Quenya/U-stems
Nouns in -o that keep -o in all cases
[edit | edit source]They are declined as follows (we use aD6qY carpo "frog"):
| Singular | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | aE6qY carpo |
aE6qY6 carpor |
aE6qY1 carpot |
aE6qYj% carpoli | ||
| Genitive | aE6qY carpo |
aE6qY7Y5 carporon |
aE6qY1Y carpoto |
aE6qYj%`N5 carpolion | ||
| Possessive | aE6qYyE carpova |
aE6qlY carpoiva |
aE6qY1nE carpotwa |
aE6qYj~ByE carpolíva | ||
| Dative | aE6qY5 carpon |
aE6qlY5 carpoin |
aE6qY4 carpont |
aE6qYj%5 carpolin | ||
| Ablative | aE6qYj°^ carpollo |
aE6qYj°^5 carpollon |
aE6qYj°^6 carpollor |
aE6qYj1Y carpolto |
aE6qYj%j°^5 carpolillon |
aE6qYj%j°^6 carpolillor |
| Allative | aE6qY5"# carponna |
aE6qY5"#6 carponnar |
aE6qY4# carponta |
aE6qYj%5"# carpolinna |
aE6qYj%5"#6 carpolinnar | |
| Locative | aE6qY,F carpossë |
aE6qY,F5 carpossen |
aE6qY1R+ carpotsë |
aE6qYj%,F carpolissë |
aE6qYj%,F5 carpolissen | |
| Instrumental | aE6qY5$5 carponen |
aE6qlY5$5 carpoinen |
aE6qY4$5 carponten |
aE6qYj~B5$5 carpolínen | ||
| Respective | aE6qY8 carpos |
aE6qlY8 carpois |
aE6qY1R8 carpotes |
aE6qYj%8 carpolis | ||
The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use `N2^ ondo "stone"):
| Case | Nominative | Genitive | Possessive | Dative | Ablative | Allative | Locative | Instrumental | Respective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dual Form | `N2& ondu |
`N2&`N onduo |
`N2&yE onduva |
`N2&5 ondun |
`N2&j°^ ondullo |
`N2&5"# ondunna |
`N2&,F ondussë |
`N2&5$5 ondunen |
`N2&8 ondus |
Nouns in -u that keep -u in all cases
[edit | edit source]There also exist words that end in the nominative in \`M –u, these are however not U-stems. They differ from the U-stems in the nominative and the genitive plural. These nouns due to retaining the \`M –u, the dual forms are always distinguished with the \1 –t dual form.
They are declined as follows (we use 9R7U heru "lord"):
| Singular | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | 9R7U heru |
9R7U6 herur |
9R7U1 herut |
9R7Uj% heruli | ||
| Genitive | 9R7U heru |
9R7U7Y5 heruron |
9R7U1Y heruto |
9R7Uj%`N5 herulion | ||
| Possessive | 9R7UyE heruva |
9R7lUyE heruiva |
9R7U1nE herutwa |
9R7Uj~ByE herulíva | ||
| Dative | 9R7U5 herun |
9R7lU5 heruin |
9R7U4 herunt |
9R7Uj%5 herulin | ||
| Ablative | 9R7Uj°^ herullo |
9R7Uj°^5 herullon |
9R7Uj°^6 herullor |
9R7Uj1Y herulto |
9R7Uj%j°^5 herulillon |
9R7Uj%j°^6 herulillor |
| Allative | 9R7U5"# herunna |
9R7U5"#6 herunnar |
9R7U4# herunta |
9R7Uj%5"# herulinna |
9R7Uj%5"#6 herulinnar | |
| Locative | 9R7U,F herussë |
9R7U,F5 herussen |
9R7U`R+ herutsë |
9R7Uj%,F herulissë |
9R7Uj%,F5 herulissen | |
| Instrumental | 9R7U5$5 herunen |
9R7lU5$5 heruinen |
9R7U4$5 herunten |
9R7Uj~B5$5 herulínen | ||
| Respective | 9R7U8 herus |
9R7lU8 heruis |
9R7U`R8 herutes |
9R7Uj%8 herulis | ||
Nouns in -o with a U-stem
[edit | edit source]These are the real U-stems. But there are two exceptional categories: the nouns in \aH -co and the nouns in \s^ -ngo.
The others are declined as follows (we use t#j^ malo, t#j&\ malu- "pollen"). Note that these nouns don't follow the normal rule for the formation of the plural: they get \`B -i as extension instead of the \6 -r that ordinarily follows vowels.
| Singular | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | t#j^ malo |
t#jlU malui |
t#j&1 malut |
t#j&j% maluli | ||
| Genitive | t#j&`N maluo |
t#jlU`N5 maluion |
t#j&1Y maluto |
t#j&j%`N5 malulion | ||
| Possessive | t#j&yE maluva |
t#jlUyE maluiva |
t#j&1nE malutwa |
t#j&j~ByE malulíva | ||
| Dative | t#j&5 malun |
t#jlU5 maluin |
t#j&4 malunt |
t#j&5 malulin | ||
| Ablative | t#j&j°^ malullo |
t#j&j°^5 malullon |
t#j&j°^6 malullor |
t#j&j1Y malulto |
t#j&j%j°^5 malulillon |
t#j&j%j°^6 malulillor |
| Allative | t#j&5"# malunna |
t#j&5"#6 malunnar |
t#j&4# malunta |
t#j&j%5"# malulinna |
t#j&j%5"#6 malulinnar | |
| Locative | t#j&,F malussë |
t#j&,F5 malussen |
t#j&1R+ malutsë |
t#j&,F malulissë |
t#j&,F5 malulissen | |
| Instrumental | t#j&5$5 malunen |
t#jlU5$5 maluinen |
t#j&4$5 malunten |
t#j&j~B5$5 malulínen | ||
| Respective | t#j&8 malus |
t#jlU8 maluis |
t#j&1R8 malutes |
t#j&j%8 malulis | ||
The u-duals in this group are declined as follows (we use iG1Y sito, iG1U\ situ- "habit"):
| Case | Nominative | Genitive | Possessive | Dative | Ablative | Allative | Locative | Instrumental | Respective |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dual Form | iG1U situ |
iG1U`N situo |
iG1UyE situva |
iG1U5 situn |
iG1Uj°^ situllo |
iG1U5"# situnna |
iG1U,F situssë |
iG1U5$5 situnen |
iG1U8 situs. |
Note that these forms are, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.
The noun 1U`N tuo "muscle" behaves rather strangely because its Old-Elvish stem was 1~M`M\ 'túu'-. This long ~M ú appears when the ending begins in a single consonant; when the ending starts in a consonant cluster or a vowel, we find `M u instead of ~M ú, e.g.
- Dative singular: 1~M5 tún
- Ablative singular: 1Uj°^ tullo
U-stems in -co
[edit | edit source]The special feature here is that the combination aJ`B cui changes in zG qui. As an example we look at `M6aH urco, `M6aJ\ urcu- "bogey":
| Singular | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | `M6aH urco |
`M6zG urqui |
`M6aJ1 urcut |
`M6aJj% urculi | ||
| Genitive | `M6aJ`N urcuo |
`M6zG`N5 urquion |
`M6aJ1Y urcuto |
`M6aJj%`N5 urculion | ||
| Possessive | `M6aJyE urcuva |
`M6zGyE urquiva |
`M6aJ1nE urcutwa |
`M6aJj~ByE urculíva | ||
| Dative | `M6aJ5 urcun |
`M6zG5 urquin |
`M6aJ4 urcunt |
`M6aJj%5 urculin | ||
| Ablative | `M6aJj°^ urcullo |
`M6aJj°^5 urcullon |
`M6aJj°^6 urcullor |
`M6aJj1Y urculto |
`M6aJj%j°^5 urculillon |
`M6aJj%j°^6 urculillor |
| Allative | `M6aJ5"# urcunna |
`M6aJ5"#6 urcunnar |
`M6aJ4# urcunta |
`M6aJj%5"# urculinna |
`M6aJj%5"#6 urculinnar | |
| Locative | `M6aJ,F urcussë |
`M6aJ,F5 urcussen |
`M6aJ1R+ urcutsë |
`M6aJj%,F urculissë |
`M6aJj%,F5 urculissen | |
| Instrumental | `M6aJ5$5 urcunen |
`M6zG5$5 urquinen |
`M6aJ4$5 urcunten |
`M6aJj~B5$5 urculínen | ||
| Respective | `M6aJ8 urcus |
`M6zG8 urquis |
`M6aJ1R8 urcutes |
`M6aJj%8 urculis | ||
The u-duals are just as in the example of iG1Y sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.
Two nouns behave irregularly:
- 7.DaH rauco "demon" is only a U-stem in the singular, partitive plural and dual. The plural is formed with the stem 7.DaD\ rauca-.
- 1RjaH telco "leg, stem" is only a U-stem in the plural and the dual. The singular and partitive plural are formed with the stem 1RjaH\ telco- (see above for nouns that end in \`N -o).
U-stems in -go
[edit | edit source]The special feature here is that the combination s& ngu + `B i changes in x% ngwi. As an example we look at `Cs^ ango, `Cs&\ angu- "snake":
| Singular | Plural | Dual | Partitive Plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | `Cs^ ango |
`Cx% angwi |
`Cs&1 angut |
`Cs&j% anguli | ||
| Genitive | `Cs&`N anguo |
`Cx%`N5 angwion |
`Cs&1Y anguto |
`Cs&j%`N5 angulion | ||
| Possessive | `Cs&yE anguva |
`Cx%yE angwiva |
`Cs&1nE angutwa |
`Cs&j~ByE angulíva | ||
| Dative | `Cs&5 angun |
`Cx%5 angwin |
`Cs&4 angunt |
`Cs&j%5 angulin | ||
| Ablative | `Cs&j°^ angullo |
`Cs&j°^5 angullon |
`Cs&j°^6 angullor |
`Cs&j1Y angulto |
`Cs&j%j°^5 angulillon |
`Cs&j%j°^6 angulillor |
| Allative | `Cs&5"# angunna |
`Cs&5"#6 angunnar |
`Cs&4# angunta |
`Cs&5j%5"# angulinna |
`Cs&5j%5"#6 angulinnar | |
| Locative | `Cs&,F angussë |
`Cs&,F5 angussen |
`Cs&1R+ angutsë |
`Cs&j%,F angulissë |
`Cs&j%,F5 angulissen | |
| Instrumental | `Cs&5$5 angunen |
`Cx%5$5 angwinen |
`Cs&4$5 angunten |
`Cs&j~B5$5 angulínen | ||
| Respective | `Cs&8 angus |
`Cx%8 angwis |
`Cs&1R8 angutes |
`Cs&j%8 angulis | ||
The u-duals are just as in the example of iG1Y sito, except for the nominative, all equal to the singular.
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