Quenya/Tengwar
- Note: The tengwar used in this article may not display properly unless tengwar fonts[1][2] are installed.
Tengwar is the script used to write Quenya. Though the chapters of this wikibook use a Latin transliteration for the sake of simplicity, Quenya is properly written using the Tengwar. For more information on Tengwar itself, see History of Elven Writing Systems and the Wikipedia article on the topic.
Tengwar is said to have different "modes", each of which determines what sound is assigned to each symbol. This article only covers the Quenya mode, which cannot be used to write non-elven words (your name, for example) as it lacks necessary sounds. English modes for Tengwar exist, though they are not standardised.
Consonants
[edit | edit source]Words are written from left to right, as in English.
| Tincotéma | Parmatéma | Calmatéma | Quessetéma | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | II | III | IV | |||||
| 1 | 1 | /t/ | q | /p/ | a | /k/ | z | /kʷ/ |
| 2 | 2 | /nd/ | w | /mb/ | s | /ŋɡ/ | x | /ŋɡʷ/ |
| 3 | 3 | /θ/ /s/ | e | /f/ | d | /x/ /ç/ /h/ | c | /ʍ/ |
| 4 | 4 | /nt/ | r | /mp/ | f | /ŋk/ | v | /ŋkʷ/ |
| 5 | 5 | /n/ | t | /m/ | g | /ŋ, n/ | b | /ŋʷ, nʷ/ |
| 6 | 6 | /r/ | y | /v/ | h | /j/ | n | /w, v/ |
| Additional Tengwar | ||||||||
| 7 | 7 | /r/ | u | /rd/ | j | /l/ | m | /ld/ |
| 8 | 8 | /s/ | i | /s/ | k | /sː/ | , | /sː/ |
| 9 | 9 | /h/ /ç/ | ½ | h+ | l | /j/ /i̯/ | . | /w/ /u̯/ |
- 3 is an archaic consonant and need not be used unless one wishes to refer to 8-i "s" sounds that was originally 3 in the earlier stages of Quenya:
- 3.D7Y5 → 8.D7Y5 Thauron → Sauron.
- 3G2#6 → iG2#6 Thindar → Sindar.
- d is pronounced /x/ when after 'a', 'o' or 'u' and before a t, /ç/ when after 'e' or 'i' and before a t and /h/ between vowels.
- `Vd1Rj$ → ehtelë /ɛçtɛlɛ/.
- `Nd1E6 → ohtar /ɔxtar/.
- `CdE → aha /aha/.
- Like 3, g is archaic, which changed to 5 in sound:
- g^m^ → 5^m^ Ñoldo → Noldo.
- b is only used initially and never medially, which is written as 5n instead:
- Initially: b#jt$ Nwalmë.
- Medially: yE5nE - vanwa.
- 8 is used before a consonant or long vowel, i when a vowel follows it.
This generally applies also for "ss" k and ,:
- 8~B Sí - iG Si
- 9 is used for the initial "h" sound and 9Í for the initial /ç/ sound:
- 9C6t# harma.
- 9ÍC6t$5 hyarmen.
- ½ is only used before j and 7 to make hl and hr:
- ½j#6 hlar.
- ½7~B81Y hrísto.
- l "i" and . "u" are used only in diphthongs, with the preceding vowel placed above it, being read from top to bottom:
- jlD1R laitë.
- j.D7T`V laurië.
Vowels
[edit | edit source]In order for a writing system to be considered a true alphabet, vowels and consonants must be treated equally. As this is not true of Quenya Mode Tengwar, the system is technically an abugida. Vowels are, therefore, written above or below the consonant that comes before it.
Short Vowels
[edit | edit source]The five short vowels are written above the consonant.
| Short Vowels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| `C = 1E | `V = 1R | `B = 1T | `N = 1Y | `M = 1U |
| a, ta | e, te | i, ti | o, to | u, tu |
1 is being used as an arbitrary example to show that the vowels are written above the consonant. The second example, `, is a vowel carrier. This serves as a place holder for vowels when there is no consonant to write them over, such as at the beginning of a word. e.g: `C7E5 - aran.
Long Vowels
[edit | edit source]The five long vowels are written above a long vowel carrier. When a long vowel comes after a consonant, it is written with its long vowel carrier after the consonant:
| Long Vowels | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ~C = 1~C | ~V = 1~V | ~B = 1~B | ~N = 1~N | ~M = 1~M |
| á, tá | é, té | í, tí | ó, tó | ú, tú |
The carrier descends below the line (like the letters h, p, and q do in English), as to distinguish it from a short carrier.
There is an alternate method of having long vowels written above a consonant, with the placement of a line tehta below the consonant, as seen in Tolkien's own Tengwar transcription of his poem Namárië, e.g:
- 7~C - 7ÿE - Rá
- e~V - eýF - Fé
- 1~B - 1þT - Tí
- q~N - qþY - Pó
- t~M - tü& - Mú
Note that "L" is exempted from this possibility, as no known tehta fits within it.
Diphthongs
[edit | edit source]These are written differently than the other two types, mainly because the vowel is written above the consonant that comes after the vowel (which is the opposite of the usual). In the case of diphthongs, however, the consonant is actually the second vowel in the diphthong.
If you find this confusing, just ignore the above paragraph and memorise the forms without questioning why they break the typical vowel rules.
- ai = lE
- oi = lY
- ui = lU
- au = .E
- eu = .F
- iu = .G
Modifiers
[edit | edit source]A number of strokes can be added to the tengwar to change their sound.
- Long consonants
- The long consonants are denoted by adding a curved stroke or a straight line below the "baseline" of the symbol. For example:
- cc = a; or a'
- ll = j° or j¸
- mm = t: or t"
- nn = 5: or 5"
- pp = q; or q'
- rr = 7; or 7'
- tt = 1; or 1'
- Palatalised consonants
- These are simply consonants followed by the letter Y. This is written with two dots below the symbol (or inside, for the letter j. For example:
- ly = j´
- my = tÌ
- ny = 5Ì
- ry = 7Î
- ty = 1Î
- Following S
- A consonant followed by the letter S, such as ts, ps, and ks (x), can be denoted by a downward hook to the "bow" (curved part) of the symbol. For example:
- ts = 1+ 1Å 1£ 1Ç
- ps = q¡
- ks / cs / x = z|
Punctuation
[edit | edit source]| Latin Punctuation | Tengwar Punctuation |
|---|---|
| Period, Semicolon | - |
| Comma | = |
| Exclamation mark | Á |
| Exclamation mark followed by a pause in speech | Á= |
| Question mark | À |
| Question mark followed by a pause in speech | À= |
| Parentheses | ›===› or «===» |
| End of paragraph | -- |
| End of Document | -Â or Â-= |