User:Arist821/sandbox
3.3 Stretching Vibrations and Structure Determination
[edit | edit source]1. Stretching Modes of Vibration
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Stretching modes in molecules can be represented by the individuals bonds in a molecule. To determine the activity of stretch frequencies, only those bonds of the same type are considered together. As an example, Mn(CO)4NO has two types of bonds, 4 CO bonds, and 1 NO bond. To determine the stretching frequencies, each must be considered separately. To determine the stretching vibrations of the CO molecules (νCO), use the Mn-CO bonds as a basis and transform them according to the character table to determine the reducible representation. As before, any bond that moves contributes 0, any bond that is inverted contributes -1, and any bond that remains stationary contributes 1. Since the bonds being used are sigma bonds, they have no directionality and thus will only contribute 1 or 0.
| C4v | E | 2C4v | C2 | 2σv | 2σd |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| A2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 |
| B1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | 1 | -1 |
| B2 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 | 1 |
| E | 2 | 0 | -2 | 0 | 0 |
| ΓνCO | 4 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
After generating the reducible representation, it can be reduced to ΓνCO=A1+B1+E. Using the character table, A1 and E are identified as IR active and A1, B1, and E as Raman active.
2. Structure Determination using Stretching and Vibrational Frequencies
[edit | edit source]Spectroscopy can also be used to determine the structure of an unknown molecule. Using the stretching frequencies present, the molecular geometry can be determined by finding the symmetry necessary to generate them. Rather than using a molecule's symmetry to determine its vibrations, the vibrations can be used to discover the molecules symmetry, and thus structure. For example, a molecule with the structure MX3Y3 could be facial or meridional. To determine which would be correct, the representation for all normal modes of vibration must be found, reduced, and examined.
| C2v | E | C2 | σv(xz) | σv(yz) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| A2 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 |
| B1 | 1 | -1 | 1 | -1 |
| B2 | 1 | 1 | -1 | -1 |
| ΓMX | 3 | 1 | 3 | 1 |
| C3v | E | 2C3 | 2σv |
|---|---|---|---|
| A1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| A2 | 1 | 1 | -1 |
| E | 2 | -1 | 0 |
| ΓMX | 3 | 0 | 1 |
For the meridional case the representation would reduce to Γmer = 2A1+E and the facial case Γfac = A1+E. Reviewing the full character tables indicates that all of the reducible representations are IR active, so the meridional case has 3 IR active frequencies, and the facial case only 2. By knowing the number of IR and Raman active frequencies in an unknown molecule, group theory can be utilized to propose a structure. A useful rule to remember for structure determination is that centrosymmetric molecules (those that contain and inversion center) the IR and Raman active frequencies are mutually exclusive. This can be useful for deciding if a structure is something such as square planar or tetrahedral.