Structural Biochemistry/Organic Chemistry/Synthesis
Synthesis
[edit | edit source]The synthesis of amino acids is vital to life itself. They are important because they are the basis of proteins and required for the synthesis of more complicated molecules such as vitamins. Amino acid synthesis is the process of creating amino acids from other molecules. Not all animals can synthesize all the amino acids. Non essential amino acids are those that are synthesized while the essential amino acids are those that need to be obtained through diet. Non-essential amino acids are the amino acids that can be synthesized in animals.
The amino acids synthesis pathways are grouped into six categories. They are grouped according to their similar mechanism or the use of similar enzymes to synthesize amino acids. These six categories are simple reactions, branch chain amino acids, aromatic amino acids, threonine/lysine, serine/glycine, and unique pathways.
Synthesis of Amino Acids
[edit | edit source]Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky
[edit | edit source]Using Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Bromination, the creation of racemic alanine can be formed from propanoic acid. This can be done as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Bromination allows for an addition of a functional group at the carbon 2 of propanoic acid. Through this reaction, a nucleophile can displace the bromine that is formed on carbon number two. In using a nucleophile such as ammonia, the amino acid Alanine can therefore be formed. Due to the low yields produced by Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Bromination, Gabriel Synthesis is preferred in the making of primary amines.
Mechanism of Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky Bromination:
This reaction is followed by an addition of ammonia, which will displace bromine and form Alanine.
Gabriel Synthesis
[edit | edit source]The formed 2-substitued propanedioate can be alkylated, allowing for the preparation of a variety of substituted amino acids.
Mechanism of Gabriel Synthesis:
A propanedioate such as diethyl 2-bromomalonate would be used to form an amino acid such as Glycine. The difference however in the synthesis of Glycine from the Gabriel Synthesis from the regular Gabriel synthesis shown above, is that the group that is attached to the Nitrogen after the first step would be hydrolyzed to form two carboxylic acids. One of the carboxylic acid group would be then decarboxylated and hydrolysis would occur once again to cleave the imide group, which would result in the formation of Glycine.
Strecker Synthesis
[edit | edit source]This synthesis is based on the cyanohydrin formation that can occur from aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide. When this reaction is carried out in the presence of ammonia or ammonium cyanide with an acetaldehyde, formation of the amino acid Alanine can occur.
Mechanism of Strecker Synthesis of Alanine:
Simple Reactions:The synthesis of Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Asparagines and Alanine
[edit | edit source]Glutamate is synthesized by the addition of ammonia to alpha-ketoglutarate.
Using Glutamate, the addition of another ammonia molecule made Glutamine.
Aspartate is made by the combination of Oxaloacetate and Glutamate.
Asparagine can be made by adding ammonia directly to Aspartate.
There are several methods for making Alanine. The most common way is the transferring of amine group from glutamate onto private.
References
[edit | edit source]Vollhardt, Peter (2010) Organic Chemistry Structure and Function Sixth Edition. ISBN:142920494X