Quenya/Numerals
Numbers
[edit | edit source]0 to 10
[edit | edit source]| Quenya from 1 - 10 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ð | ñ | ò | ó | ô | õ | ö | ÷ | ø | ù | ðñ |
| t&4# - aUt5# | t%5 | `C1;E | 5$m$ | aD4# | j$r$ | `Vv$ | `N1Y+ | 1Ym^ | 5$61R | zlD5 - zR`C5 |
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| cumna, munta [1] | min | atta | neldë | canta | lempë | enquë | otso | toldo | nertë | quain, quëan |
- ↑ Not words for zero, but can be used for zero: cumna "empty", munta "nothing".
11 to 19
[edit | edit source]The numbers 11 to 19 follow the pattern of using the stem form of the numeral with the suffix –quë. There also exists other names for several of these numbers resulting from Tolkien's experimentation of the numeral system:
| Quenya from 11 - 19 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ññ | òñ | óñ | ôñ | õñ | öñ | ÷ñ | øñ | ùñ |
| t%v$ | hÍUv$ | 5$jzF | aD5#zR | j$qRv$ | `V5$v$ | `N1YzR | 1Yj^zR | 5$1R6zR |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| minquë | yunquë | nelquë | canaquë | lepenquë | enenquë | otoquë | toloquë | neterquë |
| Alternate Quenya names from 12 - 16 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12 | 7D81E | rasta [1] | ||||
| 13 | zlD5$j | quainel | 5$j$zF | nelequë | hÍUv$4# | yunquenta [2] |
| 14 | zlDaD5 | quaican | aDv$ | canquë | ||
| 15 | zlDj$qR5 | quailepen | ||||
| 16 | zlDv$ | quainquë | ||||
- ↑ hÍUv$ yunquë is used for counting, 7D81E rasta for "Dozen", possibly Duodecimal in origin.
- ↑ From hÍUv$ yunquë + `V4# enta "another, one more"; "Twelve and one more".
20 to 100
[edit | edit source]Note: 20 and onwards
[edit | edit source]From here, the following numbers are conjectured constructions of what these numbers would be based on the material we know, and are not attested.
These are based on the earlier stages of Quenya, going back to Qenya, and our knowledge of Quenya word construction.
The multiples of 10, from 20 to 90, are constructed with either the suffixes –quëan, –quain, or "Qenya" –cain from alD5$5 cainen:
| Numerals | Quenya: -quain | Quenya: -quëan | "Qenya": -cain | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ðñ | 10 | zlD5 | quain | zR`C5 | quëan | alD5$5 | cainen |
| ðò | 20 | hÍ~MzlD5 | yúquain | hÍ~MzR`C5 | yúquëan | hÍ~MalD5 | yúcain |
| ðó | 30 | 5$jzlD5 | nelquain | 5$jzR`C5 | nelquëan | 5$jalD5 | nelcain |
| ðô | 40 | aD5#zlD5 | canaquain | aD5#zR`C5 | canaquëan | aD5#alD5 | canacain |
| ðõ | 50 | j$qRvlD5 | lepenquain | j$qRv$`C5 | lepenquëan | j$qRflD5 | lepencain |
| ðö | 60 | `V5$vlD5 | enenquain | `V5$v$`C5 | enenquëan | `V5$flD5 | enencain |
| ð÷ | 70 | `N1YzlD5 | otoquain | `N1YzR`C5 | otoquëan | `N1YalD5 | otocain |
| ðø | 80 | 1Yj^zlD5 | toloquain | 1Yj^zR`C5 | toloquëan | 1Yj^alD5 | tolocain |
| ðù | 90 | 5$1R6zlD5 | neterquain | 5$1R6zR`C5 | neterquëan | 5$1R6alD5 | netercain |
| ððñ | 100 | 1Ua|D | tuxa | 9C7D5Ì$ | haranyë [1] | ||
- ↑ Possible known word for 100 from the Númenorean calendar. Meaning uncertain whether it's the word for century, or the last year of a century.
To make a number between the multiples of 10, the units are written first, then the tens (Similar to German and Dutch Numerals):
| Tengwar | Quenya | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ôõ | aD4# j$qRvlD5 | 54 | canta lepenquain |
The numbers between 100 and 200 can be made in the same fashion:
| Tengwar | Quenya | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ðôñ | aD5#zlD5 1Ua|D | 140 | canaquain tuxa |
| ò÷ñ | `C1;D `N1YzlD5 1Ua|D | 172 | atta otoquain tuxa |
Just as for 12, the numbers 110 and 120 can be written in two different ways:
| Numerals | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ðññ | 110 | zlD5 1Ua|D | quain tuxa | t%5%zlD5 | miniquain |
| ðòñ | 120 | hÍ~MzlD5 1Ua|D | yúquain tuxa | hÍ~M5$vlD5 | yúnenquain |
100 to 1,000
[edit | edit source]To write the numbers 200 to 900 we use the same prefixes as the multiples of 10, but this time with the suffix –tuxa:
| Numerals | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ððñ | 100 | 1Ua|D | tuxa | ||||
| ððò | 200 | hÍ~M1Ua|D | yútuxa | 1Ua|D `C1;E | tuxa atta | ||
| ððó | 300 | 5$j1Ua|D | neltuxa | 1Ua|D6 5$m$ | tuxar neldë | ||
| ððô | 400 | aD5#1Ua|D | canatuxa | 1Ua|D6 aD4# | tuxar canta | ||
| ððõ | 500 | j$qR4&a|D | lepentuxa | 1Ua|D6 j$r$ | tuxar lempë | ||
| ððö | 600 | `V5$4&a|D | enentuxa | 1Ua|D6 `Vv$ | tuxar enquë | ||
| ðð÷ | 700 | `N1Y1Ua|D | ototuxa | 1Ua|D6 `N1Y+ | tuxar otso | ||
| ððø | 800 | 1Yj^1Ua|D | tolotuxa | 1Ua|D6 1Ym^ | tuxar toldo | ||
| ððù | 900 | 5$1R61Ua|D | netertuxa | 1Ua|D6 5$61R | tuxar nertë | ||
| ðððñ | 1,000 | t$f$ | mencë [1] | 1Ua|D6 zlD5 | tuxar quain | 9~Mt$ | húmë [2] |
- ↑ From Sindarin: t5$x$73Y Menegroth "The Thousand Caves".t5$x$ meneg? (Primitive Elvish? "menekē") "thousand"?
- ↑ Attested Qenya word, may not be part of Late-Quenya.
1,000 to 10,000:
[edit | edit source]| Numerals | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ðððñ | 1,000 | t$f$ | mencë | 1Ua|D6 zlD5 | tuxar quain |
| ððññ | 1,100 | `C1Ua|D t$f$ | tuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 t%v$ | tuxar minquë |
| ððòñ | 1,200 | hÍ~M`C1Ua|D t$f$ | yútuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 hÍUv$ | tuxar yunquë |
| ððóñ | 1,300 | 5$j`C1Ua|D t$f$ | neltuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 5$jzR | tuxar nelquë |
| ððôñ | 1,400 | aD5#`C1Ua|D t$f$ | canatuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 aD5#zR | tuxar canaquë |
| ððõñ | 1,500 | j$qR4&a|D t$f$ | lepentuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 j$qRv$ | tuxar lepenquë |
| ððöñ | 1,600 | `V5$4&a|D t$f$ | enentuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 `V5$v$ | tuxar enenquë |
| ðð÷ñ | 1,700 | `N1Y`C1Ua|D t$f$ | ototuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 `N1YzR | tuxar otoquë |
| ððøñ | 1,800 | 1Yj^`C1Ua|D t$f$ | tolotuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 1Yj^zR | tuxar toloquë |
| ððùñ | 1,900 | 5$1R6`C1Ua|D t$f$ | netertuxa mencë | 1Ua|D6 5$1R6zR | tuxar neterquë |
| Tengwar | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ðððñ | 1,000 | t$f$ | mencë | 1Ua|D6 zlD5 | tuxar quain | ||
| ðððò | 2,000 | hÍ~Mt$f$ | yúmencë | t$f$ `C1;E | mencë atta | 1Ua|D6 hÍ~MzlD5 | tuxar yúquain |
| ðððó | 3,000 | 5$jt$f$ | nelmencë | t$f% 5$m$ | menci neldë | 1Ua|D6 5$jzlD5 | tuxar nelquain |
| ðððô | 4,000 | aD5#t$f$ | canamencë | t$f% aD4# | menci canta | 1Ua|D6 aD5#zlD5 | tuxar canaquain |
| ðððõ | 5,000 | j$qRt"$f$ | lepemmencë | t$f% j$r$ | menci lempë | 1Ua|D6 j$qRvlD5 | tuxar lepenquain |
| ðððö | 6,000 | `V5$t"$f$ | enemmencë | t$f% `Vv$ | menci enquë | 1Ua|D6 `V5$vlD5 | tuxar enenquain |
| ððð÷ | 7,000 | `N1Yt$f$ | otomencë | t$f% `N1Y+ | menci otso | 1Ua|D6 `N1YzlD5 | tuxar otoquain |
| ðððø | 8,000 | 1Yj^t$f$ | tolomencë | t$f% 1Ym^ | menci toldo | 1Ua|D6 1Yj^zlD5 | tuxar toloquain |
| ðððù | 9,000 | 5$1R6t$f$ | netermencë | t$f% 5$61R | menci nertë | 1Ua|D6 5$1R6zlD5 | tuxar neterquain |
| ððððñ | 10,000 | zlDt$f$ | quaimencë | t$f% alD5 | menci quain | 1Ua|D6 1Ua|D | tuxar tuxa |
10,000 to 1 Million:
[edit | edit source]| Tengwar | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ððððñ | 10,000 | zlDt$f$ | quaimencë | t$f% zlD5 | menci quain |
| ððððò | 20,000 | hÍ~MzlDt$f$ | yúquaimencë | t$f% hÍ~MzlD5 | menci yúquain |
| ððððó | 30,000 | 5$jzlDt$f$ | nelquaimencë | t$f% 5$jzlD5 | menci nelquain |
| ððððô | 40,000 | aD5#zlDt$f$ | canaquaimencë | t$f% aD5#zlD5 | menci canaquain |
| ððððõ | 50,000 | j$qRvlDt$f$ | lepenquaimencë | t$f% j$qRvlD5 | menci lepenquain |
| ððððö | 60,000 | `V5$vlDt$f$ | enenquaimencë | t$f% `V5$vlD5 | menci enenquain |
| ðððð÷ | 70,000 | `N1YzlDt$f$ | otoquaimencë | t$f% `N1YzlD5 | menci otoquain |
| ððððø | 80,000 | 1Yj^zlDt$f$ | toloquaimencë | t$f% 1Yj^zlD5 | menci toloquain |
| ððððù | 90,000 | 5$1R6zlDt$f$ | neterquaimencë | t$f% 5$1R6zlD5 | menci neterquain |
| ðððððñ | 100,000 | 1Ua|Dt$f$ | tuxamencë | t$f% 1Ua|D | menci tuxa |
| Numerals | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ðððððñ | 100,000 | 1Ua|Dt$f$ | tuxamencë | t$f% 1Ua|D | menci tuxa |
| ðððððò | 200,000 | hÍ~M1Ua|Dt$f$ | yútuxamencë | t$f% hÍ~M1Ua|D | menci yútuxa |
| ðððððó | 300,000 | 5$j1Ua|Dt$f$ | neltuxamencë | t$f% 5$j1Ua|D | menci neltuxa |
| ðððððô | 400,000 | aD5#1Ua|Dt$f$ | canatuxamencë | t$f% aD5#1Ua|D | menci canatuxa |
| ðððððõ | 500,000 | j$qR4&a|Dt$f$ | lepentuxamencë | t$f% j$qR4&a|D | menci lepentuxa |
| ðððððö | 600,000 | `V5$4&a|Dt$f$ | enentuxamencë | t$f% `V5$4&a|D | menci enentuxa |
| ððððð÷ | 700,000 | `N1Y1Ua|Dt$f$ | ototuxamencë | t$f% `N1Y1Ua|D | menci ototuxa |
| ðððððø | 800,000 | 1Yj^1Ua|Dt$f$ | tolotuxamencë | t$f% 1Yj^1Ua|D | menci tolotuxa |
| ðððððù | 900,000 | 5$1R61Ua|Dt$f$ | netertuxamencë | t$f% 5$1R61Ua|D | menci netertuxa |
| ððððððñ | 1,000,000 | t%2~N7D | mindóra | t$f% t$f$ | menci mencë |
1 Million to 100 Million:
[edit | edit source]| Tengwar | Quenya | Tengwar | Quenya | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ððððððñ | t%2~N7D | 1,000,000 | mindóra | ðððððððñ | zF`C2~N7D | 10,000,000 | quëandóra | |
| ððððððò | hÍU2~N7D | 2,000,000 | yundóra | ðððððððò | hÍ~MzF`C2~N7D | 20,000,000 | yúquëandóra | |
| ððððððó | 5$m~N7D | 3,000,000 | neldóra | ðððððððó | 5$jzF`C2~N7D | 30,000,000 | nelquëandóra | |
| ððððððô | aD5#2~N7D | 4,000,000 | canandóra | ðððððððô | aD5#zF`C2~N7D | 40,000,000 | canaquëandóra | |
| ððððððõ | j$qR2~N7D | 5,000,000 | lependóra | ðððððððõ | j$qRv$`C2~N7D | 50,000,000 | lepenquëandóra | |
| ððððððö | `V5$2~N7D | 6,000,000 | enendóra | ðððððððö | `V5$v$`C2~N7D | 60,000,000 | enenquëandóra | |
| ðððððð÷ | `N1Y2~N7D | 7,000,000 | otondóra | ððððððð÷ | `N1YzR`C2~N7D | 70,000,000 | otoquëandóra | |
| ððððððø | 1Ym~N7D | 8,000,000 | toldóra | ðððððððø | 1Yj^zR`C2~N7D | 80,000,000 | toloquëandóra | |
| ððððððù | 5$1Ru~N7D | 9,000,000 | neterdóra | ðððððððù | 5$1R6zF`C2~N7D | 90,000,000 | neterquëandóra | |
| ðððððððñ | zF`C2~N7D | 10,000,000 | quëandóra | ððððððððñ | 1Ua|D2~N7D | 100,000,000 | tuxandóra | |
100 Million & Beyond:
[edit | edit source]| Tengwar | Quenya | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ððððððððñ | 1Ua|D2~N7D | 100,000,000 | tuxandóra |
| ððððððððò | hÍ~M1Ua|D2~N7D | 200,000,000 | yútuxandóra |
| ððððððððó | 5$j1Ua|D2~N7D | 300,000,000 | neltuxandóra |
| ððððððððô | aD5#1Ua|D2~N7D | 400,000,000 | canatuxandóra |
| ððððððððõ | j$qR4&a|D2~N7D | 500,000,000 | lepentuxandóra |
| ððððððððö | `V5$4&a|D2~N7D | 600,000,000 | enentuxandóra |
| ðððððððð÷ | `N1Y1Ua|D2~N7D | 700,000,000 | ototuxandóra |
| ðððððððð÷ | 1Yj^1Ua|D2~N7D | 800,000,000 | tolotuxandóra |
| ððððððððù | 5$1R61Ua|D2~N7D | 900,000,000 | netertuxandóra |
| ðððððððððñ | t$f$2~N7D | 1,000,000,000 | mencendóra [1] |
- ↑ Based on the Long Scale counting:
- 1,000,000,000 = 1 Milliard, 109
- 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 Billion, 1012
- 1,000,000,000 = 1 Billion, 109
- 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 Trillion, 1012
Numbers are said to follow the noun, except for `V6 er "one, alone". Before `C1;E atta "two", the noun is in "singular" form.
- `Vm# `C1;E Elda atta "Two Eldar" - lit. "Elves two"
- `Vm#6 5$m$ Eldar neldë "Three Eldar"
- `Vj$5 `C1;E Elen atta "Two stars"
- `Vj$5% 5$m$ Eleni neldë "Three stars"
Ordinals
[edit | edit source]The first three ordinals are irregular, then from four onwards, we remove the last vowel of the cardinal number and add \`V`C –ëa*
| Tengwar | Quenya | Tengwar | Quenya | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t%5Ì# | 1st | minya | t%v$`C | 11th | minquëa |
| 1E1ÎE | 2nd | tatya | hÍUv$`C | 12th | yunquëa |
| 5$j´# | 3rd | nelya | 5$j$zF`C | 13th | nelequëa |
| aD4$`C | 4th | cantëa | aD5#zF`C | 14th | canaquëa |
| j$r$`C | 5th | lempëa | j$qRv$`C | 15th | lepenquëa |
| `Vv$`C | 6th | enquëa | `V5$v$`C | 16th | enenquëa |
| `N1iR`C | 7th | otsëa | `N1YzR`C | 17th | otoquëa |
| 1Ym$`C | 8th | toldëa | 1Yj^zR`C | 18th | toloquëa |
| 5$61R`C | 9th | nertëa | 5$1R6zF`C | 19th | neterquëa |
| zlD5$`C | 10th | quainëa | hÍ~MzlD5$`C | 20th | yúquainëa |
Fractions
[edit | edit source]Fractions can be made by compounding the numeral with the word `C81E asta "month; division, part (esp. one of other equal parts)":
| Tengwar | Quenya | Tengwar | Quenya | Alt. Quenya | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| `CzD | aqua | 1/1 | t%v$81E | minquesta | 1/11 | ||
| qR7R81E | peresta | 1/2 | hÍUv$81E | yunquesta | 1/12 | ||
| 5$m$81E | neldesta | 1/3 | 5$j$zF81E | nelequesta | 1/13 | 5$jzF81E | nelquesta |
| aD4#81E | canasta | 1/4 | aD5#zF81E | canaquesta | 1/14 | aDv$81E | canquesta |
| j$qR81E | lepesta | 1/5 | j$qFv$81E | lepenquesta | 1/15 | ||
| `Vv$81E | enquesta | 1/6 | `V5$v$81E | enenquesta | 1/16 | ||
| `N1Y81E | otosta | 1/7 | `N1YzR81E | otoquesta | 1/17 | ||
| 1Yj^81E | tolosta | 1/8 | 1Yj^zR81E | toloquesta | 1/18 | ||
| 5$7R81E | neresta | 1/9 | 5$1R6zR81E | neterquesta | 1/19 | ||
| alD81E | caista | 1/10 | hÍ~MalD81E | yúcaista | 1/20 | ||
Quotientials
[edit | edit source]There also exists quotientals that are used when something has happened a certain number of times. They are used as adverbs:
- `V6 er "once"
- hÍ~M yú twice
- 5$j nel "thrice / three-times"
- aD5 can "four-times"
The higher numbers are formed with the suffix \j°&t$ –llumë:
| Tengwar | Quenya | English | Tengwar | Quenya | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| j$r$j°&t$ | lempellumë | five-times | t$f$j°&t$ | mencellumë | thousand-times |
| `Vv$j°&t$ | enquellumë | six-times | zR`Ct"$f$j°&t$ | quëammencellumë | ten thousand-times |
| zR`Cj°&t$ | quëallumë | ten-times | 1Ua|Dt$f$j°&t$ | tuxamencellumë | hundred thousand-times |
| 1Ua|Dj°&t$ | tuxallumë | hundred-times | t%2~N7Dj°&t$ | mindórallumë | million-times |
Tengwar Numerals
[edit | edit source]Writing the numerals in Tengwar is quite different to write compared with Arabic numerals, but not too different from them to give any form of great difficulty in learning it.
As the elves originally used the duodecimal (base-12) number system, they had need for 12 single digits.
Note that the letters A and B are used for the values of 10 and 11 in duodecimal.
| Duodecimal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | 10 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ð | ñ | ò | ó | ô | õ | ö | ÷ | ø | ù | ú | û | ðñ | |
| Decimal | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| ð | ñ | ò | ó | ô | õ | ö | ÷ | ø | ù | ðñ | ññ | òñ |
Tengwar numerals are written from right to left, with the lowest power written first, followed by the next higher power:
Reading Decimal
[edit | edit source]- ðñ = 01 = 0 ones / 1 ten = 10
- ððñ = 001 = 0 ones / 0 tens / 1 hundred = 100
- óòñ = 321 = 3 ones / 2 tens / 1 hundred = 123
- ðòôñ = 0241 = 0 ones / 2 tens / 4 hundreds / 1 thousand = 1420
Writing Decimal Notations
Decimal numbers can be given a single dot above the numeral to indicate a decimal number:
- ðGñT
Larger numbers in decimal can be given a single bar above the numerals:
- ðñìòîóìôîõîöì÷îøìùì
Example:
- ö%ñGðGò% = 6102 = 2016 or öìñîðîòî = 6102 = 2016
Reading Duodecimal
[edit | edit source]Guide to Duodecimal powers (Duodecimal = Decimal):
0 = 0 - "one", 10 = 12 - "twelve/dozen", 100 = 144 - "gross", 1,000 = 1,728 - "great-gross"
- ðñ = 01 = 0 ones / 1 twelves = 10 = 12 in Decimal
- ððñ = 001 = 0 ones / 0 twelves / 1 gross = 100 = 144 in Decimal
- óòñ = 321 = 3 ones / 2 twelves / 1 gross = 123 = 167 in Decimal
- ôúù = 4A9 = 4 ones / A:10 twelves / 9 grosses = 9A4 = 1420 in Decimal
- ûððñ = B001 = B:11 ones / 0 twelves / 0 grosses / 1 great-gross = 100B = 1739 in Decimal
Writing Duodecimal Notations
Duodecimal numbers are indicated by having single dot tehta placed below the numbers. The second digit however is given a circular tehta instead:
- ðÊñ¨òÈóÈôÊõÈöÉ÷ÉøÉùÈúÊûÊ
Like large decimal numbers, the larger duodecimal numbers can also be given a bar, but is placed below instead:
- ðñíòíóíôïõïöí÷ïøíùíúïûï
Example:
- ðÊð¨òÈñÊ = 0021 = 1200 Duodecimal = 2016 Decimal
- ððíòïñï = 0021 = 1200 Duodecimal = 2016 Decimal
Not much is known on the names of duodecimal numbers, but a theorised construction of these names can be found at the duodecimal numerals page here.
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