Polish/Instrumental case
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Narzędnik (Instrumental)
[edit | edit source]The instrumental case in Polish is used in the following situations:
- Indicates the object of a sentence when it is used with certain verbs, prepositions, or phrases.
- Idę z Piotrem. - I'm going with Piotr. (Piotrem is in the instrumental case)
- Used for sentences of the type "to jest …" when the subject is not a pronoun.
- To jest moim domem. - This is my house. (moim domem is in the instrumental case)
- Indicates the means or way something is done.
- Piszę długopisem. - I'm writing with a pen. (długopisem is in the instrumental case)
The instrumental case answers the questions with who? (z kim?) and with what? (z czym?).
Singular
[edit | edit source]The singular form of the instrumental case is formed by adding specific endings to the nominative form.
Noun Declension
[edit | edit source]See Polish/Hard and soft consonants
| Gender | Ending | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | -em (after a hard consonant), -iem (after a soft consonant) | chłopakiem, kotem, psem, komputerem, stołem |
| Neuter | -em (after a hard consonant), -iem (after a soft consonant) | dzieckiem, piwem, spotkaniem, imieniem, muzeum |
| Feminine | -ą (after a hard consonant), -ią (after a soft consonant) | dziewczyną, kawą, mrówką, panią, miłością, myszą |
Adjective Declension
[edit | edit source]| Gender | Ending | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine/Neuter | -ym (after a hard consonant), -im (after a soft consonant) | dużym, małym, dobrym, wysokim, długim, drogim |
| Feminine | -ą (after a hard consonant), -ią (after a soft consonant) | dużą, małą, dobrą, wysoką, długą, drogą |
Plural
[edit | edit source]In the plural form, nouns in Polish are declined based on gender, either as virile (masculine personal) or nonvirile (masculine animate, masculine inanimate, feminine, and neuter).
Noun Declension
[edit | edit source]| Gender | Ending | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Virile | -ami | chłopakami, kotami, psami, komputerami, stołami |
| Nonvirile | -ami | dziewczynami, kawami, mrówkami, paniąmi, miłościami, myszami |
Adjective Declension
[edit | edit source]| Gender | Ending | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Virile | -ymi | dużymi, małymi, dobrymi, wysokimi, długimi, drogimi |
| Nonvirile | -ymi | dużymi, małymi, dobrymi, wysokimi, długimi, drogimi |
Personal Pronouns
[edit | edit source]| English | Instrumental |
|---|---|
| I | mną |
| you (singular) | tobą |
| he | nim |
| she | nią |
| it | nim |
| we | nami |
| you (plural) | wami |
| they (masculine or mixed gender) | nimi |
| they (feminine) | nimi |
Possessive Pronouns
[edit | edit source]| Gender | my, mine | your, yours (singular) | your, yours (plural) | our, ours | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Masculine | moim | twoim | waszym | naszym |
| Neuter | moim | twoim | waszym | naszym | |
| Feminine | moją | twoją | waszą | naszą | |
| Plural | Virile | moimi | twoimi | waszymi | naszymi |
| Nonvirile | moimi | twoimi | waszymi | naszymi |