapet....Siberian husky

• Section 2 = gekapet....nordic hunting dogs
• Section 3 = gikapet....nordic watchdogs/herders
• Section 4 = gukapet....European spits
• Section 5 = gyokapet....Asian spitz and related breeds
• Section 6 = gyakapet....primitive types
• Section 7 = gyekapet....hunting dogs

Group 6 = hokapet....scent hounds and related breeds

• Section 1 = hakapet....scent hounds

• Subsection 1.1 = ahakapet....large-sized hounds

• USA 1st entry = Usoma awahakapet....American foxhound

• Subsection 1.2 = ehakapet....medium-sized hounds

• Great Britain only entry = Gebaroma ehakapet....harrier

• Subsection 1.3 = ihakapet....small-sized hounds

• Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma awihakapet....basset hound
• Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma ewihakapet....beagle

Group 7 = jokapet....pointing dogs

• Section 1 = jakapet....continental pointing dogs
• Section 2 = jekapet....British and Irish pointers and setters

Group 8 = kakapet....retrievers/flushing dogs/water dogs

• Section 1 = kakapet....retrievers
• Section 2 = kekapet....flushing dogs
• Section 3 = kikapet....water dogs

Group 9 = lokapet....companion and toy dogs

• Section 1 = lakapet....bichons
• Section 2 = lekapet....poodles

• France only entry = Ferama lekapet....poodle

• Section 3 = likapet....small Belgian dogs
• Section 4 = lukapet....hairless dogs
• Section 5 = lyokapet....Tibetan breeds

• Tibet 2nd entry = Ferama elekapet....shih tzu

• Section 6 = lyakapet....Chihuahueno

• Mexico only entry = Ferama lyakapet....chihuahua

• Section 7 = lyekapet....English toy spaniels
• Section 8 = lyikapet....Japan Chin and Pekingese
• Section 9 = lyukapet....continental toy spaniel and others
• Section 10 = lalokapet....Kromforhländer
• Section 10 = lalekapet....small Molossian type dogs

Group 10 = mokapet....sight hounds

• Section 1 = makapet....long-haired sighthounds

• Great Britain 1st entry = Gebaroma amakapet....greyhound
• Great Britain 2nd entry = Gebaroma emakapet....whippet

• Section 2 = mekapet....rough-haired sighthounds
• Section 3 = mikapet....short-haired sighthounds

Cat Breeds

The names for cat breeds are generated from the CFA organization's alphabetical list of cat breeds (See [2]. You take the first letters of the CFA name up to the first non-initial consonant, and convert them to lowercase. If the next breed on the list has the same letters, add a Mirad number (1=a, 2=e, 3=i, ...) to distinguish them. Now, end the word with the Mirad word for cat fepet.

This chart shows the process for the first few cat breeds in the CFA list:

Creating Cat Breed Names

CFA NAME	FIRST LETTERS LOWERCASED	NUMBER IF ANY + fepet	MIRAD NAME
American Shorthair	am	a + fepet	amafepet
American Wirehair	am	e + fepet	amefepet
Balinese	bal	bal + fepet	balfepet
Bengal	ben	ben + fepet	benfepet

Color Nomenclature

The word for color in Mirad is volz, which is mnemonically related to the word for flower (vos). The diminutive of color is voylz, meaning tint, shade, hue.

The names of common color adjectives in Mirad are based on a scale relating to the natural spectrum, with the first part of the word being the a number representing the spectrum order and the last half being the color stub -lza. The last historically-defined divisions of the spectrum are called indigo and violet, but even scientists themselves admit that the human eye does not distinguish these shades very well, and so Mirad divides the last two as purple and pink for convenience.

Basic Color Words

1 - red	2 - orange	3 - yellow	4 - green	5 - blue	6 - purple	7 - pink
alza	elza	ilza	ulza	yolza	yalza	yelza

There are four other basic colors:

Other Basic Color Words

	malza....white	(Associated with man (light)
	melza....brown	(Associated with mel (soil)
	molza....black	(Associated with mon (dark)
	maolza....gray	(A blend of malza and molza)

Plus:

• olza....of no color, blank, clear

All other colors are formed by prefixing a word or mnemonic word stub (usually flowers or fruits) to the basic color with hyphenation. For example:

• mecirufeb-ulza....lime green from mecirufeb....lime fruit + ulza....green
• mim-yalza....aquamarine from mim....sea + yalza....blue
• licirufeb-ilza....lemon yellow from licirufeb....lemon + ilza....yellow
• salpyit-alza....salmon red
• magmef-alza....firebrick red
• mim-yalza....sea blue, aquamarine

Shaded variants of color terms can be achieved in the following manner:

1. A "light" shade by changing lza to ylza: uylza....light green
2. A "-ish" shade by changing lza to lzyena: ulzyena....greenish
3. A "bright" shade by changing lza to lzayna: ulzayna....bright green
4. A "dark" shade by changing lza to lzoyna: ulzoyna....dark green

Some in-between colors can be created by mixing the ordinal vowel:

• maolza....gray from malza....white and molza....black
• yaulza....blue-green, cyan from yalza....blue and ulza....green
• maelza....beige from malza....white and melza....brown

Colors can be made into nouns by dropping the adjectival suffix -a:

• Ulz se via volz.....Green is a beautiful color.
• At gafe yalzayn.....I prefer dark blue.

Colors can also be used to form verbs:

• Iyta teobi alzasa.....Her cheeks turned red (= blushed).
• His se fia teubip malzaxus.....This is a good teeth whitener.
• Eta teupibi ilzaseye.....Your teeth are yellowing.

Rarely Used Colors

The more exotic or rare colors can be expressed by the RAL number / 10 in the Wikipedia Chart of RAL Colors expressed in Mirad + -lz. For example, the color golden yellow has the RAL number 1004. Divided by 10 yields the number 104 (ase, in Mirad), thus, the color is named aselz. The adjectival form of this color is aselza. One advantage of this system is that the colors are grouped by nine classic colors represented by the thousands unit, then subdivided by up to 999 shades of those classic colors, although in practice, the number of shades belonging to each classic color is under 40. For that reason, the thousands unit is reduced to a hundreds unit in the formation of Mirad color names.

Skin colors

When a color refers specifically to skin tone, the prefix tayo(b)- is used. The final -b of tayob is dropped before a consonant or glide. The word for skin-color itself is tayovolz. Thus:

• (tayo-)molzat....black(-skinned) person
• (tayo-)malzat....white(-skinned) person
• (tayo-)melzat....brown(-skinned) person
• (tayob)omalzat....non-white(-skinned) person
• (tayob)omolzat....non-black(-skinned) person
• (tayob)omelzat....non-brown(-skinned) person
• (tayob)eymolzat....half-black(skinned) person
• (tayob)eymalzat....half-white(-skinned) person
• (tayo-)maolzat....mulatto, mixed-skinned person
• (tayob)olzat....albino
• hyetayovolza....of any skin-tone
• hyatayovolzati....people of all colors
• Iyt se duhotayovolza?....What skin color is she?

Hair Colors

Hair colors are produced by suffixing the color to the word for hair, tayeb. The final -b of tayeb is dropped before a consonant or y. The word for hair color is tayevolz.

• tayebalza....red-headed, auburn
  • tayebalzayt....an auburn female
• tayemolza....brunette
• tayemelza....brown-haired
• tayebiylza....blond
• tayemaolza....gray, gray-haired

• It gwa tayemaolzaso.....He will go gray early.

• Duhotayevolza iyt se?....What color hair is she?

Eye Colors

Eye colors are expressed by the prefix tea(b) followed by the color. The word for eye color is teavolz. In the following examples, teab (eye) becomes tea before any consonants or glides:

• teayolza....blue-eyed
• teabulza....green-eyed
• teamelza....brown-eyed

• teamelzat....brown-eyed person

• teamolz....a black eye
• teamalz....the white of the eye
• Duhoteavolza et se?....What color eyes do you have?

Chemical Nomenclature

The names of chemical elements are formed by converting the abbreviation for the element into Mirad lowercase alphabetic equivalents, then adding lk, a suffix stub for chemicals. For example, the abbreviation for hydrogen is H. So we replace that with the word for lowercase h in Mirad: he. By adding the stub suffix lk, we get helk.

Use the the names of the small letters of the alphabet as shown below. The letter name ca is pronounced cha as in English cha-cha.

Lowercase Alphabet with Letter Names

Lowercase	a	b	c	d		e	f	g	h		i	j	k	l	m	n		o	p	q	r	s	t		u	v	w	x	y	z
Mirad Name	a	ba	ca	da		e	fe	ge	he		i	ji	ki	li	mi	ni		o	po	ko	ro	so	to		u	vu	wu	xu	yu	zu

Coding Chemical Elements

The following chart shows some examples of how words for chemical elements are formed:

Coding Chemical Elements

ENGLISH ELEMENT NAME	ABBREVIATION	MIRAD NAME
silver	Ar	arolk
iron	Fe	feelk
hydrogen	H	helk
nitrogen	N	nilk
mercury	Hg	hegelk
darmstadtium	Ds	dasolk

In chemical compounds, the lk is used only on the last element of the compound.

Chemical compounds such as H₂O (hydrogen dioxide) are coded in the following manner.

1. The H for hydrogen is rendered as he (without the -lk).
2. The number 2 refers to two hydrogen atoms, so the Mirad prefix for two, bi-, en- is prefixed to the h, giving enhe.
3. The word for oxygen, ol is added, and, since it is the last element in the compound, the lk is suffixed.
4. The English word ends in -ide, which is rendered in Mirad as -iyd, giving enheolkiyd

Such chemical suffix equivalents are given below:

Given the chemical element sulfur, which has the abbreviation S, the Mirad equivalent for this solid is solk. Possible variants of this chemical, plus others, are:

Chemical Compound Suffixes

Chemical Suffix Equivalents

ENGLISH SUFFIX	MIRAD EQUIVALENT	ENGLISH EXAMPLE	MIRAD EQUIVALENT
-ide	-iyd	sulfide	solkiyd
-ite	-iyt	sulfite	solkiyt
-ate	-ayt	sulfate	solkayt
-ine	-iyn	iodine	ilkiyn
-ane	-ayn	methane	ahelkayn
-ene	-eyn	benzene	ehelkeyn
-one	-oyn	ketone	ketoyn
-ine	--iyn	alanine	alaniyn
-ic	-a	ferric	feelka
-ous	aya	ferrous	feelkaya

Note that the numeral prefixes in chemical formulae end in -n.  : The numeral prefixes 5 and 6 end in -on instead of -n so as to distinguish them from the words yan....together and yon....apart.

The chart below shows some of the numeric prefixes:

Numeric Prefixes

NUMBER	PREFIX	EXAMPLE
a....mono-	an	anolkiyd....monoxide (O)
e....bi-/di-	en	encalkayt....bicarbonate (C2)
i....tri-	in	inolkiyd-....trioxide (O3)
u....tetr(a)-	un	unolkiyd-....tetroxide (O4)
yo....pent(a)-	yoon	yoonolkiyd-....pentoxide (O5)
ya....hex(a)-	yaon	yaonolkiyd....hexoxide (O6)
ye....hept(a)-	yen	yenolkiyd....heptoxide (O7)
yi....oct(o)-	yin	yinolkiyd-....octoxide (O8)
yu....non(a)-	yun	yunolkiyd-....nonoxide (O9)
alo....dec(a)-	alon	alonolkayt-....decoxidate (O10)

Examples:

• carbon dioxide (C₂O)....calk enolkiyd
• sodium bicarbonate (Na2C)....nialk encalkayt
• calcium dihydrogen phosphate....caalk enhelk polkayt
• glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)....yaoncaalanheyaonolk (or: levelos)
• methanol (C₃HOH)....cainheohelk

Note: the -lk is added only at the end of a compound and before the endings -iyd, -iyt, and -ayt, etc.

Names of Atomic Parts

The word for atom in Mirad is gwomulk, which literally is least particle.

The main particles in an atom are:

• vamulk....proton
• vemulk....neutron
• vomulk....electron

Every atom contains mulki (subatomic particles).

The Standard Model classification of particles

The principle elementary atomic particles (quarks, leptons, bosons) are named from the alphabetic spellings of the letter abbreviations in the Standard Abbreviations chart to the right, some of which are Greek letters, both upper and lower case. (See wikipedia:Subatomic_particle ).

• hamulk....hadron

• mi-hamulk....meson

• pimi-hamulk....pion
• kami-hamulk....kaon

• ba-hamulk....baryon

• lambda-ba-hamulk....lambda baryon

• vomulk....proton
• vemulk....neutron
• zemulk....nucleon
• alfamulk'....alpha particle
• fermimulk....fermion
• goryumulk....nanoparticle
• kyiazon mulk....graviton

• bamulk....boson particle

• agha-bamulk....higgs particle
• agwu-bamulk....W boson
• agzu-bamulk....Z boson
• gamma-bamulk....photon
• ge-bamulk....gluon

• qomulk....quark

• ba-qomulk....bottom quark
• ca-qomulk....charm quark
• da-qomulk....down quark
• ov-qomulk....antiparticle, antiquark
• penta-qomulk....penta quark
• tetra-qomulk....tetra quark
• to-qomulk....top quark
• u-qomulk....up quark
• so-qomulk....strange quark

• limulk....lepton

• gamma-limulk....photon (also: manmulk)
• mu-limulk....muon
• pi-limulk....pion
• tau-limulk....tau
• vu-e-limulk....electron neutrino
• vu-mu-limulk....muon neutrino
• vu-tau-limulk....tau neutrino
• e-limulk....electron (also: vamulk)
• vamulk....electron

The nucleus of an atom is called zemulk. Therefore, zemulka means nuclear.

Musical Nomenclature

Musical Instruments

The musical instruments are encoded as follows, where all instruments contain the word for musical instrument (duzar < duz (music) + -ar (instrument). The system is based on a five-way classification system that relates to the way the instrument is played.

Madras_musical_instruments_and_snake_charmer's_music

Musical Instruments

MIRAD	ENGLISH
BOWED-STRING
aduzar	violin
eduzar	violin alto
iduzar	cello
uduzar	bass
yoduzar	viola
yaduzar	fiddle
yeduzar	viol
WOODWIND
faduzar	flute
feduzar	oboe
fiduzar	clarinet
fuduzar	bassoon
fyoduzar	French harp, harmonica
fyaduzar	recorder
fyeduzar	bagpipe
fyiduzar	didgeridoo
fyuduzar	piccolo
faloduzar	fife, hornpipe
faladuzar	ocarina, ocarine
BRASS
voduzar	horn
vaduzar	trumpet
veduzar	trombone
vuduzar -- avuduzar -- evuduzar --ivuduzar	saxophone -- tenor saxophone -- alto saxophone -- bass saxophone
vyoduzar	tuba
vyaduzar	bugle
vyeduzar	French horn
vyiduzar	cornet
vyuduzar	euphonium
valoduzar	flugelhorn
valaduzar	sousaphone
valeduzar	clarion
validuzar	mellophone
PERCUSSION
kaduzar -- akaduzar -- ekaduzar -- ikaduzar -- ukaduzar -- yokaduzar -- yakaduzar -- yekaduzar	drum -- snare drum -- bass drum -- tenor drum -- steel drum -- bongo drum -- timbrel -- kettledrum
keduzar	glockenspiel
kiduzar	vibraphone
kuduzar	marimba
kyoduzar	tubular bell
gaduzar	triangle
geduzar	gong
giduzar	castanet
guduzar	rattle
gyoduzar	xylophone
gyaduzar	maraca
gyeduzar	cajón
gyiduzar	cymbal
gyuduzar	tambourine
galoduzar	steelpan
galaduzar	wind chime
galeduzar	chime bar
galiduzar	celeste
galuduzar	clapper
galyoduzar	Jew's harp
galyaduzar	bazooka
KEYBOARD
raduzar -- utekea raduzar -- agala raduzar -- sem raduzar	piano -- player piano -- grand piano -- keyboard
reduzar	clavichord
riduzar	harpsichord
ruduzar -- mufyeg ruduzar -- maka ruduzar	organ -- pipe organ -- electric organ
ryoduzar	accordion
ryaduzar	dulcimer
ryeduzar	calliope
ryiduzar	melodica
ryuduzar	concertina
GUITAR
baduzar -- seuxa baduzar -- maka baduzar -- yoba baduzar	guitar -- accoustic guitar -- electric guitar -- bass guitar
beduzar	banjo
biduzar	lute
buduzar	harp
byoduzar	mandolin
byaduzar	ukelele
byeduzar	zither
byiduzar	lyre
byuduzar	cithara, kithara
baloduzar	sitar

Voice Ranges

Voice Ranges (Deuz nabyani)

MIRAD	ENGLISH	MEANING
WOMEN
yabdeuzuyt	soprano	"high-voice-female"
yaybdeuzuyt	mezzo-soprano	"high-ish-voice-female"
yobdeuzuyt	alto, contralto	"low-voice-female"
MEN
yabdeuzwut	tenor	"high-voice-male"
yoybdeuzwut	baritone	"high-ish-voice-male"
yobdeuzwut	bass	"low-voice-male"
vyoyabdeuzwut	falsetto	"false-high-voice-male"
BOYS
twobet yabdeuzwut	treble	"boy high-voice-male"

Suffix these nouns with -a to make them adjectives, eg.:

• His se yabdeuzwuta duznod.....This is a tenor note.

Solmization Syllables

The syllables used in Mirad to spell out musical notes is like the system used in the English-speaking world:

Solmization Syllables

do

re

mi

fa

sol

la

ti

do

Musical Score Elements

The semitone or accidental symbols are:

Accidentals

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOL	MIRAD NAME	ENGLISH EXAMPLE	MIRAD EXAMPLE	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
flat	𝄬	yobwa (=lowered)	B flat	B yobwa	ba YOBwa
sharp	𝄰	yabwa (=raised)	C sharp	C yabwa	ca YABwa
natural	𝄮	egxwa (=normalized)	F natural	F egxwa	fe EGxwa

Some staff notation:

Staff Notation

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOL	MIRAD NAME
staff	𝄙	nuidyan
treble clef, G clef	𝄞	G yijar
C clef	𝄡	C yijar
base clef, F clef	𝄢	F yijar
note		nod
half note	𝅗𝅥	eyna nod
quarter note	𝅘𝅥	uyna nod
whole note	𝅝	ayna nod
quarter rest	𝄽	uyna poys
eighth note	𝅘𝅥𝅮	yiyna nod
bar, measure	𝄀	nodzyan
ligature		yanxus

Characteristic Features of Music

Characteristic Features of Music

MIRAD	ENGLISH
deup	beat
seupan	cadence
jes	duration
zoyteuz	echo
yanseuz	harmony
duzneg	pitch
ijduzneg	key
druz	lyric
agala duzmus	major scale
duznag	measure
duznad	melody
duzjob	tempo
nak	meter
ogala duzmus	minor scale
duz	music
yinig	octave
byexes	pulse
zoyseuzen	resonance
deupyan	rhythm
duzmus	scale
duzdreyn	score
seux	sound
duzigan	tempo
seuzvolz	timbre
seuz	tone
yanseuz	chord, harmonic
aybseuz	overtone
deuzunog	tune
deuz	voice
seuxnid	volume

Dynamics

Notations having to do with musical dynamic accents are usually in Italian and are recognized the world over. For this reason, they are left as is in Mirad.

These include:

a tempo, accelerando, accelerando, crescendo, decrescendo, diminuendo, fermata, forte, fortissimo, glissando, legato, lento, marcato, mezzo forte, mezzo piano, pianissimo, piano, poco a poco, portamento, rallentando, ritardanto, rubato, sforzando, staccatissimo, staccato, subito piano, tenuto, tremolo, and others.

Types of Arrangements

Musical Arrangements

ENGLISH	MIRAD
a capella song	a kapella deuzun, deuzun boy duzari
anthem	fizdeuzun, tezdeuzun
antiphon	duiddeuzun
aria	arya, awat deuzun
arrangement	napbeyn
art song	tuz deuz
ballad	daz deuz, ifonkex deuzun
battle hymn	dropek deuzun
bird song	pat deuzun
broadway song	Broadway deuzun
campfire song	tamoftem deuzun
cantata	kantata
canticle	efyadeuzun
carol	ivdeuzun
chant	yagdeuzun
choral arrangement	deuzutyan napxeyn
Christmas carol	Kristtaj ivdeuzun
classical song	visauna deuzun
composition	duzdrun
concerto	koncerto
country song	odom deuzun, meimtyoda deuzun
dance song	daz deuzun
dirge	uvdeuzun
ditty	deuzog
doggerel verse	dizdeuzun
drinking song	tilien deuzun
duet	ewat (deuzun)
folksong	tyoyd deuzun
glee	Gebama deuzun
gospel song	fyadin deuzun
hip hop song	hip hop deuzun
hit song	agakus deuzun
hymn	fyadeuzun
instrumental	duzarun
jingle	nundeuzunog
karaoke song	karaoke deuzun
love song	ifon deuzun
lullaby	tudet deuzun
lute song	riduzar deuzun
madrigal	duzuka deuzun
marching song	doptyopen deuzun
medley	ebmulxwa deuzyan
metal song	mug deuzun
musical number	duzun
old standard	ajdeuzun
opera	dyuz, dyuzun
oratorio	oratoryo
paean	akrun deuzun
partsong	gon deuzun
patter song	deuzig
pop song	tyoda deuzun
psalm	afyadeuzun
rock song	rok deuzun
round	zoydea deuzun
sea shanty	mim deuz
show tune	duez deuzun
signature song	ujak deuzun
slow jam	bluz deuzun
soliloquy	awat, awat deuzun
solo	awat (duzun), awat (deuzun)
song	deuzun
spiritual, negro spiritual	topa deuzun
sporting song	tapifek deuzun
symphony	viduzunyag
theme song	texzena deuz
torch song	ifonok uvdeuzun
vaudeville song	Vaudeville deuzun
Wienerlied	Viena deuzun

Musicians

Musicians

ENGLISH	MIRAD
musician	duzut, duzuyt, duzwut
instrumentalist	duzarut
violinist	aduzarut
conductor	duzdeb, duzutyaneb
soloist	anduzut
singer, vocalist	deuzut
danseur	dyazwut
ballerina	dyazuyt
dancer	dazut, dazuyt, dazwut
opera singer	dyuzut, dyuzuyt, dyuzwut
operatist, librettist	dyuzdrut
composer	duzdrut
lyricist, songwriter	deuzdrut
dance conductor	dazeb
(symphony) orchestra	duzarutyan
philharmonic orchestra	duzarutyanag
chorus, chorale	deuzutyan
dance troupe	dazutyan

Song Parts

Song Parts

MIRAD	ENGLISH
ujgon	coda
ijgon	intro
ebek	interlude
ijek	finale
galijun	reprise
galdwas	refrain
agalduznad	theme
nadyan	verse
zeymep	bridge
galdwas	chorus
ujnadyan	outro

Music Genres

Some genres and styles of music:

Genres of Music

MIRAD	ENGLISH
a kapella, boy duzari	a capella
yugtaxea duz	ambiant
Usoma tyoyduz	American folk
Usoma egona duz	American standard
yizejna	avant garde
Baroka	Baroque
yolza vab	bluegrass
bluz	blues
Bolliwud	Bollywood
bossa nova	bossa nova
kalipso	calypso
Kelta yagdeuz	Celtic chant
Canima tyoyduz	Chinese folk
Canima ajutbyena dyuz	Chinese traditional opera
jejoba deupyan ay bluz	contemporary R&B
maima bluz	country blues
maima duz	country music
maima pop	country pop
maima rap	country rap
maima rok	country rock
dazam pop	dancehall pop
disko	disco
du-wop	doo-wop
maka dauz	electronic dance music (EDM)
yugtaxea duz	elevator music
Euma disko	Euro-disco
jwayeka	experimental
flamenko	flamenco
funk	funk
Gregoria yagdeuz	Gregorian chant
hip-hop	hip-hop
honki-tonk	honky-tonk
hyusuna rok	Indie rock
jaz	jazz
makjaz	jazztronica
juju	juju
fyaxela duz	liturgical music
majika	majika
mamo	mambo
merengwe	merengue
mesitzo	mesitzo
mug	metal
Mixuma duz	Mexican
seuz bi Naxvil	Nashville sound
Ejna Orleans bluz	New Orleans blues
dyuz	opera
rancera	ranchera
rap	rap
rege	reggae
deupyan ay blus, ro-ay-ba	rhythm & blues
rok-ay-rol	rock & roll
salsa	salsa
samba	samba
ska	ska
galoduzaruta duz	steel band music
swing	swing
Tehano	Tejano
eyntuj duz	trance music
Umera visauna	Western classical
Umeryena	Western
zideko	zydeco

Geographic Placenames

As in English, Geograpic placenames are capitalized, including the languages and inhabitants.

Countries of the World

Below is a complete list of the current officially assigned ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 codes, with country names being English short country names officially used by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA). The Mirad equivalents are formed by replacing the letters of the ISO code with the lowercase Mirad alphabetic spells, except if the letter is followed by a vowel, in which case the ISO letter is kept as is, but lower-cased. The letter m is suffixed as a stub for "place" and then the word-initial letter is capitalized, eg.:

Example 1:

Burundi is translated as follows:

• The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is BDI.
• BDI is lowercased to bdi
• b is convered to the Mirad alphabetic spell ba.
• Since d is followed by a vowel, it is left as is: d.
• The vowel i is left as is: i
• m is appended for place: badim
• The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Badim
• BDI (Burundi) = Badim.

Example 2:

Uzbekistan is translated as follows:

• The ISO 3166-1 alpha-3 code is UZB.
• UZB is lowercased to uzb
• u is left as is: u.
• z is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: zu
• b is converted to the Mirad alphabetic spell: ba
• m is appended for place: uzubam
• The initial letter of the country name is capitalized: Uzubam
• UZB (Uzbekistan) = Uzubam.

Country Names (click on arrows to sort a column)

ISO	English	Mirad
ABW	Aruba	Abawum
AFG	Afghanistan	Afegem
AGO	Angola	Agom
AIA	Anguilla	Aiam
ALA	Åland Islands	Alam
ALB	Albania	Alibam
AND	Andorra	Anidam
ANT	Netherlands Antilles	Anitom
ARE	United Arab Emirates	Arem
ARG	Argentina	Arogem
ARM	Armenia	Aromim
ASM	American Samoa	Asomim
ATA	Antarctica	Atam
ATF	French Southern Territories	Atofem
ATG	Antigua and Barbuda	Atogem
AUS	Australia	Ausom
AUT	Austria	Autom
AZE	Azerbaijan	Azem
BDI	Burundi	Badim
BEL	Belgium	Belim
BEN	Benin	Benim
BFA	Burkina Faso	Bafam
BGD	Bangladesh	Bagedam
BGR	Bulgaria	Bagerom
BHR	Bahrain	Baherom
BHS	The Bahamas|Bahamas	Bahesom
BIH	Bosnia and Herzegovina	Bihem
BLM	Saint Barthélemy	Balimim
BLR	Belarus	Balirom
BLZ	Belize	Balizum
BMU	Bermuda	Bamum
BOL	Bolivia	Bolim
BRA	Brazil	Baram
BRB	Barbados	Barobam
BRN	Brunei Darussalam	Baronim
BTN	Bhutan	Batonim
BVT	Bouvet Island	Bavutom
BWA	Botswana	Bawam
CAF	Central African Republic	Cafem
CAN	Canada	Canim
CCK	Cocos Islands	Cacakim
CHE	Switzerland	Cahem
CHL	Chile	Cahelim
CHN	China	Cahenim
CIV	Côte d'Ivoire	Civum
CMR	Cameroon	Camirom
COD	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Codam
COG	Republic of the Congo	Cogem
COK	Cook Islands	Cokim
COL	Colombia	Colim
COM	Comoros	Comim
CPV	Cape Verde	Capovum
CRI	Costa Rica	Carim
CUB	Cuba	Cubam
CXR	Christmas Island	Caxurom
CYM	Cayman Islands	Cayumim
CYP	Cyprus	Cayupom
CZE	Czechia	Cazem
DEU	Germany	Deum
DJI	Djibouti	Dajim
DMA	Dominica	Damam
DNK	Denmark	Danikim
DOM	Dominican Republic	Domim
DZA	Algeria	Dazam
ECU	Ecuador	Ecum
EGY	Egypt	Egeyum
ERI	Eritrea	Erim
ESH	Western Sahara	Esohem
ESP	Spain	Esopom
EST	Estonia	Esotom
ETH	Ethiopia	Etohem
FIN	Finland	Finim
FJI	Fiji	Fejim
FLK	Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	Felikim
FRA	France	Feram
FRO	Faroe Islands	Ferom
FSM	Federated States of Micronesia	Fesomim
GAB	Gabon	Gabam
GBR	United Kingdom	Gebarom
GEO	Georgia	Geom
GGY	Guernsey	Gegeyum
GHA	Ghana	Geham
GIB	Gibraltar	Gibam
GLP	Guadeloupe	Gelipom
GMB	Gambia	Gemibam
GNB	Guinea-Bissau	Genibam
GNQ	Equatorial Guinea	Geniqom
GRC	Greece	Gerocam
GRD	Grenada	Gerodam
GRL	Greenland	Gedolim
GTM	Guatemala	Getomim
GUF	French Guiana	Gufem
GUM	Guam	Gumim
GUY	Guyana	Guyum
HKG	Hong Kong	Hekigem
HMD	Heard Island and McDonald Islands	Hemidam
HND	Honduras	Henidam
HRV	Croatia	Herovum
HTI	Haiti	Hetim
HUN	Hungary	Hunim
IDN	Indonesia	Idanim
IMN	Isle of Man	Iminim
IND	India	Inidam
IOT	British Indian Ocean Territory	Iotom
IRL	Republic of Ireland	Irolim
IRN	Iran	Ironim
IRQ	Iraq	Iroqom
ISL	Iceland	Isolim
ISR	Israel	Isorom
ITA	Italy	Itam
JAM	Jamaica	Jamim
JEY	Jersey	Jeyum
JOR	Jordan	Jorom
JPN	Japan	Jiponim
KAZ	Kazakhstan	Kazum
KEN	Kenya	Kenim
KGZ	Kyrgyzstan	Kigezum
KHM	Cambodia	Kihemim
KIR	Kiribati	Kirom
KNA	Saint Kitts and Nevis	Kinam
KOR	Korea, Republic of	Korom
KWT	Kuwait	Kiwutom
LAO	Laos	Laom
LBN	Lebanon	Libanim
LBR	Liberia	Libarom
LBY	Libya	Libayum
LCA	Saint Lucia	Licam
LIE	Liechtenstein	Liem
LKA	Sri Lanka	Likam
LSO	Lesotho	Lisom
LTU	Lithuania	Litum
LUX	Luxembourg	Luxum
LVA	Latvia	Livam
MAC	Macao	Macam
MAF	Saint Martin	Mafem
MAR	Morocco	Marom
MCO	Monaco	Micom
MDA	Moldova	Midam
MDG	Madagascar	Midagem
MDV	Maldives	Midavum
MEX	Mexico	Mexum
MHL	Marshall Islands	Mihelim
MKD	Republic of Macedonia	Mikidam
MLI	Mali	Milim
MLT	Malta	Militom
MMR	Myanmar	Mimirom
MNE	Montenegro	Minem
MNG	Mongolia	Minigem
MNP	Northern Mariana Islands	Minipom
MOZ	Mozambique	Mozum
MRT	Mauritania	Mirotom
MSR	Montserrat	Misorom
MTQ	Martinique	Mitoqom
MUS	Mauritius	Musom
MWI	Malawi	Miwim
MYS	Malaysia	Miyusom
MYT	Mayotte	Miyutom
NAM	Namibia	Namim
NCL	New Caledonia	Nicalim
NER	Niger	Nerom
NFK	Norfolk Island	Nifekim
NGA	Nigeria	Nigam
NIC	Nicaragua	Nicam
NOR	Norway	Norom
NIU	Niue	Nium
NLD	Netherlands	Nilidam
NPL	Nepal	Nipolim
NRU	Nauru	Nirum
NZL	New Zealand	Nizulim
OMN	Oman	Ominim
PAK	Pakistan	Pakim
PAN	Panama	Panim
PCN	Pitcairn Islands	Pocanim
PER	Peru	Perom
PHL	Philippines	Pohelim
PLW	Palau	Poliwum
PNG	Papua New Guinea	Ponigem
POL	Poland	Polim
PRI	Puerto Rico	Porim
PRK	North Korea	Porikim
PRT	Portugal	Porotom
PRY	Paraguay	Poroyum
PSE	Palestinian territories	Posem
PYF	French Polynesia	Poyufem
QAT	Qatar	Qatom
REU	Réunion	Reum
ROU	Romania	Roum
RUS	Russia	Rusom
RWA	Rwanda	Rowam
SAU	Saudi Arabia	Saum
SDN	Sudan	Sodanim
SEN	Senegal	Senim
SGP	Singapore	Sogepom
SGS	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	Sogesom
SHN	Saint Helena	Sohenim
SJM	Svalbard and Jan Mayen	Sojimim
SLB	Solomon Islands	Solibam
SLE	Sierra Leone	Solem
SLV	El Salvador	Solivum
SMR	San Marino	Somirom
SOM	Somalia	Somim
SPM	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Sopomim
SRB	Serbia	Sorobam
STP	São Tomé and Príncipe	Sotopom
SUR	Suriname	Surom
SVK	Slovakia	Sovukim
SVN	Slovenia	Sovunim
SWE	Sweden	Sowem
SWZ	Swaziland	Sowuzum
SYC	Seychelles	Soyucam
SYR	Syria	Soyurom
TCA	Turks and Caicos Islands	Tocam
TCD	Chad	Tocadam
TGO	Togo	Togom
THA	Thailand	Toham
TJK	Tajikistan	Tojikim
TKL	Tokelau	Tokilim
TKM	Turkmenistan	Tokimim
TLS	East Timor	Tolisom
TON	Tonga	Tonim
TTO	Trinidad and Tobago	Totom
TUN	Tunisia	Tunim
TUR	Turkey	Turim
TUV	Tuvalu	Tuvum
TWN	Taiwan	Towunim
TZA	Tanzania	Tozam
UGA	Uganda	Ugam
UKR	Ukraine	Ukirom
UMI	United States Minor Outlying Islands	Umim
URY	Uruguay	Uroyum
USA	United States	Usam
UZB	Uzbekistan	Uzubam
VAT	Vatican City	Vatom
VCT	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Vucatom
VEN	Venezuela	Venim
VGB	British Virgin Islands	Vugebam
VIR	United States Virgin Islands	Virom
VNM	Vietnam	Vunimim
VUT	Vanuatu	Vutom
WLF	Wallis and Futuna	Wulifem
WSM	Samoa	Wusomim
YEM	Yemen	Yemim
ZAF	South Africa	Zafem
ZMB	Zambia	Zumibam
ZWE	Zimbabwe	Zuwem

The adjective for these Mirad country names can be formed by suffixing the adjective marker a, eg:

• Feram....France ==> Ferama....French
• Usom....United States ==> Usoma....American
• Deum....Germany ==> Deuma....German

The inhabitant of a country is formed by changing the final m of the placename to t (meaning person), eg:

• Feram....French ==> Ferat....a French person, a Frenchman

The names of country inhabitants can be pluralized and genderized, as other animate nouns, eg:

• Ferat....a French person ==> ha Ferati....the French
• Etohet....an Ethiopian ==> Etohwat....an Ethiopian male
• Finit....a Finn ==> Finiyt....a Finnish woman

Do not confuse the adjectival name of a country with the language: Ferama refers to the country of France, not the language French. French the language is Ferad.

Continents

The word for continent in Mirad is yanmel (= "together-soil"). The names of the continents in Mirad are formed from the word yanmel with vectorial prefixes.

Continent Names

MIRAD	ENGLISH
Ayanmal	North America
Oyanmel	South America
Iyanmel	Asia
Uyanmel	Europe
Eyanmel	Africa
Yoyanmel	Oceania

The adjective counterparts of these placenames are derived by suffixing -a:

• Iyanmela....Asian
• Uyanmela....European

By appending -t(i) to the adjectival names, we get the inhabitants:

• Eyanmelat....an African
• Ayanmelati....North Americans

Note:

• The Americas is expressed in Mirad with the hybrid word Aoyanmel (a combination of North and South America).
• Central America is expressed in Mirad by Ebaoyanmel (Inter-America)
• The word Usom means United States or USA. The word America by itself is not used in Mirad; only North America or South America. United States of America is expressed by Usom bi Ayanmel (United States of North America), abbreviated as UA.
• The word Usomati is used for Americans when referring to inhabitants of the U.S.
• The word Eyanmel-Usomat, or more briefly, Eusomat is used for African American.
• Latin America is expressed as Liada Oyanmel.
• A Latino is Liadut.
• A latinx in the U.S. is called Usoma Liadut.
• In some geographic systems, Ausom....Australia is considered a continent.

The word for island is yonmel (= separate land).

Oceans

The Mirad word for ocean is mimag. The ocean names are formed by prefixing a vectorial ordinal to the word mimag:

Ocean Names

MIRAD	ENGLISH
Amimag	Arctic Ocean
Omimag	Southern Ocean
Imimag	Pacific Ocean
Umimag	Atlantic Ocean
Emimag	Indian Ocean

Compass Directions and Poles

The compass directions (merizoni) and poles (mernodi) are as follows:

• zamer....north / zamera....northern / zamernod....north pole
• zomer....south / zomera....southern / zomernod....south pole
• zimer....east / zimera....eastern
• zumer....west / zumera....western

The words Yibzamer....Arctic and Yibzomer...Antarctic(a) both use the prefix yib....far.

Prefixing the directions with iz-....due- yields:

• iz zamer....due north
• iz zomer....due south, etc.

Directional words can be hybridized, eg:

• zaomera....north-south
• zuimera....east-west
• zaumera....north-west
• zaimera....north-east

Earth Grid Lines

The earth grid lines (mernadi) are as follows:

• zamernad....Arctic Circle
• zomernad....Antarctic Circle
• zaomernad....longitude
• zuimernad....latitude
• zemernad....equator

• abzemernad....Tropic of Capricorn
• obzemernad....tropic, Tropic of Cancer

• yizobzemernad....subtropic

• eymernad....meridian
• mamnad....horizon
• aonada....vertical
• uinada....horizontal
• zyenada....perpendicular

Languages of the World

Mirad names of languages are based on either:

• the name of the country most associated with the language (English < England, French < France), or:
• the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 three-letter code. (See [of Congress ISO639-2 Codes].

If formed from the country name, the language name is acquired by replacing the final m or the country name with d. For example, Enigem (England), becomes Eniged (English). See Countries of the World.

If formed from the ISO 639-2 code, because their is no particular country associated with the language, the letters of the code are replaced with the Mirad lowercase alphabetic spells. The initial letter is capitalized and d is suffixed to the word. A Mirad alphabetic spell in the shape of consonant+vowel loses its vowel before a spell consisting of just a vowel. For example, ba + e becomes be.

Mirad Language Names

ISO LANGUAGE NAME	COUNTRY or ISO CODE	MIRAD LANGUAGE NAME
Abkhazian	abk	Abakid
Afar	aar	Aarod
Afrikaans	Zafem....South Africa	Zafed
Akan	aka	Akad (< a + ki + a +d, where ki + a = ka)
Albanian	Alibam....Albania	Alibad
Amharic	amh	Amihed
Arabic	ara	Arad
Aragonese	arg	Aroged
Armenian	Aromim	Heyud
Assamese	asm	Asomid
Avaric	ava	Avad
Avestan	ave	Aved
Aymara	aym	Ayumid
Azerbaijani	Azem....Azerbaijan	Azed
Bambara	bam	Bamid
Bashkir	bak	Bakirod
Basque	baq	Baqod
Belarusian	Balirom....Belarusia	Balirod
Bengali	Bagedim....Bangladesh	Bagedid
Bislama	bis	Bisod
Bosnian	Bihem....Bosnia	Bihed
Breton	bre	Bared
Bulgarian	Bagerom....Bulgaria	Bagerod
Burmese	Mimirom....Miyanmar	Mimirod

...and so on...

The language names can be adjectivized by suffixing -a, eg:

• Eniged....(the) English (language) ==> Enigeda....(in the) English (language)
• Hia Enigeda dreun se testiyofwa.....This English language document is incomprehensible.

The language names can be verbalized with the addition of -der....to say, -daler....to speak, and -xer....to translate into, eg:

• Ferad....French ==> Ferader....to say in French
• Esopod....Spanish ==> Esopodaler....to speak Spanish
• Arad....Arabic ==> Aradxer....to Arabicize/translate into Arabic
• Ferad bayse gla Enigedxwasi.....French has many Anglicizations.

The speaker of a language is created by adding -ut or -alut, eg:

• Eniged....English ==> Enigedut (or) Enigedalut....English speaker
• Duven et Enigedale?....Do you speak English?
• Aradu hia dun.....Say this word in Arabic.
• At se Itadut/Itadalut.....I am a speaker of Italian.

Specialized forms, dialects, levels, and regional variants of languages are expressed as follows:

Language Variants

VARIATION CATEGORY	EXAMPLE
Ajna....Old/Ancient	Ajna Eniged....Old English, Anglo-Saxon
Ejoba....Modern	Ejoba Perod....Modern Persian, Farsi
Visauna....Classical	Visauna Gerocad....Classical Greek
Vyirina....Puristic	Vyirina Gerocad....Katharevousa (Puristic Greek)
Tyoda....Vulgar/Popular/Demotic	Tyoda Latod....Vulgar Latin Tyoda Gerocad....Demotic Greek
Fyaxela....Liturgical	Fyaxela Hebad....Liturgical Hebrew
Fyadyesa....Biblical	Fyadyesa Hebad....Biblical Hebrew
Egona....Standard	Ejoba Egona Arad....Modern Standard Arabic
Egema....Egyptian	Egema Arad....Egyptian Arabic
Usoma....American	Usoma Eniged....American English

There are some languages with no ISO code that have to be formed in another way, in particular, Mirad itself.

• Mirad....Mirad (Mir....world)
• Meurad....Martian (Meur...Mars)

• Celtic, which is the name of a family of languages, is represented by the ISO code "cel" and is therefore called Celid in Mirad.
• Indo-European, with the code "ine", translates to Inied in Mirad.

Cities and Their Residents

Here are some key cities, their adjectival forms, and inhabitants. The adjective can end in -a or -yena.

Cities and Their Residents

CITY	ADJECTIVE	INHABITANT
Paris....Paris	Parisyena....Parisian	Parisat....Parisian
Ejna York....New York	Ejna Yorka....of New York	Ejna Yorkat....New Yorker
Rom....Rome	Roma....Roman	Romat....Roman
Beijing....Beijing	Beijinga....of Beijing	Beijingat....resident of Beijing
Berlin....Berlin	Berlina....from Berlin	Berlinat....Berliner

Examples:

• Berlina diti dyunwe Berlinati.....Berlin citizens are called Berliners.
• Bostonati bayse Bostonyena deus.....Bostonians have a Bostonian accent.

Playing Cards Notation

The playing card suits and prime denominations are:

Playing Card Suits

MIRAD	ENGLISH	IMAGE
tiib	heart	♥
melukar	spade	♠
amez	diamond	♦
infayeb	club	♣

High Cards plus the Joker

MIRAD	ENGLISH	IMAGE
Az bi tiibi	ace of hearts
Edweb bi melukari	king of spades
Edeyb bi amezi	queen of diamonds
Yuxtwobet bi infayebi	jack of clubs
hihiduut	joker

Some useful terms:

• eker drafi....to play cards
• zyabuer ha drafi....to deal the card
• ebnapxer ha drafi....to shuffle the cards
• goler ha nyan....to cut the deck
• ujber....to fold
• durer....to bid
• lokoxer draf....to turn over a card
• lokoxer ota tuyab....to show one's hand
• abnabxer....to trump
• ekdrafnyan....deck of cards
• nab....suit
• joper nab...to follow suit
• kyesdraft....wild card
• abnaba draf....trump card
• ha yannas....the pot
• ha nax....the ante
• yaber ha nax....to up/raise the ante

Chess Piece Nomenclature

	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h
8									8
7									7
6									6
5									5
4									4
3									3
2									2
1									1
	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h

The King's Gambit

The game of chess is called xahifek in Mirad.

The chess pieces (xahifek gouni) are as follows:

Chess Piece Names

MIRAD	ENGLISH	IMAGE
edweb	king
edeyb	queen
efyaxeb	bishop
apetaput	knight
tamaz	rook
melyexut	pawn

Some chess terms:

• to checkmate....xahtojber
• Check!....Xah!
• Checkmate!....xahtoj!
• chess board....xahifek seym, xahifek drof
• to move a piece....paxer goun
• to capture a piece....pixler goun
• chess clock....xahifek jwobar
• chess set....xahifek gounyan
• chess tournament....xahifekanyan
• chess player....xehifekut
• my turn....ata nayb
• score....aoksag
• world champion....miraklut

Botanical Nomenclature

The plant world is a mighty big place and the names of all those flowers, fruits, vegetables, plants, etc. are very difficult to put into a rational naming scheme any better that the existing one using Latin appelations classified into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species. This botanical world in Mirad, much like the system for coding the zoological world, is coded by a system of syllables that relate to the Linnaean taxonomy.

Base Names

So, in Mirad, botanical organism names have at their base the following words:

• fab....trees

• feb....fruits and nuts

• fayb....vines and shrubs

• feyb....berries

• vob....crops
• vol....vegetables
• veel....legumes and beans
• vos....flowers

Specific Names

To create more specific names, syllables derived from the Greco-Latin Linnaean Taxonomy, spelled to conform to Mirad pronuncation, are prefixed left-to-right onto one of the above base categories, with the left-most syllable representing the most specific taxon. So, for example, pine tree is rendered as pifab. The pi prefix is the first syllable of the family of pine trees Pinaceae. The fab ending applies to all trees. To specify other trees in this family, other syllables are prepended, eg. cedar tree is cepifab from Pianaceae Cedrus. A cedar of Lebanon is licepifab from the more specific Pinaceae Cedrus libani.

By constructing botanical terms this way, all pine trees can be listed by searching for all names ending in pifab.

Basic Botanical Terms

fob....plant	vob....crop	vol....vegetable	vos....flower
fab....tree fayeb....leaf faob....wood fayob....bark	vab....grass vayob....peel
feb....fruit/nut	veb....ear/tuft veeb....seed veeyb....grain	veel....legume
fib....trunk	vib....stem
fub....branch	vub....blade vulob....thorn
fyob....root	vyob....tuber

Product Names

Products derived from plants are formed with the following words:

• -fel....juice
• -feel....-ade
• -feyl....juice
• -fil....alcoholic drink
• -fyel....oil/jam/syrup
• -fyeyl....jelly
• -fol....grounds/powder
• -fayel....leaf juice

Individual derivations of these base words are formed exactly as the names of animals in the section Zoological Nomenclature. For example, an apple is from the Rosaceae family of trees, the genus being Malus. So the word for apple becomes marofeb. Apple tree is marofab and apple juice is marofel. Thus, apple cider is marofil.

Crops

Crops are grassy plants that humans cultivate for clothing, food, medicine, or other social needs. Individual crop names are formed by prefixing the base vob with taxonomic syllables.

The base words of this group are:

• -vob....crop
• -vab....grass
• -vayeb....leaf
• -veb....ear, cob, head, spike, tuft
• -veeb....seed, germ
• -veel....bean, legume
• -veeyb....grain, kernel, pip
• -vib....stem
• -vub....blade, sprig, twig
• -vyob....tuber
• -vel....edible product
• -vil....drinkable product, beer
• -vyel....syrup
• -vol....vegetable

From the above base words are derived these products, among others:

• sakol....sugar < sakvob....sugarcane
• povel....bread < povob....cereal
• zepovyel....corn syrup, corn oil < zepovob....corn
• zepovil....whiskey, bourbon
• sepovil....rye whiskey < zepovob....rye
• povil....beer
• epovil....ale
• avpovob mekil....oatmeal < avpovob....oat
• orpovob zyiglal....rice cake < orpovob....rice
• mekuvol....melon

Vegetables and Legumes

Vegetables are crops grown by human for food. Individual vegetable names are formed by prefixing the base vol (vegetable) or veel (legume, bean) with classifier syllables derived from the international Linnean Taxonomy. Vegetables can consist of bulbs, flowers, fruits, fungi, leaves, roots, seeds, legumes, beans, or stalks.

Vegetables

EDIBLE CROP	TAXONOMY
LEGUMES: EDIBLE SEEDS
faveel....bean	Fabaceae Phaseolus vulgaris
lensfaveel....lentil	Fabaceae Lens culinaris
glifaveel....soybeen	Fabaceae Glycine max
vigfaveel....black-eyed pea	Fabaceae Faseolus vigna unguiculata
VEGETABLES: BERRIES/FRUITS
lisovol....tomato	Solanaceae Solanum lycopersicum
mesovol....eggplant	Solanaceae Solanum melongena
perlawvol....avocado	Lauraceae Persea americana
sakuvol....cucumber	Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sativus
cinasvol....artichoke	Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus
akapsovol....chili pepper	Solanaceae Capsicum annuum
abmalvol....okra	Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus
BULBS
amalvol....leek	Allium ampeloprasum
cepalvol....onion	Allium cepa
alkalvol....shallot	Alium ascalonicum
satalvol....garlic	Allium sativum
zinvol....ginger	Zingiberaceae Zingiber officinale
skoynalvol....chive	Allium Schoenoprasum
foynapvol....fennel	Apiaceae Phoenix dactylifera
MELONS/GOURDS
kuvol....squash, gourd	Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita
makuvol....pumpkin	Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita maxima
mekuvol....melon, honeydew, cantaloupe	Cucurbitaceae Cucumis melon
cikuvol....watermelon	Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus
pekuvol....zucchini	Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita pepo
TUBERS/ROOT VEGETABLES
tusovol....potato	Solanaceae Solanum tuberosum
betamvol....beet, beetroot	Amaranthaceae Beta vulgaris
rafbravol....radish	Brassicaceae Raphanus raphanistrum sativus
kadawapvol....carrot	Apiaceae Daucus carota
nabravol....turnip	Brassica napus
cinasvol....artichoke	Asteraceae Cynara cardunculus
pasavol....parsnip	Apiaceae Pastinaca sativa
kolaravol....taro	Araceae Colocasia esculenta
divol....yam	Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea
LEAFY/FLOWERING VEGETABLES
bravol....cabbage	Brassicaceae
botrolbravol'....cauliflower	Brassica oleracea botrytis
gemolbravol....Brussels sprouts	Brassica oleracea gemmifera
valkavol....corn salad, lamb's lettuce	Caprifocilaceae Valerianella locusta
lakasvol....lettuce	Asteraceae Lactuta sative
spinamvol....spinach	Amaranthaceae Spinancia oleracea
rupolivol....sorrel	Polygonaceae Rumex acetosa
tarasvol....mustard greens	Asteraceae Taraxacum officinale
itolbravol....broccoli	Brassica Oleracea italica
abmalvol....okra	Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus
petapvol....parsley	Apiaceae Petroselinum crispum
basoclamvol....basil	Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum
orlamvol....thyme	Lamiaceae Origanum vulgare
encivol....chicory, endive	Cichorium endivia
nasbravol....watercress	Brassicaceae Nasturtium officinale
korapvol....coriander	Apiaceae Coridandrum sativum
STALKS
aspavol....asparagus	Asparagaceae Asparagus officinalis
gravapvol....celery	Apiaceae Apium graveolens
rewmpolivol....rhubarb	Polygonaceae Rheum hybridum
kurzinvol....turmeric	Zingiberaceae Curcuma longa
kokarvol....heart of palm, swamp cabbage	Arecaceae Cocos
cimpovol....lemongrass	Poaceae Cymbopogon

Common Flower Names

Flower Parts

Flower names are built on the base name vos, meaning flower. First, here is a list of flower parts:

Flower Parts

Flower Parts
vos....flower
vosayob....sepal
vosayeb....petal
vosib....receptacle
veeybpexus....stigma
vosij....bud, flower bud
tooygon....pistil
veeybyan....pollen
twoogon....stamen
twoogonyif....filament
veeybyem....anther
vosyob....peduncle

Flower Names

Common flower names are generated by prefixing classifying syllables to the base vos that reflect the Linnaean taxonomic specification. Here are some examples:

sompavos....opium poppy (Papaver somniferum)

magvos....magnolia (Magnoliaceae Magnolia)

orvos....orchid (Orchidaceae Orchis)

krokirvos....crocus (Iridaceae Crocus)

For a fuller list, see the section Flower Words.

Computer Terminology

This section will be ever-changing as new technology emerges.

Computerese

MIRAD	ENGLISH
agna saibyan syaagir	mainframe computer
absem syaagir	desktop computer
agbanak	byte
ajnexer	to archive
amloagbanak	megabyte
anay dyewa tax	read-only memory, ROM
aota syaagir	personal computer
aottuunyan	profile
aoyebmeyp	port
apaxler	to swipe
aroagbanak	kilobyte
baler buxnuf	to press/hit a key
banak	bit
agdresin kyoxea buxnuf	caps lock key
buxnuf	key
buxnufsemes	keyboard
buxnufseym	keypad
izeaxus	cursor
byuxseym	touchpad
datier	to friend
dodrer ebdras	to post a message
dota zeyn	social medium
ebdrer	to text
dreun	document
dreuzyufer	to scroll, pan
droer naab	to delete a file
drou buxnuf	delete key
drur	printer
drurer naab	to print out a file
drurer	to print out
druru buxnuf	print screen key
drurun	a printout
dunexlar	word processor
dyezier	to take a movie
ebdayler	to chat
ebdaylim	chatroom
emojin	emoji
ex buxnuf	function key
exen vyaab	operating system
extuundras	program, application
extuundrasog	app
extuundrasyan	software
extuundrer	to program
fuk	bug
fukaya	buggy
fukoyxer	to debug
garalyoagbanak	petabyte
gelxer naab	to copy a file
googler	to google
gyia kyos yebiar	solid state drive, SSD
gyia zyiun yebiar	cd drive
haydren dyun	login name
haydrer bay tuyubbal	to log in with one's fingerprint
haydrer	to log in
hoydrer	to log out
huisteaxar	browser
kyeteaxer	to browse
hyux buxnuf	alt key
iber naab	to receive a file
ila mez sinuar, IMS	liquid crystal display, LDC
izbex buxnuf	control key
izbexdrof	motherboard
kliker ab	click on
kodun	password
gawdyunxer naab	to rename a file
kyax buxnuf	shift key
kyea yempuen tax	random access memory, RAM
kyisier naab	to download a file
kyisuer naab	to upload a file
kyiunxar	charger
kyiunxer	to charge
lodatier	to unfriend
makebdren	email
makedrer	to email
man-oyebubea enmep sinuar, MOES	LED
mansin dyes	photo album
mis	window
naab	file
naedzyun	trackball
nagonxar	modem
neaf mansiniar	web camera
nexer naab	to save a file
num yibdalir	cellphone
belyafwa syaagir	laptop computer
oglagos	microchip
gwoteexar	microphone
omijber	to boot up
gawomijber	to reboot
paxer naab	to move a file
paxyafwa yibdalir	mobile phone
poxu zyumuf buxnuf	scroll lock key
sagbexu buxnuf	numlock key
sagseym	number pad
sam	console
saunapxer naab	to sort a file
semes syaagir	tablet computer
sindren semes	graphics tablet
sindrenyan exlen aun	graphics processing unit, GPU
sines	icon
sinuar	screen, display, monitor
syaager	to compute
syaagir	computer
syaagirdal	computerese
syaagirtun	computer science
syaagnyed	spreadsheet
taam mays	home screen
tampu buxnuf	home key
sirmul	hardware, physical matter
taxdrer	to record
taxmuf	memory stick
teataxdrer	to video
teataxdrun	video
tuunnabyan	database
tuyab izdar	mouse
uber naab	to send a file
uinig buxnuf	tab key
utmansin	selfie
yaybdreniv sindren dalzeyn (YSD)	HTML
yeber	to enter, insert
yebu buxnuf	enter key, return key, insert key
yiga zyiun yebiar	hard disk drive, HDD
yijber naab	to open a file
yujber naab	to close a file
makmepdrof	circuitboard
zea exlen aun	central processing unit, CPU
zoynigxu buxnuf	backspace key
zyiun yebiar	disk drive

Medical and Pharmaceutical Terminology

This is a vast field where the limited morpheme aggregate of Mirad cannot serve to translate all the technical vocabulary. It will, therefore, translate only very common words and leave the rest in Greco-Latin as do many natural languages.

Medical Diseases

Some common medical conditions can be readily be translated in Mirad using its existing set of morphemes, eg.

• balyoganbok....asthma (lit: shortness of breath illness)
• tiebbok....pneumonia (lit: lung illness)
• teibbok....rhinitis (lit: nose illness)
• tayibblok....neuropathy (lit: nerve suffering)
• tebbyoyk....headache (lit: head ache)
• teibzyegikanbok....osteoporosis (lit: bone porosity illness)

Pharmaceuticals

Medicines can be referred to by their trade names, some of which have been genericized.

• aspirin....aspirin
• Ibupropen....Ibupropen

Others can be translated by words indicating the purpose:

• bukpoyxol, bukkyuxlol....analgesic, painkiller (Lit: pain reliever)
• tikebilokxol....emetic (Lit: vomit-inducing-substance)

Less common drugs, and any drugs for that matter, can be referred to by the official International Nonproprietary Name (INN) (see Nonproprietary Names). For example, phenobarbital. In case a Greco-Roman name is used, the following pronunciation guide applies to Mirad:

INN names pronunciation

GRECO-ROMAN SPELLING	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
ch	k
ph	f
x	ks
y	i
qu	kw
rh	r
th	t
ae	ay
oe	oy
c before i, e, or y	c
c otherwise	k
final e	silent
double consonant	single consonant

Examples:

• acetaminophen....a-ce-ta-mi-no-FEN
• amphetamine....am-fe-ta-MIN
• trimethroprim....tri-me-tro-PRIM
• sulfamethoxazole....sul-fa-me-to-ksa-ZOL
• oxacillin....o-ksa-si-LIN

Mineral Nomenclature

General words:

muk....mineral

muz....ore

mug....metal

mez....crystal

meg....rock, stone

megog....pebble

meges....gravel

mel....soil

meil....mud

mek....dust

miek....sand

mev....porcelain

mef....brick

Common Crystals

The common crystals end in -mez and are listed here:

Names of Common Crystals

MIRAD	ENGLISH
mez	crystal
amez	diamond
emez	topaz
imez	ruby
umez	emerald
yomez	sapphire
yamez	lapis lazuli
yemez	amethyst
yimez	amber
yumez	topaz
alomez	opal
alamez	tourmaline
alemez	garnet
alimez	zirconia
alumez	jasper
alyomez	jade
alyamez	marganite
alyemez	quartz

Other Minerals

All other minerals end in -muk with a prefix related to the official 3-letter International Mineorological Association (IMA) symbol name (see The Wikipedia List of Mineral Symbols). The IMA name is substituted with lower-case Mirad alphabetic spellings. For example:

Some Mineral Names

ENGLISH	IMA SYMBOL	MIRAD SPELLINGS	MIRAD NAME
argyrodyte	Agy	a-ge-yu	ageyumuk
brochantyte	Bct	ba-ca-to	bacatomuk
chromite	Chr	ca-he-ro	caheromuk

There are some minerals having an IMA with a hyphenated suffix of one or two letters. In that case, the extra letters are added to the name (without the hyphen), eg.:

• Lemmleinite-K (Lem-k) is liemikomuk in Mirad.

Rock Classification

The naming of individual rock types is based on the [BGS Rock Classification Scheme ].

All rocks end in one of the following suffixes, depending on the main type:

• ameg....sedimentary rock
• emeg....igneous rock
• imag....metamorphic rock

The names for obscure rocks are taken from the BGS Rock Classification Scheme. The final e is dropped from names that end in yte or ite. For example, trachydacite in the scheme becomes trachydacit in Mirad. This word is then followed by one of the rock types above (emeg igneous rock). So trachydacite becomes trachydacitemeg in Mirad. For obvious reason, all the thousands of rock names cannot be listed here or included in the Mirad dictionary.

The word meg rock has some common derivatives:

• megag....boulder
• meg....stone
• megog....pebble
• meges....gravel
• megyel....cement, asphalt, bitumen

• megyelyig....concrete

• megil....lava
• meggos....crag
• megyig....flintstone, basalt
• meag....marble
• meeg....slate
• meig....granite
• meug....clay, dough
• meyog....china
• meyag....chalk

• meyaz....pastel
• meyayg....calcite

• meyeg....limestone, sediment
• meyig....alabaster
• meyug....gypsum
• mealog....sandstone, stoneware
• mameg....coal

• eymameg....coke
• maameg....anthracite
• maemeg....peat
• maimeg....lignite

Related are:

• mek....dust

• mekes....grit
• mekil....grout
• meyk....grit

• myek....powder
• miek....sand
• mieg....coral
• mel....dirt
• muk....mineral
• meil....mud
• mez....crystal

• meyz....spar
• meyzag....feldspar

• muz....ore
• memol....alkali
• mimol....salt
• mef....brick

Measurements

Mirad uses the International System of Units (SI)) for rendering measurement units. These symbols are pronounced as if you were spelling each letter out (see Mirad_Grammar/Alphabet. Bear in mind that majuscules (uppercase letters are prefaced with the word ag- (big). Similarly, Greek letters are spelled with the Greek names (alpha, gamma, etc.) preceded with the word ag- if majuscule (aggamma for γ) The Mirad equivalent of the SI symbol for ohm (Ω) is agomega. All metric units end in the word nak.

SI Base Units

SI base units

ENGLISH UNIT NAME	SYMBOLIC ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
second	s	time	sonak
meter	m	length	minak
kilogram	kg	mass	kigenak
ampere	A	electric current	aganak
kelvin	K	thermodynamic temperature	agkinak
Mole	mol	amount of substance	miolinak
candela	cd	luminous intensity	cadanak

SI Derived Units

Here are SI derived units with special names and symbols:

SI derived units with special names and symbols

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
radian	rad	plane angle	roadanak
steradian	sr	solid angle	soronak
hertz	Hz	frequency	aghezunak
newton	N	force, weight	agninak
pascal	Pa	pressure, stress	agpoanak
joule	J	energy	agjinak
watt	W	power	agwunak
coulomb	C	electric charge	agcanak
volt	V	electrical potential difference	agvunak
farad	F	capacitance	agfenak
ohm	Ω	electrical resistance	agomeganak
Siemens	S	electrical conductance	agsonak
Weber	Wb	magnetic flux	agwubanak
tesla	T	magnetic flux density	agtonak
henry	H	inductance	aghenak
degree Celsius	°C	temperature	nogagcanak
lumen	lm	luminous flux	liminak
lux	lx	illuminance	lixunak
becquerel	Bq	radioactivity	agbakonak
gray	Gy	absorbed dose (of ionizing radiation)	aggeyunak
sievert	Sv	equivalent dose (of ionizing radiation)	agsovunak
katal	kat	catalytic activity	kiatonak
byte	B	8 bits of information	agbanak
bit	b	one bit of information	banak

Also, here are some non-SI units that are very convenient and acceptable:

Convenient Non-SI Units

Convenient non-SI units

ENGLISH NAME	SYMBOLIC WRITTEN ABBREVIATION	QUANTITY UNIT	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
litre	L	volume	aglinak
hectare	ha	area	heabak
ton	t	area	tonak
decibel	dB	loudness	daagbanak

Metrical Formulae

The following chart shows how in Mirad to pronounce coherent derived unit formulae in terms of base units. Note that the backslash means per or divided by and is pronounced gol. The symbol x means times and is pronounced gal. The superscript number is a power and is pronounced gar plus the number (with -wa, if a unit number). The negative superscript number is pronounced gor plus the number (again, with -wa if a unit number). See Arithmetical Expressions for further information on these terms.

Examples of coherent derived units in terms of base units

NAME	SYMBOLIC FORMULA	DERIVED QUANTITY	TYPICAL SYMBOL	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
square meter	m2	area	A	mi-gar-ewa
cubic meter	m3	volume	V	mi-gar-iwa
meter per second	m/s	speed, velocity	v	mi-gol-so
meter per second squared	m/s2	acceleration	a	mi-gol-so-gar-ewa
reciprocal meter	m−1	wavenumber	σ, ṽ	mi-gor-awa
		vergence (optics)	V, 1/f
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3	density	ρ	kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
kilogram per square meter	kg/m2	surface density	ρA	kige-gol-mi-gar-ewa
cubic meter per kilogram	m3/kg	specific volume	v	mi-gar-iwa-gol-kige
ampere per square meter	A/m2	current density	j	aga-gol-mi-gar-ewa
ampere per meter	A/m	magnetic field strength	H	aga-gol-mi
mole per cubic meter	mol/m3	concentration	c	mioli-gol-mi-gar-iwa
kilogram per cubic meter	kg/m3	mass concentration	ρ, γ	kige-gol-mi-gar-iwa
candela per square meter	cd/m2	luminance	Lv	cada-gol-mi-gar-ewa

Metric Micro and Macro Prefixes

The SI has a whole list of prefixes that act as multipliers (macro) or dividers (micro) of the above and other measurement units. For example, a kilometer is a meter times a 1,000 (macro unit), whereas a millimeter is a meter divided by a 1,000 (micro unit). The SI symbol for b (byte) is pronounced ba in Mirad. A terabyte ( Tb) is therefore pronounced ag-to-ba, which This amounts 10¹² bytes. Here is a table showing the Mirad macro and micro prefixes:

Scalar Metrics

MACRO				MICRO
BASE 10	US/UK NAME	MIRAD PREFIX SI PREFIX MIRAD PRON.	SI SYMBOL	BASE 10	(US/UK NAME)	MIRAD PREFIX SI PREFIX	SI SYMBOL MIRAD PRON.
1	one	an- ... mono-, uni-		1/1	whole	ayn- holo-, uni-
2	two	en- bi-		1/2	half	eyn- demi-, di-
3	three	in- tri-		1/3	third	iyn- terci-
4	four	un- tetra-		1/4	fourth	uyn- quadri-
5	five	yoon- penta-		1/5	fifth	yoyn quinti-
6	six	yaon- hexa-		1/6	sixth	yayn sexti-
7	seven	yen- hepta-		1/7	seventh	yeyn septi-
8	eight	yin octo-		1/8	eighth	yiyn octi-
9	nine	yun nona-		1/9	ninth	yuyn novi-
10	ten	alo- deca-	da da-a-	1/10	tenth	aloy- deci-	d da-
102	hundred	aso- hexa-	h hi-	10-2	hundredth	asoy- centi-	c ca-
103	thousand	amso- kilo-	k ki-	10-3	thousandth)	amsoy- milli-	m mi-
106	million	amlo- mega-	M agmi-	10-6	millionth	amloy- micro-	r ro-
109	billion /milliard	amro- giga-	G agge-	10-9	billionth/ milliardth	amroy- nano-	n ni-
1012	trillion /billion	garale- tera-	T agto-	10-12	trillionth / billionth)	gorale- pico-	p po-
1015	quadrillion)/ billiard	garalyo- peta-	P agpo-	10-15	quadrillionth) / billiardth	goralyo- femto-	f fe-
1018	quintillion / trillion	garalyu- exa-	E age-	10-18	quintillionth)/ trillionth	goralyu atto-	a a-
1021	sextillion)/ trilliard	garela- zetta-	Z agzu-	10-21	sextillionth / trilliardth	gorela zepto-	z zu-
1024	septillion)/ quadrillion	garelu- yotta-	Y agyu	10-27	septillionth / quadrillionth	gorelu yocto-	y yu-

*Note: The gar (to a plus power) and gor (to a minus power) forms are alternatives for the numeric prefixes beyond 100. For example, billion (10⁹) could be expressed as garyu-(ten) to the 9th power, while billionth could be expressed by goryu ((ten) to the minus 9th power). The prefix garya- is composed of the positive exponential operator gar (to the power of), followed by the number 6. The prefix gorale- is composed of the negative exponential operator gor (to the root of), followed by the number 12.

Abbreviated Symbols

The macro and micro values can also be represented with abbreviated symbols, which can be pronounced in Mirad as spelled out alphabetics. Upper case equivalents are preceded with ag-. Here is a table showing grams:

Kg Metrics With Abbreviated Symbols

MACRO		MICRO
SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION	SYMBOL (EXPANSION)	MIRAD PRONUNCIATION
dag (decagram)	daage	(decigram)	dage
hg (hexagram)	hege	cg (centigram)	cage
kg (kilogram)	koge	mg (milligram)	mige
Mg (megagram)	agmige	rg or μg (microgram)	roge or muge
Gg (gigagram)	aggege	ng (nanogram)	nige
Tg (teragram)	agtoge	pg (picagram)	poge
Pg ( petagram)	agpoge	fg (femtogram)	fege
Eg (exagram)	agege	ag (attogram)	age
Zg (zettagram)	agzege	zg (zeptogram)	zege
Yg (yottagram)	agyuge	yg (yoctogram)	yuge

The squared and cubed representations of the above are followed by gar ewa (squared) and gar iwa (cubed), respectively:

• 10 kg2....(pronounced as:) alo koge gar ewa
• 12 mm3....(pronounced as:) ale mimi gar iwa

Trigonometric Nomenclature

This table shows trigonometry functions and their equivalents in Mirad. The function symbols are translated into Mirad by a succession of the pronounced Mirad values of the function abbreviation followed by -naz (value).

Trigonometry Functions

Function (Symbol)	Mirad Technical Name	Mirad Ordinary Name
sine (sin)	soini-naz	uznaz
cosine (cos)	caoso-naz	yanuznaz
arccosine (arccos, cos-1) anticosine inverse cosine	arocacaoso-naz	ovuznaz
hyperbolic sine (sinh)	soinihe-naz	enuza uznaz
hyperbolic cosine (cosh)	caosohe-naz	enuza yanuznaz
secant (sec)	soeca-naz	golus naz
cosecant (csc)	casoca-naz	yangolus naz
arccosecant (arccsc)	arocacasoca-naz	enuza yangolus naz

Poetry Nomenclature

Mirad uses the nonsense syllables di and da to form various poetic meter words that usually are formed with Greek words in English. The syllable di represents an unstressed syllable in verse, while the syllable da denotes a stressed syllable. These are hyphenated and followed with a space and the word deup as a noun, which means meter or rhythm. The adjectival form of the word ends in deupa. Here are the most common poetic meters:

• di-da deupa.... iambic

• di-da yoonkyiba deup.... iambic pentameter

• di-di-da deupa.... anapestic
• di-da-da deupa.... bacchius
• da-da deupa.... spondaic
• da-da-da deupa.... molossus
• da-da-di deupa.... antibacchius
• da-di deupa.... tochaic

• da-di deup.... trochee, choree

• da-di-da deupa.... cretic, amphimacer
• da-di-di deupa.... dactylic
• da-di-di yaonkyiba deup.... dactylic hexameter
• da-di-di-da deupa.... amphibrachic

Other words representing elements of poetry are:

• drez....poetry, verse

• dreza....poetic
• drezyen....poesy
• drezyan....anthology (of poetry)
• drezut....poet

• drezuyt....poetess
• popdrezut....minstrel
• Vikinga drezut....skald
• dreuzut....bard

• odrez....prose
• vyasma drez....concrete verse
• tyoda drez....folk poetry
• inkyiba drez....trimeter
• unkyiba drez....tetrameter
• yoonkyiba drez....pentameter
• yaonkyiba drez....hexameter
• yenkyiba drez....heptameter
• yinkyiba drez....octameter
• ogelseuxwa drez....blank verse
• yiva drez....free verse
• drezun....poem

• deuzwa drezun....sung poem, lay
• dindrezun....ballad
• dizdrezun....limerick
• fiddrezun....ode
• fizdrezun....epic poem
• haikudrezun....haiku
• viysindrezun....idyll
• ifondrezun....love poem, romantic poem
• indrezun....terzain
• jodrezun....epode
• yindrezun....sistina
• klerihyudrezun....clerihew
• meimdrezun....pastoral
• melyexdrezun....georgic
• petnyanuta drezun....pastoral, eclogue
• popduzuta drezun....troubadour poem
• rondodrezun....rondeau, rondel, roundel
• seuz drezun....sound poem
• tadyandrezun....prothalamion, epithalamion
• tankadrezun....tanka
• taxdrezun....epitaph
• tuddrezun....nursery rhyme
• ulondrezun....sonnet
• ujdreznadeon....envoi
• undrezun....quatrain
• unnad drezun....tetrastich
• uvdrezun....elegy
• alyundrezun....villanelle
• virelaydrezun....virelai, virelay
• yizivtos drezun....rhapsody
• yoondrezun....quintain

• dreznad....line, -stich, verse

• eyndreznad...hemistich
• endreznad....couplet

• dreznadyan....stanza
• gelseux....rhyme

• gelseuxyen....rhyme scheme
• dunija gelseuxen....alliteration

• seuxzoyxen....assonance
• geyldyan....simile
• yiztyun....metaphor
• yanseuzan....consonance
• deup....rhythm, beat, metrical foot, meter
• kyib....stress
• seuz....tone

Forming Adjectives

You can form an adjective by adding the suffix a to a substantive, adverb, or preposition. By substantive is meant a noun, pronoun, or gerund. Any of these can be adjectivized.

Examples:

Deriving Adjectives

NOUN	ADJECTIVE
taam....home	taama....domestic
doob....nation	dooba....national
tej....life	teja....vital
tyoyapyaf....ability to walk	tyoyapyafa....ambulatory
martun....astronomy	martuna....astronomical
PRONOUN	ADJECTIVE
at....I, me	ata....my
eut....yourself	euta....your own
hiyen....this kind	hiyena....this kind of
duhot?....who?	duhota?....whose?
GERUND	ADJECTIVE
ifeken....recreation	ifekena....recreational
VERB FORM	ADJECTIVE (= PARTICIPLE)
teje....(he) lives	tejea....living
tojo....will die	tojoa....moribund, about to die
tojbu....would kill	tojbua....lethal
twa....was known	twaa....known (usu. shortened to twa)

Adjectival Suffixes

Various types of adjectives can be created with adjectival suffixes beyond just a.

Examples:

Deriving Other Adjectives

SUFFIX	MEANING	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
-ava	pro-, for
		Usom U.S.	Usomava pro-U.S.
		yuvrin slavery	yuvrinava pro-slavery
-ova	anti-, against
		dobvyabyan constitution	dovyabyanova anti-constitutional
		dot society	dotova anti-social
-aya	full of, having, -ous, -ful, -ly
		volz color	volzaya colorful
		futax resentment	futaxaya resentful
		tiibil blood	tiibilaya bloody
		yiflan courage	yiflanaya courageous
-oya	bereft of, -less, un-
		volz color	volzoya colorless, pale
		tajyaf talent	tajyafoya untalented
-ika	full of, -ous, -ful, -y
		map wind	mapika windy
-uka	bereft of, without, -less
		nas money	nasuka broke, penniless
-yena	-like, -ous, -ly, -y, -ish, -ic, -al
		tudet child	tudetyena childish, infantile
		tot god	totyena divine, godly
		pit fish	pityena fish-like, fishy
-wa or -awa	-ed, past passive participle (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
		t- know	twa known
		dal- speak	dalwa spoken, oral
		nixbu- sell	nixbuwa sold
		dr- write	drawa written
-ea	-ing (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
		ot- not know	otea ignorant
		tej- live	tejea living, alive
		tuj- die	tujea dying
-yea	-ive, prone to Xing, given to X (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	PRESENT ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
		tujb- kill	tujbyea murderous
		tex- think	texyea pensive, thoughtful
		tox- forget	toxyea forgetful
		axl- act	axlyea active
-uwa	-able, apt to be Xed (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	POTENTIAL PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
		ex- operate	exuwa operable
		tos feel	tosuwa palpable
		tex- think	texuwa conceivable
		tel- eat	teluwa edible
-yafa	-able, capable of Xing (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat- see	teatyafa sightful, able to see
		dyed- read	dyedyafa literate
-yafwa	-able, possible to be Xed (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat- see	teatyafwa visible
		tax- remember	taxyafwa memorable
		teet- hear	teetyafwa audible
		tel- eat	telyafwa edible
-yofa	incapable of Xing (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	NEGATIVE POTENTIAL SUBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat- see	teatyofa blind
		tyoyap- walk	tyoyapyofa lame
		teet- hear	teetyofa deaf
		dal- speak	dalyofa dumb, incapable of speaking
-yofwa	un-X-able (added to verb stem)	VERB STEM	NEGATIVE POTENTIAL OBJECT-ORIENTED
		teat- see	teatyofwa invisible
		teet- hear	teetyofa inaudible
		tox- forget	toxyofa unforgetable
		dal- speak	dalyofa unspeakable
-ifa	fond of, -phile	NOUN STEM	ADJECTIVE
		pot animal	potifa pet-friendly
		hyitoob- same-gender	hyitoobifa homophile
		tobot child	tobotifa pedophile
		fitel food	fitelifa gourmand
		doob nation	doobifa patriotic
-ifwa	loved by	NOUN STEM	ADJECTIVE
		tyod people	tyodifwa popular
-ufa	adverse to, hating, miso-, -phobic	NOUN STEM	ADJECTIVE
		tob human	tobufa misanthropic
		hyut- other person	hyutufa xenophobic
		toyb- woman	toybufa misogynist
-ef(w)a	needful of, (necessary to be X-ed)	NOUN OR VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		til drink	tilefa thirsty
		tel food	telefa hungry
		nas money	nasefa poor, needy
		yelb- to oil	yelbefwa squeaky, in need of oil
-yef(w)a	worthy of, due to be (deserving of being X-ed)	NOUN OR VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		fid praise	fidyefa praiseworthy
		dud answer	dudyefa responsible
		tax- remember	taxyefwa memorable
-yuk(w)a	easy to, (easily X-ed)	VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		vatex- believe	vatexyuka gullible
		vatex- believe	vatexyukwa incredible, hard to believe
-yik(w)a	hard to, (hard of X-ing)	VERB STEM	ADJECTIVE
		teat- see	teatyikwa opaque
		teet- hear	teetyika hard of hearing

Adjectival Prefixes

Negating the Meaning of Adjectives

The semantics of an adjective can be reversed with the prefix o-.

Examples:

• vlea....probable → ovlea....improbable
• fika....perfect → ofika....imperfect
• twa....known → otwa....unknown
• bosa....quiet → obosa....upset, unquiet

Note: Occasionally, the prefix lo- is used to avoid ambiguity, as in the following case:

• fwa....wanted
• → ofwa....prohibited < ofer....to prohibit
• → yofwa....impossible < yofer....to be unable
• → lofwa....unwanted < fer....to want (disambiguated)

The prefixes lyo- and ov are more intense for reversing the meaning of an adjective:

• data....friendly
• odata....unfriendly
• ovdata....hostile
• lyodata....inimical

• dota....social
• odota....unsocial
• ovdota....antisocial
• lyodota....savage

Table of Adjective Prefixes

As in English, where the sense of adjectives can be altered by a number of prefixes of Germanic, Latin, and Greek origin, the sense of adjectives in Mirad can also be altered with prefixes. Here are the principal ones:

Altering the Sense of Adjectives with Prefixes
Click on double arrow to alphabetize the column

MIRAD PREFIX	ENGLISH PREFIX	ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES
o-	un-, a(n)-, in-, non-	obaka....unhealthy oyezyebeya....incontinent, oyelpea....non-invasive ototina....atheist
ov-	anti-, counter-	ovzuina....anti-leftist oviztida....counter-intuitive
av-	pro-	avhyitoosifa....pro-gay
kovyo-	pseudo-	kovyotepina....pseudo-intellectual
hya(s)-	all-, pan-, omni-	hyastea....all-knowing, omniscient
voy-, gal-	re-	voyupya....returned galabwa....reapplied
vyo-	mis-	vyoseudxwa....mispronounced
eyn-	semi-, half-	eynlevelaya....semi-sweet eyntija....half-awake
yiz-	ultra-, super-	yizdoobina....ultra-nationalist yizmola....supernatural
gro-	under-, hypo-	grojaga....under-aged
gra-	over-, hyper-, uber-	graagxwa....overgrown gratoseya....hypersensitive
gla-	multi-, many-, poly-	glakuma....multilateral glatadaya....polygamous
fu-	mal-, ill-	futeyenxwa....ill-conceived fusanxwa....malformed
fi-	well-	fitofabwa....well-dressed
yuyb-	quasi-, almost	yuybdaba....quasi-governmental
ja-	pre-, (a)fore-, pro-	jateyenxwa....pre-conceived jaigdawa....aformentioned
jo-	post-	jodropeka....post-war
oyeb-	extra-, exo-,	oyebtada....extra-marital
yeb-	endo-	yebtayoba....endo-dermal
agl(a)-	macro-	aglamora....macrocosmic
ogl(a)-	micro-	oglamora....microcosmic
ut-	auto-, self-, sui-	utpana....automatic uttojbua....suicidal
hyaewa-	ambi-	hyaewatesea....ambivalent
en-	bi-	entoobifa....bisexual
yuz-	circum-	yuzteaxea....circumspect
gel-	homo-	gelsauna....homogeneous
ogel-	hetero-	ogelsauna....heterogeneous
oyb-	infra-, sub-	oybivoza....infrared
ge-	iso-, equi-	gevoza....isochromatic
agr(a)-	mega-	agratipa....megamaniacal
ku-	para-	kuega....paranormal
yuyb-	quasi-, almost, pen-	yuybdobyena....quasi-official
yib-	tele-, far-	yibpyuxea....far-reaching
zey-	trans-, cross-	zeymimaga....transoceanic
aaj-	paleo-	aajtoba....paleoloanthropic
eej-	neo-	eejvisauna....neoclassical
yibaj-	arch(a)eo-, ancient	yibajtuna....archaeological
yeb-	endo-, inner, intro-	yebzena....endocentric yebuzbwa....introverted
oyeb-	exo-, outer, ex-, extr(a/o)-	oyebzena....exocentric oyebuzbwa....extroverted
yab(an)-	high-, up	yabnoga....upscale yabnayxa....high-priced
yaban-	acro-	yabanyufa....acrophobic
yob-	low-, down-	yobnoga....low-grade, down-scale

English and Mirad Adjectival Suffix Comparison

Here is a chart showing a comparison between English adjectival suffixes and their Mirad counterparts:

English and Mirad Adjectival Suffixes Compared

ENGLISH SUFFIX	MEANING	MIRAD SUFFIX	ALTERED ADJECTIVE EXAMPLES
-ful	full of	-aya -ika	vozaya....colorful tuzika....skillful
-ous	full of	-aya -ika	nazika....precious milaya....aqueous
-filled	full of	-aya -ika	movika / movaya....smoke-filled
-y	full of	-aya -ika	movika / movaya....smoky
-ous	of like	-a	totina....religious vyosa....erroneous
-ly	like	-yena	totyena....godly toybyena....womanly
-like	like	-yena	patyena....bird-like
-ish	like	-yena	tobotyena....childish
-y	like	-yena	fyabyena....fruity
-ic	like	-yena	tuzyena....artistic silyena....acidic
-ic	of related to	-a	tuna....scientific beka....therapeutic
-ical	of related to	-a	zyunida....spherical iztexa....logical
-ological	pertaining to the study of	-tuna	tejtuna....biological
-ist(ic)	pertaining to the doctrine of	-ina	doparina....militarist(ic) nasyanina....capitalist(ic)
-ophobic (and miso- prefix)	hating fearful of	-ufa	yudatufa....xenophonic tobyanufa....misanthropic
-ophilic (and philo- prefix)	loving	-ifa	tobotifa....pedophilic tobifa....philanthropic
-al	like	-yena	pyotyena....bestial
-al	of pertaining to	-a	teja....vital amana....thermal
-less	without empty of	-oya -uka	tejuka....lifeless tobotoya....childless
-free	without empty of	-oya -uka	yomuka....ice-free vyosoya....error-free
-safe -proof	free not subject to	-vaka	milvaka....waterproof

Forming Adverbs

Adjectives can be converted into adverbs by post-y-gliding the adjectival suffix a, in other words, by adding a y to the adjective. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Examples:

Deriving Adverbs

ADJECTIVE	ADVERB
fia....good	fiay....well
vyaa....true	vyaay....truly
gyua....easy	gyuay....easily
iga....quick	igay....quickly
auta....personal	autay....personally

For brevity's sake, the stem of monosyllabic de-adjectival adverbs can be used at the end of a clause or sentence. For example:

• It tyoyape ig.....He walks fast.
• Yit xa has fi.....They did it well.

Special Adverbs

Mirad has special adverbs that are not derived from adjectives and may or may not end in -ay.

Here are the principal such adverbs:

Special Adverbs

MIRAD	ENGLISH
vay	indeed, really, certainly, do (cf. va....yes)
vey	possibly, may, might (cf. ve....maybe)
voy	not (cf. vo....no)
ga	more (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
gay	also, moreover, further, still
ge	as, equally (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
gey	even
go	less (modifying an adjective, adverb, or verb)
goy	no longer, no more
gla	very
glay	quite, rather, so
gle	so
glo	not very, not so
gra	too
gre	enough, sufficiently, over-
gro	not...enough, inadequately, under-
gwa	most, super-
gwe	average
gwo	least, sub-
zay	ahead, forward
zey	across
zoy	back
zye	through
zya	throughout

The first three adverbs in the above chart are used to affirm or emphasize, cast doubt on, or negate verb predicates as in the examples that follow:

• AFFIRMATIVE: Va, at vay se taduwa.....Yes, I am indeed married.
• DUBITIVE: Iyta dud se vey vyosa.....Her response is possibly wrong.
• NEGATIVE: At voy se eta yuxrut.....I am not your slave.

The adverbs above beginning with g are quantitative adverbs and modify an adjective, verb, or another adverb:

• Et se gla via.....You are very beautiful [=ADJECTIVE].
• Et peya gra ig.....You were going too fast [=ADVERB].
• It gra dale.....He talks [=VERB] too much.

Other special adverbs, which do not end in -ay, include the following, which can all be used in multi-word prepositions:

Adverbs Used in Prepositional Phrases

SPECIAL ADVERB	EXAMPLES
yab....up	Ha pat papa yab bu ha mam.....The bird flew up to the sky.
yob....down	Teaxu yob bu ha mel.....Look down to the ground.
yub....near	Besu yub bi ha mas.....Stay near the wall.
yib....far	Ha tobi igpia yib bi ha yovbyokam.....The people ran far from the prison.
yeb....in, inward, inside	Kyedu hat hu ogja tyoyapa yeb buha tam!....Guess who just walked into the house!
oyeb....out, outside	It tyoyapa oyeb zye bi ha zames.....He walked out through the front door.
yuz....around	Yit daza yuz bi yat.....They danced around us.
yiz....beyond	Et yefe teaxer yiz bi hia tistam av yux.....You must look beyond this school for help.
iz....directly, straight	Pu iz bu hat.....Go right up to him.
zi....right	Uzpu zi ub yat!....Turn right toward us!
zu....left	Hat uzpa zu ib at.....He turned left away from me.
zay....forward	Pu zay bu ha uj.....Go on to the end.
zoy....back	Upu zoy bi hua nem.....Come back from that place.
zye....through	Yat buxo ha muyv zye bi ha dref.....We will push the pin through the paper.
yan....together	Van yat tyopu yan.....Let's walk together.
yon....apart	Ha meri kyapeye yon.....The planets are drifting apart.

Pro-adverbs

There are also adverbial expressions that are formed with deictic prefixes and categorical stubs to produce what are known as pro-adverbs. These include interrogative pro-adverbs like duhom? (where?), duhoyen? (how?), duhoj? (when?), duhogla (to what extent?), and their answers, such as hum (there), heyen (somehow), and hyoj (never), hugla (so, to that extent). These words are discussed under the chapter on Deictic Determiners.

Forming Verbs

Verbs can be formed from various parts of speech:

• Noun stems
• Adjective stems
• Verb stems

Forming Verbs from Nouns

Verbs can often be formed from nouns simply by adding the verb infinitive suffix er:

Denominal Verb Derivation

NOUN	VERB
syag....count	syager....to count
af....permission	afer....may, be allowed
teud....cry, shout	teuder....to cry, shout, exclaim
taj....birth	tajer....to be born
tej....life	tejer....to live
toj....death	tojer....to die
ej....present	ejer....to continue
ij....beginning	ijer....to begin
uj....end	ijer....to end
yuj....sleep	tujer....to sleep

Verb Formants

More often, an auxiliary verb or verb stub is used to create various verbs from nouns. The most common such verb formants are in this chart:

• -ser....to be/become usually intransitive and stative (unite = become one)
• -xer....to do/make usually transitive and dynamic (unite = make one)
• -per....to go usually intransitive and a dynamic verb of motion (mount = get onto)
• -ber....to put usually transitive and a verb of gesture (apply = put onto)
• -ier a stub from the verb to take, usually an action verb benefiting the agent (eat = take food)
• -uer a stub from the verb to give, usually an action verb benefiting the patient (feed = give food)
• -der....to say, a verb of communication (affirm = say yes)
• -ter....to know, verbs of the perception and knowledge (teater = see)

Some of the above formants can be intensified with the liquids l or r, eg.sler, -xler, -xrer, -bler, -prer.

Verb Derivation with Verb Formants

NOUN	AUXILIARY VERB OR VERB STUB FORMANT	VERB
yav....innocence	der....to say	yavder....to acquit
yov....shame, guilt	aber....to apply, put on	yovaber....to shame, accuse
yov....shame, guilt	ober....to remove, take off	yovober....to excuse, exculpate
tof....clothes	aber....to apply, put on	tofaber....to dress, don
tof....clothes	ober....to remove, take off	tofober....to undress, strip
det....associate	ser....to be, become	detser....to associate
dat....friend	xer....to do, make	datxer....to befriend
san....form	ser....to be, become	sanser....to form (intransitive)
san....form	xer....to do, make	sanxer....to form (transitive)
tel....food	(b)ier....to take	telier....to eat, consume
tel....food	(b)uer....to give	teluer....to feed, nourish
if....pleasure	(b)ier....to take	ifier....to enjoy
if....pleasure	(b)uer....to give	ifuer....to please
taj....birth	ber....to put	tajber....to give birth
tej....life	per....to go	tejper....to come alive
tej....life	ber....to put	tejber....to bring to life
toj....death	per....to go	tojper....to drop dead
toj....death	ber....to put	tojber....to kill
tij....wakefulness	per....to go	tijper....to wake up
tij....wakefulness	ber....to put	tijber....to awaken
tuj....sleep	per....to go	tujper....to fall asleep
tuj....sleep	ber....to put	tujber....to put to sleep
tax....memory	(b)ier....to take	taxier....to recall
tax....memory	(b)uer....to give	taxuer....to remind
yev....justice	der....to say, tell	yevder....to judge
vyan....truth	der....to say, tell	vyander....to tell the truth
vyon....falsehood	der....to say, tell	vyonder....to tell a lie
il....liquid	aker....to gain	ilaker....to take on liquid
il....liquid	oker....to lose	iloker....to leak, lose liquid
il....liquid	(b)ier....to take	ilier....to soak up
il....liquid	(b)uer....to give	iluer....to pour, water
il....liquid	ikser....to get full	ilikser....to be soaked (intransitive)
il....liquid	ikxer....to fill up	ilikxer....to flood, soak (transitive)
il....liquid	ukser....to become empty	ilukser....to drain (intransitive)
il....liquid	ukxer....to empty	ilukxer....to flush (transitive)
il....liquid	ser....to be, become	ilser....to liquify, melt (intransitive)
il....liquid	xer....to do, make	ilxer....to liquify, melt (transitive)
il....liquid	aber....to apply, put on	ilaber....to wash (transitive)
il....liquid	aper....to get on	ilaper....to float (intransitive)
il....liquid	per....to go	ilper....to flow (intransitive)
il....liquid	zyaber....to spread	ilzyaber....to spray, shower (transitive)
il....liquid	zyober....to squeeze	ilzyober....to squirt (transitive)
il....liquid	pyexer....to strike	ilpyexer....to splash (with liquid)
il....liquid	yujer....to close	ilyujer....to plug

Note that verbs ending in -ser and -ier are intransitive (they take no object), while those ending in -xer and -uer are transitive. Also, -ier verbs are inchoative, while -uer verbs are benefactive or causative (making someone do something).

Forming Verbs from Adjectives With -xer and -ser

The verbs that are formed from adjectives fall mainly into two groups, the transitive group with -xer....to do, make, cause, and the intransitive group with -ser....to be, become.

The following chart shows how these verbs are formed:

Forming Verbs with Xer and Ser

ADJECTIVE	TRANSITIVE VERB	INTRANSITIVE VERB
aza....strong	azaxer....fortify, strengthen, make strong	azaser....get strong
oza....week	ozaxer....weaken	ozaser....grow weaker
kyia....heavy	kyiaxer....weigh down	kyiaser....grow heavy
kyua....light	kyuaxer....lighten, make lighter	kyuaser....get lighter
yana....together	yanaxer....bring together	yanaser....get together

The final adjective ending a is often dropped to form a verb with a slightly different meaning, usually somewhat more idiomatic. In some cases, dropping the a makes it clear that the verb is created from a noun rather than an adjective, as in the last example of the following chart:

Comparing Full and Stub Adjectives in Verb Formation

ADJECTIVE	TRANSITIVE VERB	INTRANSITIVE VERB
aga....big	agaxer....magnify	agaser....get big
	agxer....grow	agxer....grow up, mature
iga....fast	igaxer....accelerate	igaser....speed up
	igxer....rush	igser....hurry up
baka....healthy	bakaxer....make healthy	bakaser....get healthy
	bakxer....heal	bakser....heal
sana....formal	sanaxer....formalize	sanaser....become formal
	sanxer....form, shape	sanser....form, take shape

Forming Verbs of Gesture and Motion with -ber and -per

Verbs of gesture are formed with the transitive auxiliary verb ber....to put, while parallel verbs of motion are formed with the intransitive auxiliary verb per....to go. These verbs are usually paired and are often built from a prepositional base. If the prepositional base ends in b, the b is dropped. Here are some examples:

Verb Derivation with Ber and Per

PREPOSITON BASE	TRANSITIVE GESTURE VERB	INTRANSITIVE MOTION VERB
ab....on	aber....apply, put on	aper....mount, get on
eb....between	eber....block	eper....intervene
ob....off	ober....remove, take off	oper....dismount, get off
ib....away	iber....receive	iper....leave
ub....toward	uber....send	uper....come
yab....up	yaber....raise	yaper....rise
yeb....in oyeb....out	yeber....insert oyeber....take out	yeper....enter oyeper....exit
yob....down	yober....lower	yoper....descend
yib....far	yiber....take away	yiper....move away
yub....near	yuber....bring	yuper....approach
za....front	zaber....put up front	zaper....take the lead
zay....forward	zayber....advance	zayper....advance, go forward
ze....middle	zeber....balance	zeper....balance
zey....across	zeyber....take across, transfer	zeyper....cross, go over, transit
zo....behind	zober....hinder	zoper....trail, lag
zoy....back	zoyber....set back, return	zoyper....retreat, go back, return
iz....straight	izber....guide	izper....aim for
uz....crooked	uzber....divert	uzper....turn, diverge
zu....left	zuber....set to the left	zuper.... go left
yiz....beyond	yizber....take beyond	yizper....pass by
yuz....around	yuzber....take around	yuzper....go around

More elaborate verbs of gesture and motion can be formed by adding positional/directional ordinal vowels along with combinations of ser and xer, plus the intensifiers y, l and r. In this more complex scheme, the stem-initial p is a more semantically intense version of b. Also the verb endings -sler and -srer and more intense versions of the intransitive ending -ser, while -xler and -xrer and more intense version of the transitve ending -xer. Verbs ending in -ler and -rer are transitive voice by nature, -rer being more semantically intense. Prepositions can be prefixed to change the direction of the gestures or motions.

Creating More Elaborate Verbs

GESTURE VERB		MOTION VERB
INTRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE	INTRANSITIVE	TRANSITIVE
--	ber....put beer....have beler....carry bexer....hold bexler....keep	per....go	--
baer....lean on	baler....press yanbaler....compress yobaler....depress, suppress yuzbaler....hug zoybaler....repress barer....crush	paer....hover
baser....gesticulate	baxer....make a gesture abaxer....caress, pat	paser....move	paxer....move
byaser....stand up	byaxer....set up, erect	pyaser....jump up	pyaxer....shoot, launch
basler....budge	baxler....rouse abaxler....stroke	paaser....get excited	paaxer....excite apaxler....sweep
basrer....shake	baxrer....shake abaxrer....rub		apaxrer....scrub
beser....stay	bexer....hold zoybexer....restrain yobexer....detain, hold down	peser....wait	pexer....trap pexler....capture pexrer....abduct
byeser....behave	byexer....hit	pyeser....run into, bump into	pyexer....strike, knock yonpyexer....break yopyexer....knock down epyexer....fight apyexer....attack ovpyexer....offend kunpyexer....sideswipe tuyapyexer....slap
besler....adhere	bexler....retain		pyexler....pound, beat apyexler....assault yonpexler....shatter, burst
		yanpyesrer....implode yonpyesler....explode	pyexler....blast, bomb
boser....calm down boyser....rest	boxer....quieten, quell	poser....stop poyser....pause	poxer....stop
byoser....hang	byoxer....hang	pyoser....fall yonpyoser....decay	pyoxer....drop, throw down yopyoxer....topple
biser....originate	bixer....pull yanbixer....contract yonbixer....distract yubixer....attract yibixer....distract oyebixer....extract yebixer....push in		pixer....catch
bisler....spring	bixler....yank bixrer....ravage		pixler....snatch pixrer....rape
buser....be destined	buxer....push, drive zyobuxer....squeeze yebuxer....expel abuxer....impose	apuser....assault	puxer....throw, thrust
byuser....bump into	byuxer....touch yanbyuxer....contact	pyuser....run into	pyuxer....crash
busler....swoop	buxler....shove	pusler....lunge, pounce	puxler....thrust zyapuxler....splatter

Yet more complex verbs can be generated by adding directional and positional prefixes to the above verbs. Let's just take the one verb baxer (and its intransitive partner baser) as our base verb and generate many others through prefixation of prepositional and other words as shown in the following chart:

Baxer Verbs

PREFIX	VERB
baxer....gesture, make a bodily motion
ab....on	abaxer....caress, pat, pet, stroke, rub
iz....straight	izbaxer....point
teb....head	tebaxer....nod
va....yes	vatebaxer....nod yes
vo....no	votebaxer....nod no
ve....maybe	vetebaxer....shrug
tuyab....hand	tuyabaxer....wave
tub....arm	tubaxer....flail, swing
teubab....tongue	teubabaxer....lick
teab....eye	teubaxer....wink
patub....wing	patubaxer....flap
tiyub....tail	tiyubaxer....wag
baser....gesticulate
ig-....fast	igbaser....jerk
zay....forward	igzaybaser....lurch
zoy....back	zoybaser....recoil
yob....down	yobaser....bow, bend down
ku-....side	kubaser....slide
ig-....fast	igkubaser....slip
iz....straight + uz....curved	uizbaser....sway, swagger, swish
zi....right + zu....left	zuibaser....wiggle, wobble, totter

Forming Frequentative Verbs

A frequentative verb, that is, one that involves an action done quickly multiple times in succession, can be formed by infixing the syllable eg- between the verb stem and verb ending. Here are some examples:

The -eg- Frequentative Infix

REGULAR VERB	FREQUENTATIVE VERB
paser....move	paseger....shake, shudder
pyaser....jump	pyaseger....bounce
paper....fly	papeger....flutter, flit
braser....shake	braseger....shudder, quiver, vibrate
teupixer....bite	teupixeger....nibble
ilzyaber....spray	ilzyabeger....sprinkle
pyexer....beat	pyexeger....batter, whip

Forming Hybrid Words

Expressions with alternating components like back-and-forth, up-and-down, etc. are formed in a peculiar, hybrid way. The following table shows this formation and how such words can be used, especially as prefixes on verbs:

Hybrid Words

ALTERNATING COMPONENTS	HYBRID EXPRESSION	EXAMPLES
yab....up + yob....down	yao(b)-....up-and-down	yaoper....fluctuate, yaopuser....bounce
a-....up, north, skyward + o-....down, south	ao-....vertical	aonada....vertical, aonab....column
za(y)....forth, north + zo(y)....back, south	zao(b)-....front-back/north-to-south	zaobaser....rock, zaomera....north/south
bu....to + bi....from	bui-....to-and-from	buipar....shuttle, buipop....round-trip
ab....on + ob....off	ao(b)-....on-and-off	aoper....get on and off
yuj-....closed + yij-....open	yuij-....open-and-shut	yuijbar....switch, igyuijer....blink
uj-....stop + ij-....start	uij-....stop-and-start	uijparpan....stop-and-go traffic
(a)yeb....in + oyeb....out	aoye(b)-....in-and-out	igaoyeper....run in-and-out
yub....near + yib....far	yui(b)-....near-and-far	yuipoper....travel near-and-far
ub....toward + ib....away	ui(b)-....toward-and-away	uipen....coming and going
hum....there + him....here	huim....here-and-there	huimkexer....search high-and-low (here-and-there)
hus....that + his....this	huis....this-and-that	huisyexer....do odd jobs, work at this-or-that
hyut....other person + hyit....same person	hyuit....one another	hyuitifer....love one another, hyuita....mutual, reciprocal

Here are some more examples:

More Hybrids

HYBRID WORD	ENGLISH GLOSS	ALTERNATING COMPONENTS
aogsen	fluctuation (in size)	ag- (big) + og- (little) + s- (become) + -en (-ing)
aonada	vertical	a- (up/north) + o- (down/south) + nad (line) + -a (adj.)
aopuys	hop-on-hop-off	a(p)- (on) + o(p)- (off) + puys- (hop)
buien	trading, swapping	bu- (give) + bi- (trake) + -en (-ing)
buip	traffic	bu- (to) + bi- (from) + p- (go)
buixar	spring	bux- (push) + bix (pull) + -ar (instrument)
buixek	tug-o-war	bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + ek (play)
buixnyem	drawer	bux- (push) + bix- (pull) + nyem (box)
byaosen	teetering, stumbling	byas- (stand) + byos- (fall) + -en (-ing)
diep	marine force	dip (sea force) + dep (land force)
duid	q&a, interview	dud (answer) + did (question)
eigpyexer	batter, whip	eg- (again) + ig- (fast) + pyexer (to hit)
gao	more-or-less	ga (more) + go (less)
glaojo	sooner or later	gla (very) + glo (slightly) + jo (after)
huimkexer	search here and there	hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -m (place) + kex (search) + -er (inf.)
huis	this-and-that	hu- (that) + hi- (this) + -s (thing)
hyuit	one another	hyu- (other) + hyi- (same) + -t (person)
kyaopen	fluctuation	kya- (mobile) + kyo (static) + -pen (going)
maluier	breathe	mal- (air) + u- (let out) + i- (take in) -er (inf.)
maojyex	double-shift work	maj (day) + moj (night) + yex (work)
maonig	flicker	man (light) + mon (dark) + ig- (fast)
maolza	black&white/gray	malza (white) + molza (black)
meil	mud	mel (soil) + mil (water)
memuiben	import-exports	mem (country) + ub- (send) + ib- (receive) + -en (-ing)
mial	vapor	mil (water) + mal (air)
mieg	reef	mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -g (stone)
miek	sand	mi- (sea) + me- (land) + -k (rocky substance)
miem	swamp	mim (sea) + mem (land)
mimpuin	dock	mim (sea) + pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
mimpyaos	surf	mim (sea) + pyas- (surge) + pyos- (sink)
mimuip	tide	mim (sea) + up- (come) + ip- (go)
peit	amphibian	pet (land animal) + pit (sea creature)
puim	kiss-and-ride zone	pu- (arrive) + pi- (depart) + -m (place)
puixek	baseball	pux- (pitch) + pix- (catch) + ek (play)
pyaos	wave	pyas- (surge) + pyos- (crest)
teabyuij	blink	teab (eye) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open)
tuijea	nodding off	tuj- (sleep) + tij (wake) -ea (-ing)
uijdal	stutter	uj- (finish) + ij- (start) + dal (speech)
uipeni	comings & goings	up- (come) + ip (go) + -en (-ing) + -i (pl.)
uiza	serpentine, snaky	uza (crooked) + iza (straight)
vao?	yes or no?	va (yes) + vo (no)
vaod	decision	va (yes) + vo (no) + d- (say)
yaobar	elevator	yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + -ar (instrument)
yaobyuijar	piston	yab- (raise) + yob- (lower) + yuj- (close) + yij- (open ) + -ar (instrument)
yaoplas	oscillation	yap- (up) + yop- (down) + plas (shake)
yaopsim	seesaw	yap- (ascend) + yop- (descend) + sim (seat)
yaopus	bounce	ya(b)- (up) + yo(b)- (down) + pus (jump)
yaovdut	juror	yav- (innocent) + yov- (guilty) + d- (say) + -ut (agent)
yaoza	uneven, bumpy, serrated	yaza (convex) + yoza (concave)
yaozgoblar	saw	yaz (protrusion ) + yoz (indentation) + gobl- (cut) + -ar (instrument)
yaozil	wave	yaz (swell) + yoz (trough) + -il (liquid)
yuibteabar	bifocals	yub (near) + yib (far) + teab (eye) + -ar (instrument)
yuijar	valve, switch	yuj- (close) + yij- (open) + -ar (instrument)
zaobelur	ferry	za- (forth) + zo (back) + bel- (carry) + -ur (vehicle)
zaobyexar	swatter, bat	za (forth) + zo (back) + byex- (strike) + -ar (instrument)
zaodal	dialog	za- (forth) + zo (back) + dal (speech)
zaogoblar	saw	za (forth) + zo (back) + gobl (cut) + -ar (instrument)
zaokyax	alternation	za (forth) + zo (back) + kyax (change)
zaopasen	swinging	za- (forth) + zo- (back) + pasen (moving)
zaopsim	swing or rocker	zap- (go forth) + zap (go back) + sim (seat)
zuibasen	wiggling	zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bas- (move bodily) + -en (-ing)
zuibayx	wag	zu- (left) + zi- (right) + bayx- (slight body move)
zuibyoxea	dangling	zu (left) + zi (right) + byox- (hang down) + -ea (-ing)
zuiyafa	ambidextrous	zu- (left) + zi- (right) + yafa (capable)
zyaobas	throb	zya- (wide) + zyo- (narrow) + bas (bodily movement)