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- ...+は+Q - topic particle using questions
- Q+が+... - subject particle using WH-questions
- Place+に+N+がある/いる - existence of an item in a place using subject marker
- Place+に+N+が+Q+ある/いる - existence of Q items in a place using subject marker
- N+は+Place+にある/いる - existence of an item in a place using a topic marker
- N+をください - please give me N
- V+てください - please do V. (polite request)
- V+ないでください - please do not do V. (polite request-neg)
- N+を/V+てくださいませんか - won't you please do
- V+ましょう - "Let's do V." volitional, polite
- V+ませんか - Why don't we do V?
- N+がほしい - I want N
- V+たい - "I want to V"
- ...が - ... but ...
- ...とき - adverbial clause, when ... , ...
- V+ながら - adverbial clause, While V, ...
- V+てから - adverbial clause, After/Since V, ...
- V+たあとで - ta instead of te, adverbial clause, After V, ...
- V+まえに - adverbial clause, Before V
- でしょう - I think.. I guess.. I wonder .. etc.,
- V+たり...V+たり - conjunction for multiple actions
- Adj+く/Adj+N+に/N+になる - becomes
- Adj+く/Adj+N+に/N+にする - equating or making, (e.g., I made A from B)
- もう+Positive - already
- もう+Negative - no longer
- まだ+Positive - still
- まだ+Negative - not yet
- ...という - called this ...
- ...て - because ... / since ...
- ...から - because ... / since ...
- ...は...が - using both subject and topic particle in the same sentence
- どうもありがとうございました - thank you very much (very polite)
- いただきます - thanks for this meal! (before eating)
- ごちそうさまでした - a thanks said after meals
- ごめんください - may i come in?
- ごめんなさい - excuse me
- はじめまして - nice to meet you. how do you do?
- どうぞよろしく - pleased to meet you. please favor me with your friendship/kindness
- いらっしゃいませ - Welcome to the store! (merchant greeting)
- こんにちは - Hello. (daytime greeting)
- こんばんは - Good evening, Hello
- さよなら - Goodbye
- おはようございます - good morning
- おやすみなさい - good night
- ではおげんきで - well then, take care.
- おねがいします - please
- いいえどういたしまして - no problem at all.
- こちらこそ - No, thank you! (used when responding to someone saying "Thank you!")
- しつれいしました - Excuse me. (used usually while leaving a room.)
- しつれいします - Excuse me. (used usually while entering a room.)
- すみません - Excuse me. I'm sorry.
- ではまた - See ya later.
- Adj+です - i-adj, non-past, polite
- Adj+くないです - i adjective, polite negative
- Adj+かったです - i adjective, past
- Adj+くなかったです - i adjective, past negative
- Adj+ - adjective without desu
- Adj+くない - i-adj without desu, polite neg
- Adj+かった - i-adj w/o desu, past
- Adj+くなかった - i adj w/o desu, past neg
- Adj+くて - i-adj te-form
- Adj+く+V - adverb
- Adj+N - na adj no copula.
- Adj+の - adj+pronoun/one/thing (e.g., white thing)
- Adj+N+です - na adj
- Adj+N+ではありません, na adj, negative
- Adj+N+でした - na adj, past
- Adj+N+ではありませんでした - na adj, neg past
- Adj+N+だ - na adj with plain copula
- Adj+N+ではない - na adj, neg, plain
- Adj+N+だった - na adj-past, plain
- Adj+N+ではなかった, na-adj, past-neg, plain
- Adj+N+で - na-adj te-form
- Adj+N+に+V -n-adj adverb
- Adj+N+な+N - n-adj + noun
- Adj+N+の - na-adj + pronoun
- V+ます - verb polite form
- V+ません - verb, polite neg form
- V+ました - verb, polite past form
- V+ませんでした - verb, polite neg-past form
- V - verb, plain form
- V+ない - verb, plain neg form
- V+た - verb, plain past form
- V+なかった - verb, plain past-neg form
- N+が+Vit/N+を+Vt - intransitive and transitive verb use
- V+て - verb, te-form
- V+てある - verb, te-form "completed" state
- V+ている - verb, te-form progressive
- V+ないで - verb, negative request
- N+です - noun + copula.
- N+ではありません - noun + copula neg form
- N+でした - noun + copula past-form
- N+ではありませんでした - noun + copula neg-past form
- N+だ - noun + copula plain form
- N+ではない - noun + copula plain-neg form
- N+だった - noun + copula plain-past form
- N+ではなかった noun + copula plain-neg-past form
- N+で - te-form of desu
- N+の+N - noun modifying another noun or possessive.
- N+の -possessive
- [V/+Adj/+Adj-Na]+N - relative clause modifying a noun
- なに/なん - what
- だれ/どなた - who
- いつ - when or how soon
- いくつ - how many?
- いくら - how much?
- どれ/どの/どこ/どちら - which / which one / where / who
- どう/いかが - how, in what what, how about
- どんな - what kind of
- どのぐらい/どれぐらい - how far, how long, how much
- なぜ/どうして - why
- なにか/だれか/どこかへ/... - someone, something, somewhere, etc.,
- なにも/だれも/どこへも/... - no one, nothing, nowhere, etc.,
- これ/それ/あれ/どれ - this / that / that over there / which?
- この/その/あの/どの - this one / that one / that one over there / which one?
- ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ - this place / that place / that place over there/ where?
- こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (こっち/そっち/あっち/どっち) - this person / that person / that person over there / who
- が - subject marker
- を - direct object marker, starting point of the action, place of the action
- に - location marker, object marker for some verbs (e.g., to meet at), time marker, goal marker, intervals
- で - location marker for action verbs, by means marker (e.g., I went to the school by bus.), cause and effect marker, totals marker
- へ - direction marker,
- と - noun conjunction "and", "together" or "with"
- から/まで - AからBまで - from A to B.
- や - list particle, but can be used to mean "and so forth" (e.g., AやBなど will mean A and B and so forth. など is optional.)
- は - topic marker, contrast marker
- も - also/too
- 格助詞+は/も - combination of particles and は/も
- か - question marker
- など - etc/so forth. see や.
- ぐらい - about/almost/approx
- だけ - only / just
- しか - only or nothing but
- ね - sentence end marker, applies emphasis, or a quest for confirmation
- よ - sentence end marker, applies certainty or request
- わ - feminine form of ね
- 中 - all/ entire / throughout (time)
- たち/がた - makes the attached noun plural (plain/polite)
- あまり...ない - not very, negative sentences
- 一つ、二つ～１０ - numbers
- 枚/冊/本... - counters
- ~月/~日/~曜日- calendar
- ~時/~時半/~時~/~分/~時~分前/~ごろ - time
- ~時間/~分/~ぐらい - minutes, hours
- がる - to feel (used with adj)
- がわ - side of something, or taking someone's side
- ご - language
- じん - person
- すぎ - too much, over
- ずつ - apiece
- たち - plural suffix
- ちゅう - during
- や - ~shop
