Non-Programmer's Tutorial for Python 2.6/More on Lists
We have already seen lists and how they can be used. Now that you have some more background I will go into more detail about lists. First we will look at more ways to get at the elements in a list and then we will talk about copying them.
Here are some examples of using indexing to access a single element of a list:
>>> some_numbers = ['zero', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'five'] >>> some_numbers[0] 'zero' >>> some_numbers[4] 'four' >>> some_numbers[5] 'five'
All those examples should look familiar to you. If you want the first item in the list just look at index 0. The second item is index 1 and so on through the list. However what if you want the last item in the list? One way could be to use the len() function like some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 1]. This way works since the len() function always returns the last index plus one. The second from the last would then be some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 2]. There is an easier way to do this. In Python the last item is always index -1. The second to the last is index -2 and so on. Here are some more examples:
>>> some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 1] 'five' >>> some_numbers[len(some_numbers) - 2] 'four' >>> some_numbers[-1] 'five' >>> some_numbers[-2] 'four' >>> some_numbers[-6] 'zero'
Thus any item in the list can be indexed in two ways: from the front and from the back.
Another useful way to get into parts of lists is using slicing. Here is another example to give you an idea what they can be used for:
>>> things = [0, 'Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking', 42, "Jack", "Jill"] >>> things[0] 0 >>> things[7] 'Jill' >>> things[0:8] [0, 'Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking', 42, 'Jack', 'Jill'] >>> things[2:4] [2, 'S.P.A.M.'] >>> things[4:7] ['Stocking', 42, 'Jack'] >>> things[1:5] ['Fred', 2, 'S.P.A.M.', 'Stocking']
Slicing is used to return part of a list. The slicing operator is in the form things[first_index:last_index]. Slicing cuts the list before the first_index and before the last_index and returns the parts inbetween. You can use both types of indexing:
>>> things[-4:-2] ['Stocking', 42] >>> things[-4] 'Stocking' >>> things[-4:6] ['Stocking', 42]
Another trick with slicing is the unspecified index. If the first index is not specified the beginning of the list is assumed. If the last index is not specified the whole rest of the list is assumed. Here are some examples:
>>> things[:2] [0, 'Fred'] >>> things[-2:] ['Jack', 'Jill'] >>> things[:3] [0, 'Fred', 2] >>> things[:-5] [0, 'Fred', 2]
Here is a (HTML inspired) program example (copy and paste in the poem definition if you want):
poem = ["<B>", "Jack", "and", "Jill", "</B>", "went", "up", "the",
"hill", "to", "<B>", "fetch", "a", "pail", "of", "</B>",
"water.", "Jack", "fell", "<B>", "down", "and", "broke",
"</B>", "his", "crown", "and", "<B>", "Jill", "came",
"</B>", "tumbling", "after"]
def get_bolds(text):
true = 1
false = 0
## is_bold tells whether or not we are currently looking at
## a bold section of text.
is_bold = false
## start_block is the index of the start of either an unbolded
## segment of text or a bolded segment.
start_block = 0
for index in range(len(text)):
## Handle a starting of bold text
if text[index] == "<B>":
if is_bold:
print "Error: Extra Bold"
## print "Not Bold:", text[start_block:index]
is_bold = true
start_block = index + 1
## Handle end of bold text
## Remember that the last number in a slice is the index
## after the last index used.
if text[index] == "</B>":
if not is_bold:
print "Error: Extra Close Bold"
print "Bold [", start_block, ":", index, "]", text[start_block:index]
is_bold = false
start_block = index + 1
get_bolds(poem)
with the output being:
Bold [ 1 : 4 ] ['Jack', 'and', 'Jill'] Bold [ 11 : 15 ] ['fetch', 'a', 'pail', 'of'] Bold [ 20 : 23 ] ['down', 'and', 'broke'] Bold [ 28 : 30 ] ['Jill', 'came']
The get_bold() function takes in a list that is broken into words
and tokens. The tokens that it looks for are <B> which starts
the bold text and </B> which ends bold text. The function
get_bold() goes through and searches for the start and end
tokens.
The next feature of lists is copying them. If you try something simple like:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a >>> print b [1, 2, 3] >>> b[1] = 10 >>> print b [1, 10, 3] >>> print a [1, 10, 3]
This probably looks surprising since a modification to b
resulted in a being changed as well. What happened is that the
statement b = a makes b a reference to a.
This means that b can be thought of as another name for a.
Hence any modification to b changes a as well. However
some assignments don't create two names for one list:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a * 2 >>> print a [1, 2, 3] >>> print b [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] >>> a[1] = 10 >>> print a [1, 10, 3] >>> print b [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
In this case b is not a reference to a since the
expression a * 2 creates a new list. Then the statement
b = a * 2 gives b a reference to a * 2 rather than a
reference to a. All assignment operations create a reference.
When you pass a list as an argument to a function you create a
reference as well. Most of the time you don't have to worry about
creating references rather than copies. However when you need to make
modifications to one list without changing another name of the list
you have to make sure that you have actually created a copy.
There are several ways to make a copy of a list. The simplest that works most of the time is the slice operator since it always makes a new list even if it is a slice of a whole list:
>>> a = [1, 2, 3] >>> b = a[:] >>> b[1] = 10 >>> print a [1, 2, 3] >>> print b [1, 10, 3]
Taking the slice [:] creates a new copy of the list. However it
only copies the outer list. Any sublist inside is still a references
to the sublist in the original list. Therefore, when the list
contains lists, the inner lists have to be copied as well. You could
do that manually but Python already contains a module to do it. You
use the deepcopy function of the copy module:
>>> import copy >>> a = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]] >>> b = a[:] >>> c = copy.deepcopy(a) >>> b[0][1] = 10 >>> c[1][1] = 12 >>> print a [[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]] >>> print b [[1, 10, 3], [4, 5, 6]] >>> print c [[1, 2, 3], [4, 12, 6]]
First of all notice that a is a list of lists. Then notice
that when b[0][1] = 10 is run both a and b are
changed, but c is not. This happens because the inner arrays
are still references when the slice operator is used. However with
deepcopy c was fully copied.
So, should I worry about references every time I use a function or
=? The good news is that you only have to worry about
references when using dictionaries and lists. Numbers and strings
create references when assigned but every operation on numbers and
strings that modifies them creates a new copy so you can never modify
them unexpectedly. You do have to think about references when you are
modifying a list or a dictionary.
By now you are probably wondering why are references used at all? The basic reason is speed. It is much faster to make a reference to a thousand element list than to copy all the elements. The other reason is that it allows you to have a function to modify the inputted list or dictionary. Just remember about references if you ever have some weird problem with data being changed when it shouldn't be.