Structural Biochemistry/Properties of Mutant Alleles
Appearance
Overview
[edit | edit source]If the DNA mutation changes the amino acid sequence of the protein, then it can have one of these functional consequences (morph = form).
Gain-of-function are typically a missense or translocation that changes the promoter.
- Hypermorph – increased expression
- Ex. A mutated protein that signals continuously and can’t be shut off.
- Neomorph – the protein is expressed somewhere ‘new’
- Ex. In a new location on the organism - perhaps the neomorph is now expressed in the eyes, where it was normally expressed in the feet. At a different time during development – perhaps the neomorph is now expressed during adulthood, when normally it is expressed only during childhood, such as lactose tolerance.
Loss-of-function
- Hypomorph – reduced, or “leaky” expression; usually the result of a missense mutation, since that is a less drastic change
- Amorph – no expression, or null; usually the result of a more drastic mutation (deletion, nonsense, frameshift)
- Antimorph – against the form/protein, dominant negative; a poisonous protein, the antimorph will actually harm the normal protein when both are present in heterozygotes; usually this is a situation where the protein forms a multi-subunit complex.
Hypomorph
[edit | edit source]- Property: common, leaky
- Typical mutation: missense
- Gene product activity: reduced
- Recessive/Semi-dominant/Dominant: usually recessive; semi-dominant if gene is unusual.
Amorph
[edit | edit source]- Property: common, null
- Typical mutation: deletion, nonsense, frameshift
- Gene product activity: absent
- Recessive/Semi-dominant/Dominant: usually recessive; semi-dominant if gene is unusual.
Antimorph
[edit | edit source]- Property: relatively rare, dominant negative
- Typical mutation: missense, nonsense
- Gene product activity: antagonist
- Recessive/Semi-dominant/Dominant: semi-dominant
Hypermorph
[edit | edit source]- Property: relatively rare
- Typical mutation: missense, translocation
- Gene product activity: massively increased
- Recessive/Semi-dominant/Dominant: semi-dominant or dominant
Neomorph
[edit | edit source]- Property: relatively rare
- Typical mutation: translocation
- Gene product activity: different, or same but in different location
- Recessive/Semi-dominant/Dominant: semi-dominant or dominant