Sewing/Embroidery

Embroidery is the art or handicraft of decorating fabric or other materials with needle and thread. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins.

The basic stitches used in embroidery are chain stitch, buttonhole or blanket stitch, running stitch, satin stitch, and cross stitch. These stitches have been used since ancient times and are still the foundation of hand embroidery today.

Machine embroidery imitates hand embroidery, especially in the use of chain stitches, but the "satin stitch" and hemming stitches of machine work rely on the use of multiple threads and resemble hand work in their appearance, not their construction.

Stitches

Embroidery stitches are the smallest units in embroidery. Embroidery patterns are formed by doing many embroidery stitches, either all the same or different ones, either following a counting chart on paper, following a design painted on the fabric or even working freehand.

Embroidery uses various combinations of stitches. Each embroidery stitch has a special name to help identify it. These names vary from country to country and region to region. Some embroidery books will include name variations. Taken by themselves the stitches are mostly simple to execute, however when put together the results can be extremely complex.

Straight stitches

Straight stitches pass through the fabric ground in a simple up and down motion, and for the most part moving in a single direction.

Examples of straight stitches are:

Running or basting stitch
Simple satin stitch
Algerian eye stitch
Fern stitch

Arrowhead stitch
Eye stitch
Algerian eye stitch
Fishbone stitch
Open fishbone stitch
Raised fishbone stitch
Flat stitch

Some straight stitches have two journeys (generally forwards and backwards over the same path). These include:

Holbein stitch, also known as the double running stitch
Bosnian stitch

Back stitches

Back stitches pass through the fabric ground in an encircling motion. The needle in the simplest backstitch comes up from the back of the fabric, makes a stitch to the right going back to the back of the fabric, then passes behind the first stitch and comes up to the front of the fabric to the left of the first stitch. The needle then goes back to the back of the fabric through the same hole the stitch first came up from. The needle then repeats the movement to the left of the stitches and continues.

Some examples of a back stitch are:

Stem stitch or outline stitch
Split stitch. The needle pierces the thread as it come back up.
Crewel stitch

Basic backstitch
Stem stitch
Whipped stem stitch
Split stitch
Threaded backstitch
Pekinese stitch

Chain stitches

Chain stitches catch a loop of the thread on the surface of the fabric. In the simplest of the looped stitches, the chain stitch, the needle comes up from the back of the fabric and then the needle goes back into the same hole it came out of, pulling the loop of thread almost completely through to the back; but before the loop disappears, the needle come back up (a certain distance from the beginning stitch -the distance deciding the length of the stitch), passes through the loop and prevents it from being pulled completely to the back of the fabric. The needle then passes back to the back of the fabric through the second hole and begins the stitch again. Examples of chain stitches are:

Chain stitch
Lazy Daisy stitch, or detached chain. The loop stitch is held to the fabric at the wide end by a tiny tacking stitch.
Spanish Chain or Zig-zag Chain

Basic chain stitch
Braid stitch
Cable chain stitch
Knotted chain stitch
Open chain stitch
Petal chain stitch
Rosette chain stitch
Rosette chain line
Singalese chain stitch
Twisted chain stitch
Wheat-ear stitch
Zig-zag chain stitch

Buttonhole stitches

Buttonhole or blanket stitches also catch a loop of the thread on the surface of the fabric but the principle difference is that the needle does not return to the original hole to pass back to the back of the fabric. In the classic buttonhole stitch the needle is returned to the back of the fabric at a right angle to the original start of the thread. The finished stitch in some ways resembles a letter "L" depending on the spacing of the stitches. For buttonholes the stitches are tightly packed together and for blanket edges they are more spaced out. The properties of this stitch make it ideal for preventing raveling of woven fabric. This stitch is also the basis for many forms of needle lace. Examples of Buttonhole or Blanket Stitches.

Blanket stitch
Buttonhole stitch
Closed Buttonhole stitch, the tops of the stitch touch to form triangles
Crossed Buttonhole stitch, the tops of the stitch cross
Buttonhole stitches combined with knots:
Top Knotted Buttonhole stitch
German Knotted Buttonhole stitch
Tailor's Buttonhole stitch

Detached buttonhole stitch
Tailor's buttonhole stitch
Buttonhole stitch variations
Buttonhole shading

Feather stitches

Feather or fly stitches also catch a loop of thread on the surface of the fabric but they differ from buttonhole stitches in that the catching of the loop is not at right angles or it alternates from side to side. The result is a very naturalistic looking stitch that is often used to make leaves and branches. Examples of fly stitches are:

Fly stitch, or Y stitch
Feather stitch
Faggoting stitch, or Straight Open Cretan
Cretan Stitch

Featherstitch
Featherstitch
Featherstitch as a couching stitch, left, and long-armed featherstitch, right
Double featherstitch
Chained featherstitch

Cross stitches

Cross stitches or cross-stitch have come to represent an entire industry of pattern production and material supply for the craft person. The stitch is done by creating a line of diagonal stitches going in one direction, usually using the warp and weft of the fabric as a guide, then on the return journey crossing the diagonal in the other direction, creating an "x". Also included in this class of stitches are:

Herringbone stitches, including the hem stitch
Breton stitch, here the threads of the "x" are twisted together
Sprat's Head stitch
Crow's Foot stitch, these last two stitches are often used in tailoring to strengthen a garment at a point of strain such as a pocket corner or the top of a kick pleat.

Basic cross stitch as worked in embroidery
Long-armed cross stitch
Double cross stitch
Italian cross stitch
Basket stitch
Leaf stitch
Herringbone stitch
Tacked herringbone stitch
Tied herringbone stitch
Montenegrin stitch
Thorn stitch
Trellis stitch
Van Dyke stitch

Knotted stitches

Knotted stitches are formed by wrapping the thread around the needle, once or several times, before passing it back to the back of the fabric ground. This is a predominate stitch in Brazilian embroidery, used to create flowers. Another form of embroidery that uses knots is Candlewicking, where the knots are created by forming a figure 8 around the needle. Examples of knotted stitches are:

French knot, or twisted knot stitch
Chinese knot, which varies from the French knot in that it takes a tiny stitch in the background fabric while creating the knot
Bullion knots
Coral stitch
Four-legged knot stitch
Turk's head knot

There are also more complex knotted stitches such as:

Double-knot stitch
Knotted Loop stitch
Plaited Braid stitch
Sorbello stitch
Diamond stitch

Knotted edgings based on buttonhole stitches include:

Antwerp edging stitch
Armenian edging stitch

French knot
Coral stitch
French knots
Bullion knot
Bullion knots
Four-legged knot stitch
Turk's head knot
Double-knot stitch
Plaited braid stitch
Antwerp edging
Armenian edging

Couching and laid work

Couching or laid stitches involve two sets of threads, the set that is being 'laid' onto the surface of the fabric and the set which attach the laid threads. The laid threads may be heavier than the attaching thread, or they may be of a nature that does not allow them to be worked like a regular embroidery thread, such as metal threads. The stitches used to attach the laid thread may be of any nature; cross stitch, buttonhole stitch, straight stitch; but some have specific names:

Pendant couching
Bokhara couching
Square laid work
Oriental couching
Battlement couching
Klosterstitch
Roumanian couching

Couching
Couched filling
Laid work
Bokhara couching
Roumanian stitch
Roumanian couching
Underside couching, front (left) and back (right)

Technique

Basically, there are two ways to do embroidery efficiently and orderly. What works better depends on the stitches and materials used, and on personal preference.

Hand-sewing method

The needle is brought to the upside of the fabric. For doing the stitch properly, it is inserted into the fabric and brought back to the surface in one movement. Then the thread is pulled through. The same method is used for plain hand sewing.

A thimble is usually used on the middle finger to avoid minor injury. Once the needle is inserted into the fabric, the hooded middle finger is used to push it through; the thumb and index finger grab the needle at the front as soon as possible and pull at the same time. This can speed up working when the embroiderer is used to it.

This method can be done using an embroidery frame or free-hand, but usually an embroidery frame or hoop is used to make work easier. The technique uses frames that allow for adjustment of fabric tension, as the fabric can't be too strongly stretched. in order to allow inserting the needle without pulling the fabric too much.

Stab method or Maggam work

This method is popular in India.

The needle is inserted into the fabric at a 90 degree angle, then the thread is pulled through. Then, the needle is again inserted, this time from the underside to the surface; again, the thread is pulled through.

A thimble is not usually required to avoid injury with this method, but is sometimes used to make pushing the needle through easier.

A frame or hoop is used. A mounted hoop or frame makes the work faster, such that both hands are free for the embroidery. The dominant hand is held under the fabric, the non-dominant hand above it, and the needle is handled by each respective hand without necessity for hand position changes.