Na’vi–English

Confirmed Naʼvi words and affixes are listed here in alphabetical order. Ä, ì, rr, ll, ng (= g), ts (= c), kx, px, tx are ordered as distinct letters from a, i, r, l, n, t, k, p, t. Frommer's preferred orthography, with g for ng and c for ts, is included in parentheses to allow electronic searches. Stress is indicated in IPA transcription: The stress mark ‹ ˈ › appears before the stressed syllable, and syllable breaks are marked with a dot. Prefixes and adpositions which cause lenition are marked with a plus sign, ay+, −ro+. Infix slots of verbs are marked in italics by raised dots (•). Many of these slots are theoretical rather than attested. Stem-changing words (short plurals, verbal contractions, genitives) are included; many short plurals are assumed rather than attested.

Underlying /n/ is spelled 'm' before 'p' in compound words, as in txampay (txan-pay) "sea". However, before 'k' it is spelled 'n', as in zenke (zene-ke) "not need to", despite the fact that it is pronounced /ŋ/ and that this sound is spelled 'ng' before 'k' within a root such as pängkxo "chat".

The vocabulary can be greatly expanded through productive use of Naʼvi's word-building affixes, but such forms have not been included here unless they are attested in print or email from Paul Frommer.

Abbreviations

attr. attributive forms

du. dual form

infix infix positions

tri. trial form

pl. plural forms

Parts of speech and classes of affix:

ADJ. adjective

ADP. adposition (functions as preposition and suffix)

ADV. adverb

AFF. affix (functions as prefix and suffix)

CONJ. conjunction

INF. infix

INTJ. interjection

MIM. mimesis

N. noun

N.PL. plural noun

PART. particle

PREP. preposition

PN. pronoun

PREF. prefix

SUFF. suffix

V. verb

V.DAT. dative verb (takes intransitive and dative arguments, like lu 'have')

V.DI. ditransitive verb (takes ergative, accusative, and dative arguments, like tìng 'give')

V.IN. intransitive verb (takes intransitive argument only, like lu 'be')

V.TR. transitive verb (takes ergative and accusative arguments, like tse'a 'see')

Glottal series

Following are Na’vi words starting with the glottal lenition series of consonants: ’ (glottal stop) and the vowels A, Ä, E, I, Ì, O, U

ʼ

ʼampi v.tr. /ˈʔam.pi/, infix ʼ•amp•i ^[.]

touch

ʼampirikx n. /ˈʔam.pi.ɾikʼ/ ^[FE] leaf pitcher plant (rikx move)

ʼango (ʼago) adj. /ˈʔa.ŋo/, attr. ʼangoa N. aʼango ^[.]

soft (of a sound)

ʼangtsìk (ʼagcìk) n. /ˈʔaŋ.tsɪk/, pl. angtsìk ^[.]

Hammerhead Titanothere (a rhino-like animal)

ʼaw num. /ˈʔau̯/, attr. ʼawa N. aʼaw ^[.]

one

ʼawlie adv. /ʔau̯.ˈli.ɛ/ ^[.] once (in the past)

ʼawlo adv. /ˈʔau̯.lo/ ^[FE] once, one time (now or in the future) (alo a turn)

ʼawpo pn. /ˈʔau̯.po/, pl. awpo? ^[.] an individual

tìʼawpo n. /tɪ.ˈʔau̯.po/ ^[.] individuality, self-centeredness, selfishness

ʼawsiteng (ʼawsiteg) adv. /ʔau̯.si.ˈtɛŋ/ ^[.] together

ʼawstengyem (ʼawstegyem) v.tr. /ʔau̯.stɛŋ.ˈjɛm/, infix ʼawstengy••em ^[.] join (yem put)

ʼawve adj. /ˈʔau̯.vɛ/, attr. ʼawvea N. aʼawve ^[.] first

nìʼawve adv. /nɪ.ˈʔau̯.vɛ/ ^[.] first

trrʼawve n, adv. /tr̩.ˈʔau̯.vɛ/ ^[.] Sunday

keʼaw adj. /kɛ.ˈʔau̯/, attr. keʼawa N. akeʼaw ^[FE] divided

kaw− pref. /ˈkau̯/ ^[.] no- (see kaw-)

nìʼaw adv. /nɪ.ˈʔau̯/ ^[.] only

nìʼawtu adv. /nɪ.ˈʔau̯.tu/ ^[.] alone ("as one person")

volaw num. /vo.ˈlau̯/, attr. volawa N. avolaw ^[.] nine (octal 11)

ʼawkx n. /ˈʔau̯kʼ/, pl. awkx ^[.]

cliff

ʼawm n. /ˈʔau̯m/, pl. awm ^[.]

camp

tìʼawm n. /tɪ.ˈʔau̯m/ ^[.] camping

tìʼawm si v. /tɪ.ˈʔau̯m si/, infix tìʼawm s••i ^[.] to camp

ʼäʼo n. /ˈʔæ.ʔo/, pl. äʼo ^[FE]

pitcher plant

ʼänsyem adj. /ʔæn.ˈsjɛm/, attr. ʼänsyema N. aʼänsyem ^[.]

whole, complete

ʼärìp v.tr. /ˈʔæ.ɾɪp/, infix ʼ•är•ìp ^[.]

move (cf. rikx)

käʼärìp v.tr. /kæ.ˈʔæ.ɾɪp/ ^[.] push

zaʼärìp v.tr. /za.ˈʔæ.ɾɪp/ ^[.] pull

ʼeʼal adj. /ˈʔɛ.ʔal/, attr. ʼeʼala N. aʼeʼal ^[.]

worst

ʼefu v. /ˈʔɛ.fu/, infix ʼ•ef•u ^[.]

perceive, sense, feel

oe ʼefu som /ˈo.ɛ.ˈʔɛ.fu.ˈsom/ ^[FE] I am hot

ʼefu nitram /ˈʔɛ.fu.nit.ˈɾam/ ^[FE] be happy"

ʼefu ohakx /ˈʔɛ.fu.o.ˈhakʼ/ ^[.] be hungry

tìʼefu n. /tɪ.ˈʔɛ.fu/, pl. sìʼefu ^[.] feeling

tìʼefumì oeyä /tɪ.ˈʔɛ.fu.mɪ.ˈwɛ.jæ/ ^[.] in my opinion

ʼeko v. /ˈʔɛ.ko/, infix ʼ•ek•o ^[.]

attack

ʼekong (ʼekog) n. /ˈʔɛ.koŋ/, pl. ekong ^[.]

beat

ʼekong teʼlanä /ˈʔɛ.koŋ tɛʔ.ˈla.næ/ the beat of the hearts

ʼel...

?

ʼeleʼwll n. /ˈʔɛ.lɛʔ.wl̩/, pl. eleʼwll ^[FE] thorny paw plant (ʼewll plant)

ʼem v. /ˈʔɛm/, infix ʼ••em ^[.]

cook

ʼengeng (ʼegeg) adj. /ˈʔɛŋ.ɛŋ/, attr. ʼengenga N. aʼengeng ^[.]

even, level

reyʼeng n. /ɾɛi̯.ˈʔɛŋ/ ^[.] balance of life

ʼeoio adj. /ˈʔɛ.o.i.o/, attr. ʼeoioa N. aʼeoio ^[F]

ceremonious

nìʼeoio adv. /nɪ.ˈʔɛ.o.i.o/ ^[F] ceremoniously

ʼeveng (ʼeveg) n. /ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ/, du. meveng, tri. pxeveng, pl. eveng, ayeveng ^[.]

a child

ʼevi n. /ˈʔɛ.vi/, du. mevi, tri. pxevi, pl. evi, ayevi ^[.] kid (affectionate form of ʼeveng)

−vi suff. /vi/ ^[FE] (suffix for the product/spawn of something larger)

ʼewan adj. /ˈʔɛ.wan/, attr. ʼewana N. aʼewan ^[.]

young

ʼewll n. /ˈʔɛ.wl̩/, pl. ewll ^[.]

plant

−wll suff. /wl̩/ (suffix in various plant names)

prrwll n. /ˈpr̩.wl̩/, pl. frrwll? ^[.] moss

ʼeylan n. /ˈʔɛi̯.lan/, du. meylan, tri. pxeylan, pl. eylan, ayeylan ^[.]

friend

tìʼeylan n. /tɪ.ˈʔɛi̯.lan/ ^[.] friendship

ʼeyng (ʼeyg) v. /ˈʔɛi̯ŋ/, infix ʼ••eyng ^[.]

respond, to answer

nìʼeyng (nìʼeyg) adv. /nɪ.ˈʔɛi̯ŋ/ ^[.] in answer, in response

tìʼeyng (tìʼeyg) n. /tɪ.ˈʔɛi̯ŋ/, pl. sìʼeyng ^[.] an answer, a response

ʼiʼa v. /ˈʔiʔ.a/, infix ʼ•iʼ•a ^[.]

end, conclude

tìʼiʼa n. /tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a/, pl. sìʼiʼa ^[FE] (the) end

tìʼiʼavay krrä /tɪ.ˈʔiʔ.a.vai̯ ˈkr̩.æ/ ^[FE] forever, until the end of time

ʼia v. /ˈʔi.a/, infix ʼ•i•a ^[.]

become absorbed, lose oneself

ʼit n. /ˈʔit/, pl. it ^[.]

a bit, a small amount

ʼitan n. /ˈʔi.tan/, pl. itan ^[.] son

ʼite n. /ˈʔi.tɛ/, pl. ite ^[.] daughter

kawʼit adv. /kau̯.ˈʔit/ ^[.] not a bit, not at all

nìʼit adv. /nɪ.ˈʔit/ ^[.] (do) a little, a bit

ʼìʼawn v. /ʔɪ.ˈʔau̯n/, infix ʼ•ìʼ•awn ^[.]

remain, stay

ʼìheyu n. /ʔɪ.ˈhɛ.ju/, pl. ìheyu ^[.]

spiral

ìheyu sìreyä /ɪ.hɛ.ju sɪ.ɾɛ.jæ/ the spiral of lives

ʼìnglìsì (ʼìglìsì) n. /ˈʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/ ^[.]

the English language

nìʼìnglìsì (nìʼìglìsì) adv. /nɪ.ˈʔɪŋ.lɪ.sɪ/ in English

ʼok n. /ˈʔok/, pl. ok ^[.]

remembrance, memory

ʼong (ʼog) v.in. /ˈʔoŋ/, infix ʼ••ong ^[.]

unfold, blossom

ʼopin n. /ˈʔo.pin/, pl. opin ^[.]

color

ʼora n. /ˈʔo.ɾa/, pl. ora ^[.]

lake

ʼRrta n. /ˈʔr̩.ta/ ^[.]

Earth

Trr ʼRrtayä n. /tr̩.ˈʔr̩.ta.jæ/ ^[FE]

ʼu n. /ˈʔu/, pl. ayu ^{[., FE]}

thing (abstract or concrete)

ʼuo pn. /ˈʔu.o/ ^[.] something

ʼupe, peu pn. /ˈʔu.pɛ, pɛ.ˈu/ ^[.] what (thing)

fraʼu pn. /ˈfɾa.ʔu/ ^[.] everything

keʼu pn. /ˈkɛ.ʔu/ ^[.] nothing, none

keʼu adv. /ˈkɛ.ʔu/ ^[.] none at all, not at all

ʼul /ˈʔul/

?

nìʼul adv. /nɪ.ˈʔul/ ^[.] more

nulkrr adv. /nul.ˈkr̩/ ^[.] longer (time) (krr time)

nulnew v. /nul.ˈnɛu̯/, infix nuln••ew ^[.] rather, prefer (new to want)

ʼupxare n. /ʔu.ˈpʼa.ɾɛ/, pl. upxare ^[.]

message

A

a conj. /a/ ^[.]

which, that, who (relativizer and subordinator)

−a− aff. /a/ ^[.] (links adjectives to nouns)

alìm adv. /a.ˈlɪm/ ^[.] far away, at a distance (irregular from lìm be far)

asim adv. /a.ˈsim/ ^[.] nearby, at close range (irregular sim be near)

Akwey n. /ak.ˈwɛi̯/ ^[FE]

(male name)

alaksi adj. /a.ˈlak.sɪ/, attr. alaksia N. alaksi ^[.]

ready

alìm adv. /a.ˈlɪm/ ^[.] far away, at a distance (lìm be far)

ʼÌʼawn alìm! /ʔɪ.ˈʔau̯.na.ˈlɪm/ ^[FE] "Stay back!"

‹alm› inf. /al.m/

compound past.pfv infix (in medial TAM position)

alo n. /a.ˈlo/ ^[.]

turn, instance, number of times

alo oeyä /a.ˈlo ˈwɛ.jæ/ my turn

fralo adv. /ˈfɾa.lo/ each time, every time

ʼawlo adv. /ˈʔau̯.lo/ ^[.] once

alo aʼaw (nìʼaw) /a.ˈlo.a.ˈʔau̯.nɪ.ˈʔau̯/ ^[FE] (just) one time

melo adv. /ˈmɛ.lo/ ^[.] twice

pxelo adv. /ˈpʼɛ.lo/ ^[FE] thrice

alo apxey /a.ˈlo.a.ˈpʼɛi̯/ ^[FE] three times

alo atsìng, tsìnga alo /a.ˈlo.a.ˈtsɪŋ, ˈtsɪ.ŋa.ˈlo/ ^[FE] four times

alo amrr, mrra alo /a.ˈlo.a.ˈmr, ˈmr̩.a.ˈlo/ ^[FE] five times

alunta conj. /a.ˈlun.ta/ ^[FE] because (lun reason; cf. talun(a))

‹aly› inf. /al.j/

compound fut.pfv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹am› inf. /a.m/

past infix (in medial TAM position)

Amhul n. /am.ˈhul/ ^[FE]

(female name)

ampirikx n.pl. /ˈam.pi.ɾikʼ/

Short plural of ʼampirikx. leaf pitcher plant

anìheyu n. /a.nɪ.ˈhɛ.ju/ ^[FE]

fibonacci plant (ʼìheyu spiral)

angtsìk (agcìk) n.pl. /aŋ.tsɪk/

Short plural of ʼangtsìk. Hammerhead

apxa adj. /a.ˈpʼa/, attr. apxa N. apxa ^[.]

large

apxangrr (apxagrr) n. /a.ˈpʼa. ŋr̩/ ^[FE] delta tree (ngrr root)

tsawlapxangrr (cawlapxagrr) n. /ˈtsau̯.la.pʼa.ŋr̩/, pl. sawlapxangrr ^[FE] unidelta tree (tsawl tall)

‹arm› inf. /aɾ.m/

compound past.ipfv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ary› inf. /aɾ.j/

compound fut.ipfv infix (in medial TAM position)

asim adv. /a.ˈsim/ ^[.] nearby, at close range (sim be near)

‹asy› inf. /a.sj/

compound fut.intent infix (in medial TAM position)

atan n. /a.ˈtan/ ^[.]

light (source of illumination)

Ateyo n. /a.ˈtɛ.jo/ ^[FE]

(male name)

Ateyitan n. /?/ "son of Ateyo" [to confirm]

atoki n.

?

atokirinaʼ n. /a.to.ki.ˈɾi.naʔ/ ^[.] seeds of the great tree (rinaʼ "seed")

atxkxe n. /atʼ.ˈkʼɛ/ ^[.]

land

‹ats› (ac) inf. /a.ts/

evid infix (affect; added to final syllable)

au n. /ˈa.u/ ^[.]

drum (made of skin)

au! intj. /a.ˈu/ ^[.]

no, it can't be! (expresses consternation)

aungia n. /a.ˈu.ŋi.a/ ^[.]

sign, omen

awaiei n. /a.wa.i.ˈɛ.i/ ^[FE]

banshee of paradise plant

aweykta conj. /a.ˈwɛi̯k.ta/ ^[FE] because (oeyk cause; cf. taweyk(a))

awkx n.pl. /ˈau̯kʼ/

Short plural of ʼawkx. cliff

awm n.pl. /ˈau̯m/

Short plural of ʼawm. camps

‹awn› inf. /au̯.n/

pass infix (in initial valency position)

awnga (awga) pn. /au̯.ˈŋa/ ^[FE]

we (including you); alt. for ayoeng

dat awngaru, awngar pn. /au̯.ˈŋa.ɾu, au̯.ˈŋaɾ/ ^[FE]

gen awngeyä pn. /au̯.ˈŋɛ.jæ/ ^[FE]

‹ay› inf. /a.j/

fut infix (in medial TAM position)

ay+ pref. /ai̯/ ^[FM]

(plural prefix) (causes lenition)

ayfo pn. /ai̯.ˈfo, ˈai̯.fo/ ^[.] they (= fo)

aylaru pn. /ai̯.ˈla.ɾu/ ^[.] to the others

aynga (ayga) pn. /ai̯.ˈŋa/ ^[.] you all

ayoe pn. /ai̯.ˈo.ɛ/ ^[.] we (exclusive)

ayoeng (ayoeg) pn. /ai̯.ˈwɛŋ/ ^[.] we (inclusive)

nìayoeng (nìayoeg) pn. /nai̯.ˈwɛŋ/ ^[.] like us (inclusive)

Ä

−ä suff. /æ/

Form of gen −yä. after a consonant and the vowels i, u, o.

äʼo n.pl. /ˈæ.ʔo/

Short plural of ʼäʼo. pitcher plant

äie n. /æ.ˈi.ɛ/ ^[.]

a vision

Änsìt n. /ˈæn.sɪt/ ^[FE]

(male name)

‹äng› (äg) inf. /æ.ŋ/

pej infix (affect; added to final syllable)

−äo− adp. /ˈæ.o/ ^[.]

below

‹äp› inf. /æ.p/

refl infix (in initial valency position)

ätxäle n. /æ.ˈtʼæ.lɛ/ ^[.]

a request

ätxäle si v. /æ.ˈtʼæ.lɛ.si/, infix ätxäle s••i to (make a) request

E

ean adj. /ˈɛ.an/, attr. eana N. aean ^[.]

blue, green

nìean adv. /nɪ.ˈɛ.an/ in blue

eanean n. /ˈɛ.an.ˈɛ.an/ ^[FE] cheadle plant

‹ei› inf. /ɛ.i./

approb infix (affect; added to final syllable)

ekong n.pl. /ˈɛ.koŋ/

Short plural of ʼekong. beat

ekxan n. /ɛ.ˈkʼan/ ^[.]

obstruction, barrier, baricade

eleʼwll n.pl. /ˈɛ.lɛʔ.wl̩/

Short plural of ʼeleʼwll. thorny paw plant

eltu n. /ˈɛl.tu/ ^[.]

a brain

eltu si v. /ˈɛl.tu si/, infix eltu s••i ^[.] pay attention, quit goofing off

eltungawng n. /ˈɛl.tu.ŋau̯ŋ/ ^[.] brainworm (hallucinogenic)

eltu lefngap n. /ɛl.tu.lɛ.ˈfŋap/ ^[.] computer

emzaʼu v. /ɛm.ˈza.ʔu/, infix emz•aʼ•u ^[.]

to pass (a test for initiation) (= em "over" + zaʼu "come")

Entu n. /ˈɛn.tu/ ^[FE]

(male name)

−eo− adp. /ˈɛ.o/ ^[.]

in front of

‹er› inf. /ɛ.ɾ/

ipfv infix (in medial TAM position)

etrìp adj. /ˈɛt.ɾɪp/, attr. etrìpa N. aetrìp ^[.]

auspicious, favourable

eveng (eveg) n.pl. /ˈɛ.vɛŋ/

Short plural of ʼeveng. child

evi n.pl. /ˈɛ.vi/ Short plural of ʼevi. kid

ewll n.pl. /ˈɛ.wl̩/

Short plural of ʼewll. plant

eyawr adj. /ɛi̯.ˈau̯ɾ/, attr. eyawra N. aeyawr ^[.]

right, correct [check syll]

keyawr adj. /kɛ.ˈjau̯ɾ/, attr. keyawra N. akeyawr ^[.] wrong, incorrect [syll differs]

tìyawr n. /tɪ.ˈjau̯ɾ/ ^[.] correctness, being correct

ngaru tìyawr ^[.] you're right

eyaye n. /ɛ.ˈja.jɛ/ ^[FE]

warbonnet fern

‹eyk› inf. /ɛi̯.k/

caus infix (in initial valency position)

eyk v. /ˈɛi̯k/, infix ••eyk ^[.]

lead

eyktan n. /ˈɛi̯k.tan/ ^[.] leader

eylan n.pl. /ˈɛi̯.lan/

Short plural of ʼeylan. friend

Eytukan n. /ˈɛi̯.tu.kan/ ^[FE]

(male name)

Eywa n. /ˈɛi̯.wa/ ^[.]

Pandoran "World spirit" and Naʼvi deity, equivalent to Gaea

Eywa ngahu /ˈɛi̯.wa ˈŋa.hu/ ^[.] good-bye (lit. "Eywa (be) with you")

Eywaʼeveng (Eywaʼeveg) n. /ˌɛi̯.wa.ˈʔɛ.vɛŋ/ ^[.] Pandora (the Naʼvi world)

I

iʼen n. /ˈi.ʔɛn/ ^[.]

stringed instrument

Iknimaya n. /ˈik.ni.ˈma.ja/ ^[.]

Hallelujah Mountains (Thundering rocks, Stairway to Heaven (floating mountains))

ikran n. /ˈik.ɾan/ ^[.]

Mountain Banshee (a pterosaur-like animal)

‹ilv› inf. /il.v/

compound pfv.sjv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹imv› inf. /im.v/

compound past.sjv infix (in medial TAM position)

−io− adp. /ˈi.o/ ^[.]

above

ioang (ioag) n. /i.ˈo.aŋ/ ^[.]

animal, beast

hìʼang n. /ˈhɪ.ʔaŋ/ ^[.] bug (hìʼi little)

payoang (payoag) n. /pai̯.ˈo.aŋ/, pl. fayoang ^[.] fish (pay water)

talioang (talioag) n. /ˈtal.i.o.aŋ/, pl. salioang ^[.] sturmbeest

yayo n. /ˈja.jo/ ^[.] bird (ya air)

irayo part. /i.ˈɾa.jo/ ^[.]

thank you

ireiyo part. /i.ˈɾɛ.i.jo/ (Jake's pronunciation in the film) thank you

irayo si v. /i.ˈɾa.jo si/, infix irayo s••i ^[FE] thank

oe ngaru seiyi irayo /ˈo.ɛ ˈŋa.ɾu sɛ.i.ˈji i.ˈɾa.jo/ I thank you

‹irv› inf. /iɾ.v/

compound ipfv.sjv infix (in medial TAM position)

−it suff. /it/

acc case suffix, reduced to −t after a vowel. Also invariable −ti.

it n.pl. /ˈit/

Short plural of ʼit. bit

itan n.pl. /ˈi.tan/ Short plural of ʼitan. son

ite n.pl. /ˈi.tɛ/ Short plural of ʼite. daughter

‹iv› inf. /i.v/

sjv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹iyev› inf. /i.jɛ.v/

compound fut.sjv infix (in medial TAM position)

Ì

ìheyu n.pl. /ɪ.hɛ.ju/

Short plural of ʼìheyu. spiral

−ìl suff. /ɪl/

erg case suffix, reduced to −l after a vowel

−ìlä+ adp. /ˈɪ.læ, ɪ.ˈlæ/ ^[.]

along, via, following

−kxamlä− adp. /ˈkʼam.læ/ ^[.] through (via the kxam middle)

ìley! intj. /ɪ.ˈlɛi̯/ ^[.]

alala! (battle cry)

‹ìlm› inf. /ɪl.m/

compound rec.pfv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ìly› inf. /ɪl.j/

compound imm.pfv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ìm› inf. /ɪ.m/

rec past infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ìmìy› inf. /ɪ.mɪ.j/

compound rec.imm infix (in medial TAM position)

−ìri suff. /ɪ.ɾi/

top case suffix, reduced to −ri after a vowel

‹ìrm› inf. /ɪɾ.m/

compound rec.ipfv infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ìry› inf. /ɪɾ.j/

compound imm.ipfv infix (in medial TAM position)

Ìstaw n. /ɪ.ˈstau̯/ ^[FE]

(male name)

‹ìsy› inf. /ɪ.sj/

compound imm.intent infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ìy› inf. /ɪ.j/

imm future infix (in medial TAM position)

‹ìyev› inf. /ɪ.jɛ.v/

Alternate of iyev.

O

−o suff. /o/

(indefinite suffix)

lu ketuwongo nìʼaw ^[FE] "it's just some alien"

ayupxareo ^[FE] "some messages"

ʼuo pn. /ˈʔu.o/ ^[.] something

tuteo pn. /ˈtu.tɛ.o/ ^[.] somebody

tsengo (cego) adv. /ˈtsɛ.ŋo/ ^[.] somewhere

trro adv. /ˈtr̩.o/ ^[FE] one day, some day

? oeyk n. /o.ˈɛi̯k/ ^[.] cause

oe pn. /ˈo.ɛ/, du. moe, tri. pxoe, pl. ayoe ^[.,FE] /ˈmo.ɛ, ˈpʼo.ɛ, ai̯.ˈo.ɛ/ [stress trial? syll. pl?]

I, we (but not you)

erg oel pn. /ˈwɛl/, du. moel, tri. pxoel, pl. ayoel /ˈmo.ɛl, ˈpʼo.ɛl, ai̯.ˈwɛl/

acc oeti pn. /ˈwɛ.ti/, du. moeti, tri. pxoeti, pl. ayoeti /ˈmo.ɛ.ti, ˈpʼo.ɛ.ti, ai̯.ˈwɛ.ti/

gen oeyä pn. /ˈwɛ.jæ/, du. moeyä, tri. pxoeyä, pl. ayoeyä /ˈmo.ɛ.jæ, ˈpʼo.ɛ.jæ, ai̯.ˈwɛ.jæ/

dat1 oeru pn. /ˈwɛ.ɾu/, du. moeru, tri. pxoeru, pl. ayoeru /ˈmo.ɛ.ɾu, ˈpʼo.ɛ.ɾu, ai̯.ˈwɛ.ɾu/

dat2 oer pn. /ˈwɛɾ/, du. moer, tri. pxoer, pl. ayoer /ˈmo.ɛɾ, ˈpʼo.ɛɾ, ai̯.ˈwɛɾ/

top oeri pn. /ˈwɛ.ɾi/, du. moeri, tri. pxoeri, pl. ayoeri /ˈmo.ɛ.ɾi, ˈpʼo.ɛ.ɾi, ai̯.ˈwɛ.ɾi/

oehu pn. /ˈwɛ.hu/? with me

oeng (oeg) pn. /ˈwɛŋ/, tri. pxoeng, pl. ayoeng ^[.,FE] /ˈpʼo.ɛŋ, ai̯.ˈwɛŋ/ [stress trial?]

we two (you and I), all of us

erg oengal pn. /wɛ.ŋal/ [stress?]

acc1 oengat pn. /wɛ.ŋat/ [stress?]

acc2 oengati pn. /wɛ.ŋa.ti/ [stress?]

gen oengeyä pn. /wɛ.ŋɛ.jæ/ [confirm form]

nìayoeng (nìayoeg) adv. /nai̯.ˈwɛŋ/ ^[.] like us

awnga (awga) pn. /au̯.ˈŋa/ ^[FE] we (you and us: alt. for ayoeng)

ohe pn. /ˈo.hɛ/, du. mohe, tri. pxohe, pl. ayohe ^[.,FE] /ˈmo.hɛ, ˈpʼo.hɛ, ai̯.ˈo.hɛ/

I (deferential or ceremonial form)

ohe ngengasì (ohe gegasì) pn. /ˈo.hɛ ŋɛ.ˈŋa.sɪ/ ^[FE] we two (inclusive & formal)

gen ohengeyä (ohegeyä) /o.hɛ.ŋɛ.jæ/ our (inclusive dual & formal) [stress?]

oeyk n. /o.ˈɛi̯k/ ^[.]

cause (eyk to lead)

oeyktìng (oeyktìg) v. /o.ˈɛi̯k.tɪŋ/, infix oeykt••ìng ^[.] explain, say why

tìoeyktìng (tìoeyktìg) n. /tɪ.o.ˈɛi̯k.tɪŋ, tɪ.ˈwɛi̯k.tɪŋ/, pl. sìoeyktìg ^[FE] explanation

taweyka, taweyk conj. /ta.ˈwɛi̯.ka, ta.ˈwɛi̯k/ ^[.] because (English clause order)

aweykta conj. /a.ˈwɛi̯k.ta/ ^[FE] because (opposite clause order)

ohakx adj. /o.ˈhakʼ/, attr. ohakxa N. aohakx ^[.]

hungry

tìohakx n. /tɪ.o.ˈhakʼ/ ^[.] hunger

ʼefu ohakx /ˈʔɛ.fu.o.ˈhakʼ/ ^[.] be hungry

oìsss! intj. /o.ˈɪsː/ ^[.]

(hiss, snarl; expresses anger)

ok n.pl. /ˈok/

Short plural of ʼok. memory

‹ol› inf. /o.l/

pfv infix (in medial TAM position)

oloʼ n. /o.ˈloʔ/ ^[.]

clan

oloʼeyktan n. /o.lo.ˈʔɛi̯k.tan/ ^[.] clan leader

Omatikaya n. /o.ma.ti.ˈka.ja/ ^[F]

the Blue Flute Clan

gen Omatikayaä /o.ma.ti.ˈka.ja.æ/ ^[FE] (irregular)

omum v. /ˈo.mum/, infix •om•um ^[.]

know

nìawnomum adv. /nɪ.au̯.ˈno.mum/ ^[.] as is known

ontu n. /ˈon.tu/ ^[.]

nose

opin n.pl. /ˈo.pin/

Short plural of ʼopin. color

ora n.pl. /ˈo.ɾa/

Short plural of ʼora. lake

Otranyu n. /ot.ˈɾan.ju/ ^[FE]

(clan name)

U

ukxo adj. /u.ˈkʼo/, attr. ukxoa N. aukxo ^[.]

dry

ulte conj. /ˈul.tɛ/ ^[.]

and (joins clauses)

ultxa n. /ul.ˈtʼa/ ^[.]

meeting

ultxa si v. /ul.ˈtʼa.si/, infix ultxa s••i ^[FE] meet, have a meeting (use hu for 'with')

ultxarun v. /ul.ˈtʼa.ɾun/, infix ultxar••un ^[FE] encounter, meet (by chance; run find)

unil n. /ˈu.nil/ ^[.]

dream

uniltaron n. /ˈu.nil.ˈta.ɾon/ ^[.] Dream Hunt (initiation ceremony)

uniltìrantokx n. /ˈu.nil.tɪ.ˈɾan.tokʼ/ ^[.] an avatar (dreamwalker body) (tìran to walk, tokx body)

uniltìranyu n. /ˈu.nil.tɪ.ˈɾan.ju/ ^[.] dreamwalker

−uo− adp. /ˈu.o/ ^[.]

behind

upxare n.pl. /u.ˈpʼa.ɾɛ/

Short plural of ʼupxare. message

−ur suff. /uɾ/

dat case suffix, from *−uru; reduced to −ru (and frequently shortened to −r) after a vowel

‹us› inf. /u.s/

actv infix (in initial valency position)

utral n. /ˈut.ɾal/ ^[.]

tree

−ut suff. /ut/ ^[SG] (suffix in various tree names)

Utral Aymokriyä n. /ˈut.ɾal ai̯.ˈmok.ɾi.jæ/ ^[.] Tree of Voices (mokri voice)

Vitrautral n. /vit.ˈɾa.ut.ɾal/ ^[.] the Tree of Souls

uvan n. /u.ˈvan/ ^[.]

a game

uvan si v. /u.ˈvan.si/, infix uvan s••i ^[.] play a game

‹uy› inf. /u.j/

form infix (affect; added to final syllable)