The Sakha language/Nouns
Non-possessed forms
[edit | edit source]Plurals
[edit | edit source]Unlike Turkish and other many Turkic languages, Sakha has more irregular plurals than its sisters. For example, English has irregular plural forms man — men, person — people, or child — children. Regular plurals in Sakha are formed by the surface form -ЛАр. These are the assimilated forms of this suffix:[1]
| Preceding letters | Back | Front | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| а, э, и, ы, о, ө, у, ү, л | -лар | -лор | -лэр | -лөр |
| й, р | -дар | -дор | -дэр | -дөр |
| м, н, ҥ | -нар | -нор | -нэр | -нөр |
| к, п, с, т, х | -тар | -тор | -тэр | -төр |
In addition, there is also numerous irregular plurals in Sakha:
| Assimilating nouns | Distantly related nouns | Suppleted |
|---|---|---|
|
|
|
Accusative
[edit | edit source]The accusative case are used as a direct object (I see the car) of a verb or certain prepositions of verbal origin. While the divisions of the surface form -(н)И are somewhat simple, but the treatment of stems of nouns ending in a consonant is rather complex.
| Preceding letters | Back | Front | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | Unrounded | Rounded | |
| а, э, и, ы, о, ө, у, ү | -ны | -ну | -ни | -нү |
| к, л, м, н, ҥ, п, р, с, т, й, х | -ы | -у | -и | -ү |
Nouns ending in -с and -х usually change to -һ and -ҕ, respectively (nom. бас — acc. баһы "head"). However, nouns ending in -CVC (-C- = consonants, -V- = short close vowel) are elided to -CC- (also before other suffixes starting with a consonant) causing -һ and -ҕ devoices to -с and -х before other consonants.[3]
In addition, there is also an accusative-collective case, used for denoting a completely-affected object (сирэйдэри "whole face"). Its formation is completely the same as accusative plural, but this case only exists in singular so there is no such forms like **сирэйдэрдэри.
Samples
[edit | edit source]Non-possessed
[edit | edit source]| ат "horse" |
дьиэ "house" |
ох "arrow" |
үөр "herd" | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Nominative | ат | дьиэ | ох | үөр |
| Accusative | аты | дьиэни | оҕу | үөрү | |
| Collective[4] | аттары | дьиэлэри | охтары | үөрдэри | |
| Partitive | атта | дьиэтэ | охта | үөрдэ | |
| Dative | акка | дьиэҕэ | охха | үөргэ | |
| Ablative | аттан | дьиэттэн | охтон | үөртэн | |
| Plural | Nominative | аттар | дьиэлэр | охтор | үөрдэр |
| Accusative | аттары | дьиэлэри | охтору | үөрдэри | |
| Partitive | аттарда | дьиэлэрдэ | охтордо | үөрдэрдэ | |
| Dative | аттарга | дьиэлэргэ | охторго | үөрдэргэ | |
| Ablative | аттартан | дьиэлэртэн | охтортон | үөрдэртэн | |
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ Грамматика якутского языка
- ↑ Do not confuse Кыргыттар with Кыргыыстар!
- ↑ The examples found are rare in nouns: таҕыс "go out" — тахсы "going out". Therefore, this was rather a verb.
- ↑ It was intended to be the accusative-collective case. However, I chose to shorten this case name to save space. Do not confuse with collective nouns. ;)