Section I: Questions about Canada

Aboriginal Peoples

1. Who are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?

  The first inhabitants in Canada (The first people to live in Canada)

2. What are the three main groups of Aboriginal peoples?

  First Nations, Inuit, Métis

3. From whom are the Métis descended?

  Early French and English (fur) traders married First Nations women. 
  The descendants of those intermarried couples are called the Métis people.

4. Which group of Aboriginal peoples make up more than half the population of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut?

  Inuit   (even though they also live in the NWT: Dene, Metis <- that is not the answer)

5. Why are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada working toward self-government?

  They are trying to regain control over decisions that affect their lives

  (The wrong answer was: To preserve their unique cultures and languages)

6. Which of the following statements about residential schools is NOT true?

  The schools were welcomed by the Aboriginal people

7. Who have major responsibilities on First Nation reserves?

  Band Chiefs and Councillors

History

1. Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from?

  France

2. Why did the early explorers first come to Atlantic Canada?

  To fish and trade with Aboriginal peoples

3. What three industries helped the early settlers build communities in the Atlantic region?

  Farming, fishing, shipbuilding

4. Who were the United Empire Loyalists?

  Settlers who came to Canada from the United States during the American Revolution, 
  Loyal to Great Britain & the British Crown

5. When did settlers from France first establish communities on the St. Lawrence River?

  Early 1600s

6. Which trade spread across Canada, making it important to the economy for over 300 years?

  Fur trade

7. What form of transportation did Aboriginal peoples and fur traders use to create trading networks in North America?

  Waterways

8. What important trade did the Hudson’s Bay Company control?

  Fur trade

9. What did the government do to make immigration to Western Canada much easier?

  Built a railway across the Prairies to the Pacific Coast

10. Who are the Acadians?

  The descendants of French colonists 
  who began settling in what are now the Maritime provinces in 1604 
  (also called Atlantic colonies)

Trivia:

Today, the term Acadia is used to refer to regions of North America that are historically

associated with the lands, descendants, and/or culture of the former French region.

It particularly refers to regions of The Maritimes with French roots, language, and culture,

primarily in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, the Magdalen Islands and Prince Edward Island, as well as in Maine.

It can also be used to refer to the Acadian diaspora in southern Louisiana,

a region also referred to as Acadiana.

In the abstract, Acadia refers to the existence of a French culture in any of these regions.

People living in Acadia, and sometimes former residents and their descendants,

are called Acadians, also later known as Cajuns after resettlement in Louisiana.

In French: Acadie was a colony of New France in northeastern North America that

included parts of eastern Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and modern-day Maine to the Kennebec River

The actual specification by the French government for the territory refers to

lands bordering the Atlantic coast, roughly between the 40th and 46th parallels.

Later, the territory was divided into the British colonies which became

Canadian provinces and American states.

The population of Acadia included members of the Wabanaki Confederacy and

descendants of emigrants from France (i.e., Acadians). The two communities intermarried,

which resulted in a significant portion of the population of Acadia being Métis.

The first capital of Acadia, established in 1605, was Port-Royal.

11. Which of the following sentences best describes the War of 1812?

  The USA invaded Canada and was defeated, 
  which ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States

12. Who was the first leader of a responsible government in Canada in 1849?

  Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine

13. Who was Sir Sam Steele?

  A great frontier hero, Mounted Policeman and soldier of the Queen

14. Which Act granted, for the first time in Canada, legislative assemblies elected by the people?

  The Constitutional Act of 1791

Trivia:

The Constitutional Act was an act passed by the British Parliament in London, in 1791,

made the name Canada an official name, but more importantly

changed the structure of government by repealing the Québec Act of 1774*,

dividing the Province of Québec (Remanence of New France) into 2 colonies (2 Canadas - Upper /Lower):

A mostly French-catholic French speaking Lower Canada (today's Province of Québec) in the east,

and the mostly loyalist English speaking Upper Canada in the west (today's Province of Ontario),

granting each entity the chance to form its own representative government for the first time ever,

in its own preferred language and is considered

e.g. granting for the first time ever the chance to form legislative assemblies

elected by the people (for the people) (instead of ones solely appointed by the Queen),

making the very first step towards Canadian Confederation,

later realized in forming the Dominion of Canada in 1867.

Dominion of Canada in 1867 united (NS), (NB), (QC), (ON):

1. Province of Canada (consisting of Upper and Lower Canada, united in 1840

(formerly created by splitting The British Colony of Québec,

what remained of New France's French Canada, into the Upper & Lower Canadas)) splitting it back

into renamed Province of Ontario and the Province of Québec by the Act of Constitution, 1867),

2. New Brunswick and 3. Nova Scotia.

British North American colonies in 1700s were the Atlantic colonies

(also called Maritimes: Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick)

and the 2 Canadas (Upper /Lower) were known collectively as British North America in 1700s.

The first representative assembly was elected instead of appointed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1758.

Nova Scotia at the time was incorporating the territories of both nowadays Nova Scotia and today New Brunswick.

Then the elected representatives were elected in Prince Edward Island followed in 1773,

Québec Act of 1774*, one of the constitutional foundations of Canada:

The Québec Act restored French civil law, while maintaining British criminal law.

The British Parliament passed the Québec Act of 1774, allowing religious freedom for Catholics

and permitted them to hold public office, a practice not then allowed in Britain.

The Quebec Act, 1974 provided the people of Quebec their first Charter of Rights and

paved the way to later official recognition of the French language and French culture.

The act also allowed Canadiens to maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion,

allowing the Roman Catholic Church to remain, one of the first cases in history of

state-sanctioned freedom of religious practice.

In 1775, General George Washington decided to attempt an invasion of Canada by

the American Continental Army to wrest Quebec and the St. Lawrence River from the British.

The invasion failed when British reinforcements came down the St. Lawrence in May 1776

and the Battle of Trois-Rivières (Battle of 3 Rivers) turned into a disaster for the Americans.

Province of New Brunswick was originally a territory included in the area that made up Nova Scotia.

It was later separated and established as a province of New Brunswick in 1784.

Then the elected representatives were elected in New Brunswick in 1785,

and finally in Ontario and in Québec in 1791.

Those were the beginnings of the democracy in Canada.

Rigid colonial rules and seemingly slow progress toward full democracy sparked rebellions of 1837–1838

in Toronto and Monteral, were extinguished in blood.

After the rebellions, Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and

prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess.

Following Durham's report, the British government merged the two colonial provinces

into a Province of Canada with the Act of Union of 1840.

The two colonies remained distinct in administration, election, and law.

The Province of Canada was formed in 1840 uniting Upper and Lower Canada.

First to attain full responsible government was Nova Scotia in 1847/1848.

In 1848/1849 the governor of United Canada, Lord Elgin, introduced the system called responsible government.

In 1848, Baldwin and LaFontaine, allies and leaders of the Reformist party,

were asked by Lord Elgin to form an administration together under the new policy of responsible government.

The French language subsequently regained legal status in the Legislature.

In 1867, with the British North America Act, 1867, also called the Constitution Act, 1867,

the Dominion of Canada united Nova Scotia, New Brunswick with Province of Canada, but the

Province of Canada was split back to two provinces, this time under new names of Ontario and Québec.

Dominion of Canada become a self-governing dominion with two levels of government: federal & provincial.

It still lacked municipal /local level of government.

Expansion of the Dominion by Provinces /Territories

(Advice: Sort the table bellow by the column 'Year of joining the Confederation' )

Sorted Geographically	Canadian Provinces	Year of joining the Confederation
___________________________	___________________________	_____________________________________
01.	Newfoundland & Labrador	1949
02.	Prince Edward Island	1873
03.	Nova Scotia	1867
04.	New Brunswick	1867
05.	Quebec	1867
06.	Ontario	1867
07.	Manitoba	1870
08.	Saskatchewan	1905
09.	Alberta	1905
10.	British Columbia	1871

Sorted Geographically	Canadian Territories	Year of joining the Confederation
___________________________	___________________________	_____________________________________
01.	Yukon Territory	1898
02.	Northwest Territories	1870
03.	Nunavut	1999

1880 — Transfer of the Arctic Islands to N.W.T.

Expansion of the Dominion:

1867 — Ontario (ON), Québec, (QC), Nova Scotia (NS), New Brunswick (NB);

Québec is an Algonquin word for “narrow passage” or “strait”,

first used to describe the narrowing of the St. Lawrence River near what is now the City of Québec.

Then the fist fortified Fortress in the New world was named Québec.

Then part of the French Canada, that was a part of the New France, was called Québec.

Then nowadays Ontario and today's Québec and what remained of New France was called Québec.

The word "Canada" in 1600s was referred to the territory along the Saint Lawrence River,

then known as the Canada river, from Grosse Island in the east to a point between Quebec

and Three Rivers, Trois-Rivières,

although this territory had greatly expanded by 1600.

Word Canada came from word Huron-Iroquois word “kanata,” meaning “village” or “settlement, mid XVI century.

Then nothing, except for the capital city of Lower Canada

(land downstream from the St. Lawrence River) was called Québec,

Then Québec ceased to be a capital, by abolishing Lower Canada in favor of creation of

The Province of Canada, in reality just a new name for the old French Canada (Québec),

then only a small portion of what once was called Québec, was again renamed to Québec,

while mostly English speaking Loyalist settlers got the part of the territory

formerly called Upper Canada, nowadays Ontario.

(Like a dance, steps back - step forward - step on the side).

The earliest recording of the name Ontario was in 1641 where it was used to describe

a mass of land on the north shore of the easternmost part of the Great Lakes.

Word Ontario came from the Iroquois word which translates into “sparkling” water.

In 1759, the British aimed directly at the heart of New France.

General James Wolfe led British troops to the fortress of Québec (city).

Marquis Louis-Joseph de Montcalm, held the walled city of Québec

under Wolfe's siege for more than two months, exchanging cannon fire over the river,

but neither side could break the siege. Wolfe moved to force a battle,

the British troops crossed close to Cap-Rouge, west of the city and

successfully climbed the steep Cape Diamond undetected get into the Québec citadel.

Marquis Montcalm, did not use the protection of the fortress, 9 meter high city walls,

decided to lead troops in a bloody battle on the Plains of Abraham, an open terrain,

both leaders died in battle, but the British won. Marquis Montcalm lived 4h after being shoot,

realizing the battle is lost. As the main city and capital, fell in British hands,

it was just the matter of time when inner cities of Trois-Rivières and Montreal

will meet the same fate. Marquis Pierre de Rigaud, last Royal governor of New France,

surrendered Montreal, in 1760, after a lost battle, exactly one year after the fall of Québec.

Land called Québec become a British colony, The Province of Québec (today's Ontario, Québec, part of USA).

The British settlers had originally called the land that covered nowadays Québec, Ontario,

and part of the United States as Québec. It wasn't until the British enacted

the Constitutional Act in 1791 that Ontario would be known as the land upstream

from the St. Lawrence River, or Upper Canada, and Québec considered the

land downstream from the St. Lawrence River, known as Lower Canada.

1870 — Northwest Territories (NT);

(NT - aka N.W.T. - that at that time included territories of today Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon,

Nunavut and a part that has been redefined as a new Canadian Province of Manitoba and excluded from N.W.T.)

Prior to 1870, it was known as the North-Western Territory. The name has always been

just a description of the location of the territory.

1870 — Manitoba (MB) (the first province created from part of NWT, with this act of joining the Dominion of Canada); Name of the province came from the name of the Manitoba Lake, which is a derivation of the term that describes (the Great) Spirit and the strange sound of waves crashing against rocks near the narrows of the lake Manitoba in a term broadly translated as “the narrows of the Great Spirit”.

1871 — British Columbia (BC) (completing the idea from Atlantic, Arctic, to Pacific - Sea-to-Sea-to-Sea);

BC got it's name “Columbia”, after the Columbia River.

The central region was given the name of “New Caledonia” by explorer Simon Fraser.

To avoid confusion with Colombia in South America and the island of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean,

Queen Victoria named the area British Columbia when it became a colony in 1858.

1873 — Prince Edward Island (PE) (completing the joining of Maritime colonies /provinces to the Dominion); The province’s earliest documented name was given by the native Mi’kmaq, and meant “cradled in the waves”.

French /AcadiansIt later named it Saint-Jean island.

When it became British in 1763, it was renamed St. John’s Island.

In 1799 the English declared that the island would be renamed to Prince Edward Island

in honour of the Prince Edward, the Duke of Kent and Strathearn.

1880 — Transfer of the Arctic Islands to N.W.T.;

In 1882 Alberta was established as a provisional district of the Northwest Territories,

without a name, but got a name in 1905 when Alberta officially became a province,

after Queen Victoria’s fourth daughter, Princess Louise Caroline Alberta.

In 1896, Wilfrid Laurier became the first French Canadian to become Prime Minister of Canada.

1898 — Yukon was Yukon Territory (YT) (created from part of NWT, with this act of joining the Dominion of Canada),

From the “Great river" for the Yukon River in Inuit. It was named “Yukon Territory” in 1898,

but became just “Yukon” under the Yukon Act of 2003.

1905 — Alberta, Saskatchewan (AB), (SK) - created from part of NWT with this act of joining the Dominion of Canada);

Saskatchewan is the middle part of the Cree word describing “swift-flowing river”;

in a wide stroke translation it could be said it means Flow.

1949 — Newfoundland (& Labrador) (NL) (with the Act of Newfoundland & Labrador 1949,

by the British Parliament in London, UK), until then NL operated as an separate British entity /province /colony.

The province was officially renamed Newfoundland & Labrador in December 2001

when an amendment was made to the Constitution of Canada.

King Henry VII of England referred to the land discovered by John Cabot in 1497 as the “New Found Launde.”

It’s likely that name Labrador came from an explorer in 1500,

in broad translation farmer, agriculturalist, landowner.

1999 — Nunavut (NU) (created from part of NT as it's subdivision, with this act of joining the Dominion of Canada).

Nunavut means “our land” in Inuit.

The Statute of Westminster 1931 removed a power of the British Parliament for Canada to legislate for Canada,

but Canada decided to allow the British Parliament to temporarily retain the power

to amend Canada's constitution, on request from the Parliament of Canada.

The British North America No.2 Act of 1949 was passed by the British Parliament,

giving the Parliament of Canada significant constitutional amending powers.

In 1982, with The Constitution Act of 1982,

the United Kingdom ended its involvement with further amendments to the Canadian constitution.

The procedure for amending the Constitution Act, 1982

thereon will no longer require parliamentary procedure requiring the monarch's Royal Assent

for enacting legislation /to make amendments in the Canadian constitution.

Canada's Constitution Act, 1982 was signed into law by Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada

on April 17, 1982 on Parliament Hill in Ottawa.

Queen Elizabeth's II constitutional powers over Canada were not affected by the Act,

Queen Elizabeth II remains Queen of Canada (monarch of Canada), as well Head of State of Canada.

By this Canada gained complete sovereignty as an independent country,

with it's Head of (responsible) government in Prime Minister,

elected by the people of Canada, usually every 4 years.

The patriation process saw the provinces granted influence in constitutional matters

and resulted in the constitution being amendable by Canada only and according to

the Canadian amending formula, with no role for the United Kingdom.

Hence, patriation is in literature usually associated with the establishment of full sovereignty'.

Canada ceased to be in law and in fact a colony of the United Kingdom

with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, 1931, which established the Crown of Canada

as a separate legal entity from the Crown of the United Kingdom.

The Royal Proclamation that Queen Elizabeth II of Canada signed at the ceremony in Ottawa

in recognition of Patriation even declared in the preamble:

“Whereas it is in accord with the status of Canada as an independent state

that Canadians be able to amend their Constitution in Canada in all respects.”

The Queen of Canada thus recognized that Canada had

already attained the status of independent state before 1982.

Since the Constitution Act, 1982 and the constitution's patriation, the term Dominion has fallen into disuse.

Not being fond of using the term "dominion" in French is one of the reasons why the federal government

avoided the use of the term "dominion" since 1982. Disuse, does not equates to any legal change.

A constitutional amendment would be required to change the name the Dominion of Canada to just Canada.

The Constitution Act, 1982 does not mention and therefore does not remove the title,

and a constitutional amendment is required to remove the title of Dominion from the name of the state.

The government decided to avoid the debate over a constitutional amendment required to remove the title since 1982,

in order to avoid dividing Canadians on an issue that would have no practical affect on lives of Canadians as it is now.

The government changed the national holiday from Dominion Day to Canada Day to lighten the minds.

On paper, Canada legally still remained a dominion after 1982.

Presently, Canada is a constitutional monarchy with the hereditary head of state,

federal state and parliamentary democracy.

The Queen's role as monarch of Canada is separate from her role as the British monarch

or the monarch of any of the other Commonwealth realms.

Trivia bellow, about a related topic is a material not to appear on the test :

Related thought-provoking, kind of interesting topics and questions regards

duality of the Monarch; misunderstanding of the representatives of the Crown:

In a strictly literal sense, the Queen of Canada holds the legal title to 89% of Canada,

b/c 89% of Canada is the “Crown Lands”.

Canada inherited much of its legal tradition from the UK, that evolved for a long time without the concept of a

corporation. In the US, he government is a corporation, a legal person, allowed to own property, enter into contracts,

sue and be sued. In the Commonwealth Realm the government is not a a legal person.

The followed “legal formula” is that the office of Monarch owns all the government property,

the Crown enters into contracts, the Crown can sue or be sued, while the government acts on behalf of the Queen.

It is important to understand that even though the documents says Elizabeth Queen of Canada owns the land,

the land is not Elizabeth’s personal property.

It is owned by Elizabeth on behalf of the people of Canada.

In a practical sense 89% of Canada, being the “Crown Lands” is owned by the Canadian government.

Monarch's name is on the deed but she has no control over it.

The Crown of Canada owns Canadian public lands.

This legal entity is embodied in the Governor General and the Lieutenant Governors of each province.

This is understood a figurehead position, most of the power is held by the legislature.

In Canada there is the term "Crown Land" for public lands.

The Monarch in Right of Canada is the employer of all government officials and staff

(including the viceroys, judges, members of the Canadian Forces, police officers, and parliamentarians),

the guardian of foster children (Crown wards), as well as the owner of all state lands (Crown land),

buildings and equipment (Crown held property), state owned companies (Crown corporations),

and the copyright for all government publications (Crown copyright).

This is all in Monarch position as sovereign, and not as an individual;

all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity, but

cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper advice and consent of his or her ministers.

It is described as "belonging to the Queen in Right of Canada"

(in essence it "belongs" to the position of the Monarch, not the Queen herself personally).

In practice it is governed by Federal or Provincial /Territorial jurisdictions.

Crown land makes up about 89% of the land in Canada. (Crown Land - The Canadian Encyclopedia)

Federal crown lands are places like military bases and national parks.

Provincial crown lands are places like provincial parks and

provincial government buildings and historical sites.

The Crown in Right of Canada is a legal entity embodied in Governors and Lieutenants General

who are nominally the Queen's representatives, but are appointed on the advice of the Prime Minister.

They execute a limited ceremonial powers, even though legally, their powers are much wider

then the powers of the Monarch it-self, as a consequence of amendments to the Constitutionally Act of 1867:

I) When in 1892 the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the highest court in the British Empire,

declared and ruled that in the case of The Liquidators of the Maritime Bank of Canada v The Receiver General of New

Brunswick, that the crown of the provinces was equal to, rather than subordinate, to the federal crown,

no longer would the Lieutenant Governors be agents of the federal government.

II) The second instance which changed Canada’s original vice-regal arrangements

was the Statute of Westminster of 1931

which in effect created a separate crown for the United Kingdom

and each of the six dominions of the Empire,

thus creating legislative equality between all seven parties.

This in effect, restricted the British government from advising the King or Crown in respect to Canadian matters.

Hence forth, the Monarch was only to accept advice from the Canadian Privy Council on Canadian issues.

The repercussions of these cases meant that the ‘crown’ in Canada was actually ‘divided’ into ten crowns;

a federal crown represented in Ottawa by the Governor General and nine provincial crowns represented

by the Lieutenant Governors, and the eleventh to be added when Newfoundland joined confederation in 1949.

The British Parliament carefully separated personal identity from the crown role of the Monarch.

Likewise when the Commonwealth Nations were given independence, the office was split again, once for each new nation.

So, legally and in practice The Queen of Canada is not a person, it's an office, that does not own all that land.

In practice, administration is done by the authority of the Prime Minister's office (or Premier's office)

through the Federal (or Provincial) bureaucracy.

Crown land legally belongs to the Canadian Crown read the Queen of Canada.

When the Crown sells Crown land, it requires the signature of one of her Canadian Ministers,

or their designate, instead of the Monarch's signature or her representatives (Governor General,

the federal viceregal representative of the Canadian Monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II,

office-holder appointed to represent the Monarch of a sovereign state in the governing of an independent realm,

appointed by the Queen on the advice of her federal prime minister

and/or Lieutenant Governors, viceregal representative in a provincial jurisdiction of the Canadian Monarch

and the Head of State, Queen Elizabeth II, appointed by the Governor General

on the advice of the Prime Minister), to effect the conveyance.

There is a long-standing legal foundation in Canada which endows our vice-regals with wide-ranging and significant political powers. The legal groundwork of which appears throughout The British North America Act, 1867, The Letters Patent, 1947, The Constitution Act, 1982, as well as Commonwealth law and tradition which encompasses the Royal prerogatives. To date, none of the legal powers of Canada’s vice-regals have been repealed; instead they remain firmly entrenched in the country’s constitution. Moreover, due to several events since Confederation it can be said that these powers have not only remained but they have been further entrenched since 1867. It is imperative that Canada’s vice-regals are seen and act as independent figures, rather than as arm of the governing party. Canada’s vice-regals possess a set of powers which exist out side a statement outlining the sovereign’s rights (the Right to be Consulted, the Right to Encourage, and the Right to Warn).

The vice-regal offices were in the beginning created to protect the greater interests of unity while at the same time permit a greater autonomy and self-governance. Thus, the Lieutenant Governors were appointed by and expected to be agents of the Dominion government in Ottawa, while the Governor General was appointed by and expected to be an agent of the Imperial government in London. This arrangement, however, officially changed due to two separate events. The first occur red in 1892 when the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, the highest court in the British Empire, declared as ruled that in the case of The Liquidators of the Maritime Bank of Canada v The Receiver General of New Brunswick, that the crown of the provinces was equal to, rather than subordinate to the federal crown; no longer would the Lieutenant Governors be agents of the federal government.

The second instance which changed Canada’s original vice-regal arrangements

was the Statute of Westminster of 1931 which in effect created a separate crown for the United Kingdom

and each of the six dominions of the Empire, thus creating legislative equality between all seven parties.

This in effect, restricted the British government from advising the King or Crown in respect to Canadian matters.

Hence forth the Monarch was only to accept advice from the Canadian Privy Council on Canadian issues.

The repercussions of these two cases meant that the ‘crown’ in Canada was actually ‘divided’ into ten;

a federal Crown represented in Ottawa by the Governor General and nine provincial Crowns represented

by the Lieutenant Governor, the eleventh to be added when Newfoundland joined confederation in 1949.

It is understood that the broad sweeping powers granted to the vice-regals by the constitution have been

limited by convention. The remaining question is how far convention actually limits their use.

Emergency powers are properly known as the ‘Royal Prerogatives’ or ‘Reserve Powers’; and they include:

1.) The Prerogative to Dismiss and Appoint First Ministers (Federal and Provincial Prime Ministers)

2.) Refusal of the dissolution of parliament, and to

3.) Disallowing or Reserving legislation.

Essentially, should circumstances arise, to disallow or reserve legislation,

also to these eleven so-called ‘ceremonial’ vice-regals have:

4.) The Power to Dismiss their Premier or Prime Minister;

5.) Call for an Election;

6.) Offer the Government to an opposition party or coalition and even

7.) Veto Legislation.

All of which powers do not seem too ‘ceremonial’.

Yet, while it is true that the Royal Prerogatives are rarely used,

this does not preclude their future use, as in 1938,

the Supreme Court ruled “that even though a power has not been used for a long time,

it does not mean that it is no longer legal authority.”

This misconception is contributed by the fact that most people regard

the vice-regal offices as ceremonial and utterly powerless,

to the fault of successive generations of politicians,

of an educational system that has never given the institution due study,

and of past vice-regal incumbents themselves.

Popular belief is that Canada’s Governor General and Lieutenant Governors are not impotent,

but rather endowed with quite substantial legal powers.

While it is true, that for the most part these powers are exercised

upon the advice of the Prime Minister to conduct the daily business of government;

this is not always the case. It must not be forgotten that on occasion,

a vice-regal may reject the advice tendered by their first minister, and act alone.

As previously stated, Canada’s vice-regals retain six royal prerogatives:

the prerogative to dismiss and appoint first ministers,

to disallow or reserve legislation and

to refuse the dissolution of parliament.

Furthermore, the question of acting without advice is never one of legality, but instead,

a question of whether or not the occasion warrants the vice-regal to breach the standard convention

that the crown acts only upon the advice of its first minister.

The vice-regal is the country’s supreme decision maker.

In difficult situations it falls to them to protect the Constitution and Canadian parliamentary democracy.

The vice-regal must protect Canadians against first minister’s attempts at

“testing the limits of responsible government” and from first ministers who make statements such as,

“‘What’s the constitution among friends?’” when asked to justify extraordinary tactics.

It is because of the immense legal potential of the office that it is imperative that

Canada’s vice-regals are seen and act as independent figures, rather than as arm of the

governing party and its first minister. “The governor general, like a physician,

should first of all ‘do no harm.’

This is all very well, but it must not be interpreted to mean ‘do not do anything.’”

To return to the topic of Crown land:

It would probably be more accurate to understand the duality of

personal identity of the Monarch from the crown role of the Monarch

that the natural person of Monarch is owned by the Crown,

than to say that natural person of the Monarch owns the Crown and Crown Land.

Within Canada, Crown Land is a designated area belonging to the Queen in Right of Canada,

the equivalent of an entailed estate that passes with the monarchy and cannot be alienated from it;

thus, per constitutional convention, these lands cannot be unilaterally sold by the monarch,

instead passing on to the next king or queen unless the sovereign is advised otherwise by the ministers of the Crown.

Though the Canadian monarch owns all Crown Land in the country, paralleling the "division" of the Crown

amongst the federal and provincial governments, Crown Land is similarly divided

so that some lands within the province are administered by the provincial Crown,

whereas others are under the federal Crown.

About 89% of Canada's land area (8,886,356 km²) is Crown Land,

which may either be federal (41%) or provincial (48%); the remaining 11% is privately owned.

Most federal Crown land is in the Canadian territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut and Yukon),

and is administered by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada.

As the territories are not sovereign, they do not have a viceroy.

Only 4% of land in the provinces is federally controlled,

largely in the form of National Parks, Indian reserves, or Canadian Forces bases.

In contrast, provinces hold much of their territory as provincial Crown Land,

which may be held as Provincial Parks or wilderness.

Crown Land provides the country and the provinces with the majority of their profits from natural resources,

largely but not exclusively provincial, rented for logging and mineral exploration rights;

revenues flow to the relevant government and may constitute a major income stream, such as in Alberta.

Crown Land may also be rented by individuals wishing to build homes or cottages.

15. Who had played an important part in building the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)?

  Chinese railroad workers

16. What is the “Head Tax”?

  Race-based entry fee charged for Chinese entering Canada

17. Who is General Sir Arthur Currie?

  Canada’s greatest soldier in the First World War.

18. Approximately how many Canadians served in the First World War?

  More than 600,000

19. What was the Women’s Suffrage Movement?

  The effort by women to achieve the right to vote

20. When is Remembrance Day celebrated?

  November 11th

  The 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month every year

21. In the 1960s, Québec experienced an era of rapid change. What is this called?

  The Quiet Revolution

22. Who are the Québecois?

  People of Québec

Confederation/Government

1. What does Confederation mean?

  Joining of provinces to make a new country

2. What is the Canadian Constitution?

  A system of laws and conventions by which our country governs itself

3. What year was Confederation?

4. When did the British North America Act come into effect?

5. Why is the British North America Act important in Canadian history?

  It made confederation official /legal

6. Which (3) three provinces first formed Confederation?

variation of a question: Which (4) four provinces first formed the Confederation?

  Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Province of Canada

  Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec

7. Which was the last province to join Canada?

  Newfoundland (1949)

Her Honor Honourable Governor General Adrienne Clarkson proclaimed an amendment to the Constitution,

Official name change of Newfoundland to Newfoundland and Labrador happened in 2001 A.D..

In 1949, when the province joined the confederation the official name was just Newfoundland.

Hence the answer: (just) Newfoundland.

Even though Nunavut is the newest, largest, and northernmost Territory of Canada

it is created /cut out of NWT by redefining it's borders, in 1999, it was a subdivision

of Northwest Territories - it is a Territory, it is NOT a Province.

For that reason Nunavut is not the right answer to this question.

Table: Expansion of the Dominion by Provinces /Territories

(Advice: Sort the table bellow by the column 'Year of joining the Confederation' )

Sorted Geographically	Canadian Provinces	Year of joining the Confederation
___________________________	___________________________	_____________________________________
01.	Newfoundland & Labrador	1949
02.	Prince Edward Island	1873
03.	Nova Scotia	1867
04.	New Brunswick	1867
05.	Quebec	1867
06.	Ontario	1867
07.	Manitoba	1870
08.	Saskatchewan	1905
09.	Alberta	1905
10.	British Columbia	1871

Sorted Geographically	Canadian Territories	Year of joining the Confederation
___________________________	___________________________	_____________________________________
01.	Yukon Territory	1898
02.	Northwest Territories	1870
03.	Nunavut	1999

1880 — Transfer of the Arctic Islands to N.W.T.

8. When is Canada Day and what does it celebrate?

  We celebrate the anniversary of Confederation July 1st of each year

9. Who was the first Prime Minister of Canada?

  Sir John A. Macdonald

FYI: Sir John Alexander Macdonald GCB KCMG PC PC QC

was the 1st Prime Minister of Canada

Styles and letters at the end of his name are NOT important for the test;

shortened name given above is just enough for the test

10. Why is the Constitution Act, 1982 important in Canadian history?

   It allows Canada to change the Constitution without asking approval of the British Government

Trivia:

Quebec Refused to sign the agreement in 1982 for 2 reasons:

1.) With the new amending formula Quebec lost its veto power over future constitutional change.

Until then, Quebec or Ontario or a majority of Western or Maritime provinces

could prevent any constitutional changes they didn't agree with.

2.) Quebec wouldn't sign the Constitution Act, 1982 agreement was a clause in the Charter of Rights

which guaranteed minority language rights "where numbers warrant", annulling the Quebec's Bill 101,

so in essence it would continue to protect English language rights in Quebec, while at the same time

protecting French language rights in the rest of Canada only "where numbers warrant" ,

practically meant loosing French language rights in most of the Canadian Provinces.

The fact that the Constitution was patriated without the changes Quebec wanted

was seen as a serious betrayal by Quebeckers.

Patriation of the Constitution

Rights and Responsibilities

1. What part of the Constitution legally protects the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians?

  The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

2. When did the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms become part of the Canadian Constitution?

3. Name two fundamental freedoms protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

  Freedom of religion, freedom of speech, freedom to enter and leave Canada (mobility), 
  educated in either official language

4. Name three legal rights protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

  Right to live and work anywhere in Canada, right to a fair trial, 
  and right to protection against discrimination

5. List three ways in which you can protect the environment.

  Compost and recycle, conserve energy and water, walk or join a car pool

6. Who has the right to apply for a Canadian passport?

  Canadian citizens

7. What does equality under the law mean?

  Being treated with equal dignity and respect and 
  having equal rights to speak out and express ideas

8. Name six responsibilities of citizenship.

  Vote, help others, care for our heritage and environment, obey Canada's laws, 
  respect the rights of others,serve on a jury when called

9. Give an example of how you can show responsibility by participating in your community.

  Start volunteering, join the community group such as environmental group

10. List four rights Canadian citizens have.

   Right to be educated in either official language, vote, 
   apply for a Canadian passport, enter and leave Canada freely

11. What will you promise when you take the Oath of Citizenship?

   Pledge allegiance to the Queen, observe the laws of Canada 
   and fulfill the duties of a Canadian citizen

Languages

1. What are the two official languages of Canada?

  English and French

2. Give an example of where English and French have equal status in Canada.

  Federal Courts and in all Federal Institutions

3. Where do most French-speaking Canadians live?

  Quebec

4. Which province has the most bilingual Canadians?

  Quebec

5. Which province is the only officially bilingual province?

  New Brunswick

Symbols

1. What does the Canadian flag look like?

  White with a red border on each end and a red maple leaf in the centre

2. What song is Canada’s national anthem?

  O Canada

3. Give the first two lines of Canada’s national anthem.

  English: O Canada! Our home and native land! 
  / True patriot love in all thy sons command.

  French: Ô Canada! Terre de nos aïeux, 
  / Ton front est ceint de fleurons glorieux!

4. Where does the name “Canada” come from?

  It comes from the word Kanata which was originally used by 
  2 aboriginals to direct Jacques Cartier to the settlement of Stadacona (Québec City), 
  the word means village or settlement, in the Huron Iroquois Language

  From “kanata”, a First Nations word for village

5. Which animal is an official symbol of Canada?

  Official symbol of Canada is a beaver

6. What is the tower in the centre of the Parliament buildings called?

  Peace Tower

7. What is the highest honor available for Canadians?

  Victoria Cross

Trivia: Victoria Cross is given for actions under military command. It is awarded for gallantry "in the face of the enemy" to members of the British armed forces.

For most conspicuous bravery or some daring or pre-eminent act of valour or self-sacrifice or extreme devotion to duty in the presence of the enemy.

It is awarded in recognition of the most exceptional bravery displayed in the presence of the enemy,

although in rare instances the decoration has been given to mark other courageous acts.

The first recipients saw action in the Crimean War. The first award to a Canadian was in February 1857,

to Canadian lieutenant Alexander Roberts Dunn,

was awarded the VC for heroism during the charge of the Light Brigade at the Battle of Balaklava.

There have been 96 Canadians have been awarded Victoria Cross to date, last in 1945,

(Canadian-born or serving in the Canadian Army or with a close connection to Canada),

and 1,351 Victoria Crosses across Commonwealth countries (worldwide) awarded.

It may be awarded posthumously.

Geography

1. What is the approximate population of Canada?

  About 36 million people (for up-to-date information, check Statistics Canada) 
  
  Population estimate as of January 1, 2017 was: 36,503,097

2. What three oceans border on Canada?

  Atlantic, Arctic, Pacific

3. What is the capital city of Canada?

  Ottawa

4. Name all the provinces and territories and their capital cities.

No.	Canadian Provinces	Capitals
___	_______________________________________	_____________
01.	Newfoundland & Labrador	St. John's
02.	Prince Edward Island	Charlottetown
03.	Nova Scotia	Halifax
04.	New Brunswick	Fredericton
05.	Quebec	Quebec City
06.	Ontario	Toronto
07.	Manitoba	Winnipeg
08.	Saskatchewan	Regina
09.	Alberta	Edmonton
10.	British Columbia	Victoria

No.	Canadian Territories	Capitals
___	_______________________________________	_____________
01.	Yukon Territory	Whitehorse
02.	Northwest Territories	Yellowknife
03.	Nunavut	Iqaluit

5. Name the five regions of Canada.

  Atlantic, Central, Prairie, West Coast, North

6. Which region covers more than one-third of Canada?

  Northern Canada

7. In which region do more than half the people in Canada live?

  Central Canada

8. One-third of all Canadians live in which province?

  Ontario

9. Where are the Canadian Rockies?

  On the border between British Columbia and Alberta

10. Where are the Great Lakes?

  Between Canada and the United States

11. Which mountain range is on the border between Alberta and British Columbia?

  Rocky Mountains

12. Where are the Parliament buildings located?

  Ottawa

13. Which country borders Canada on the south?

  United States of America

14. What are the Prairie provinces?

  Alberta [AB] (Edmonton), Saskatchewan [SK] (Regina), Manitoba [MB] (Winnipeg)

15. Which province in Canada is the smallest in land size?

  Prince Edward Island [PE]

16. What is a major river in Quebec?

  St. Lawrence River

17. On what date did Nunavut become a territory?

  (April 1st) 1999

~ FYI(except for 5 region model, others are not needed for the test; still, it's helpful to take a look this table):

National regions

Although these regions have no official status or defined boundaries the Provinces and territories are sometimes informally grouped into the following regions (generally from west to east):

All provinces and territories	Senate divisions	Seven-region model^[1]	Six-region model	Five-region model^[2]	Four-region model	Three-region model
British Columbia	Western Canada (24 seats)	British Columbia	West Coast	West Coast	Western Canada	Western Canada
Alberta		Alberta	Prairies	Prairies
Saskatchewan		Saskatchewan and Manitoba
Manitoba		Saskatchewan and Manitoba
Ontario	Ontario (24 seats)	Ontario	Ontario	Central Canada	Central Canada	Eastern Canada
Quebec	Quebec (24 seats)	Quebec	Quebec	Central Canada	Central Canada
New Brunswick	The Maritimes (24 seats)	Atlantic Canada	Atlantic Canada	Atlantic Canada	Atlantic Canada
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
Newfoundland and Labrador	Newfoundland and Labrador (6 seats)
Yukon	The North (Territories) (3 seats)	Northern Canada	Northern Canada	Northern Canada	Northern Canada	Northern Canada
Northwest Territories
Nunavut

Seats in the Senate are equally divided among four regions: Maritimes, Quebec, Ontario, and the West, with special status for Newfoundland and Labrador, and Northern Canada ('the North').

Canadian regions

Canadian regions

Canadian regions

Economy

1. What are the (3) three main types of industries in Canada?

  Natural resources, manufacturing and services

2. In what industry do most Canadians work?

  (All kind of different types of) Services  (~75% or more)

3. What country is Canada’s largest trading partner?

  United States of America

4. Which region is known as the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada?

  Central Canada (Ontario + Québec)

5. Which region of Canada is known for both its fertile agricultural land and valuable energy resources?

  Prairie provinces (Canadian Prairies: MB, SK, AL)

Federal Government

1. Who is Canada’s Head of State?

  Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II

2. Who is the Queen’s representative in Canada?

  Governor General of Canada

3. What is the name of the Governor General?

  Julie Payette

  For up-to-date information, see here
  OR here

4. What do you call the Queen’s representative in the provinces?

  Lieutenant-Governor

5. What is Canada’s system of government called?

  Parliamentary government or more correct

  Federal State + Parliamentary Democracy + Constitutional Monarchy

  Check Discover Canada pdf,
  Discover Canada epub
  Discover Canada MP3

5.1.) It is a FEDERAL state - since confederation - it's a system in which individual parts join together under the same banner /flag, e.g. symbol of the state /you could just say join together into a state, but not simply merge into 1 entity with no distinction from what they were before, but as states joined in a federation, multiple legal entities, that kept their Legislative Assemblies, (read: their own governments), etc, still had transferred certain rights, duties and responsibilities, jurisdictions to the highest level of government - the one that is made up of representatives of all of the joined parts, in the most representative way /meaning in the most representative numbers possible to the numbers of citizens they represent /e.g. representation should be reflected in numbers; a fair representation of the population in the Parliament. Example: smaller the population density of the given territory township or Provinces /Territories less seats in the Legislative Assembly (local, provincial, federal Legislative Assembly respectively).

5.2.) It is Parliamentary system of government meaning Canada has a Parliament to govern it-self (Federal Ministers (MPs), First minister (PM /Prime Minister, it is copied in each of it's parts /Provinces /Territories) e.g. House of Commons; Senate (the Upper House /Upper Chamber - abolished, not working or never in an existence on Provincial /Territorial level); Governor General), complex governing body and a formal place of meeting of a Legislative Assembly.

5.3.) It is a Democracy b/c citizens elect their representatives in a democratic way, casting a secret ballot with a vote, to government bodies (Legislative Assemblies, on federal level, and replicated in Provincial /Territorial levels, except Nunavut, b/c they are way to small so they incorporate all that and consensus /tribal traditions in a publicly held secret vote of the elected representatives, when selecting cabinet and the first Minister, also Territories have Commissioners instead of Governors, with slightly less wide scope of rights, but only slightly, there is a difference, hence the difference in the name to indicate the fact), instead of government being appointed by the Monarch, as it was in the very beginning; The Monarch granted Canada the right to govern it-self in such manner. There are still different clauses in legal documents that binds politicians to act in a certain manner through the Governor General actions, but since they do all by the books, there is no fear of those "emergency" measures, in legal books called: ‘Royal Prerogatives’ or ‘Reserve Powers’ ; to be ever enacted, so the role of 11, Monarch (read: Queens), direct representatives, the Governor General and any of the 10 Lieutenant Governors (collective name: vice-regals /all 11 of them equally are only the Monarch representatives, not any more a 2 tier system, the difference in a name only indicates the difference of jurisdictions - Federal Government or Provincial Governments) seems as ceremonial, even though, after all that transpired and has been amended and changed over the time in the legal frame, they ALL have more power over the Canadian government in the situation of emergency, should the situation require it, then the Monarch it-self. Emergency powers are properly known as the ‘Royal Prerogatives’ or ‘Reserve Powers’; and they include: 1.) The Prerogative to Dismiss and Appoint First Ministers (Federal and Provincial Prime Ministers); 2.) Refusal of the dissolution of parliament, and to 3.) Disallowing or Reserving legislation. Meaning, all of them could disallow or reserve legislation, if 'things go south', in their respective Legislative Assembly, also the Governor General and any of the 10 Lieutenant Governors have: 4.) The Power to Dismiss their Premier or Prime Minister; 5.) Call for an Election; 6.) Offer the Government to an opposition party or coalition and even, 7.) Veto Legislation. Even though these powers have not been in use for a long time, does not mean they are not binding by any means. Quite the contrary. So, it could only mean 1 thing: government has acted responsibly, and within a frame of good political conduct, therefor the sea was calm, the ride was easy /no ruff rides, no emergency rights to be enacted, all is great, do not rock the boot, especially for no reason. All in all, ‘Royal Prerogatives’ or ‘Reserve Powers’ so called emergency powers of the 11 vice-regals, not ceremonial at all, despite how it looks on the surface to a common person, all b/c Canada still formally is a Dominion, even though Government can change constitution without asking a Monarch, actually the British Parliament for the approval, in translation, Queen washed up her hands from us, but in a sense, Canada is not 100% trusted as an responsible /reasonable, all grown-up /adult country, so the beef-ed up role of the 11 vice-regals still stands, alive and kicking in the legislature /read 'books' (legal books /by law), all b/c of fears of secession of it's parts. In a sense it is not the worst legal "catch 22" when you get to understand it. Canada is stronger player united, in a sense even if the influence has been reduced, through the Commonwealth Realm both countries are strengthen by it - meaning alliance of any kind (be it a trade one or other) of stronger countries is always better then alliance of weaker, reduced entities /countries. There is a very strong reason of why things have been as they are. There are no missed points or misguided ones, especially from the stand point of the British, who claimed the land at the end of the colonial times - the strongest and the luckiest got to rule and make the rules.

5.4.) Canada is also a Constitutional Monarchy - since the forming of it, read: constitution (meaning making of, constituting, establishing, founding, forming, the creation, setting up, very begging of the legal framing as a country from it's humble beginnings of tribal settlements, over companies, colonial fortifications, colonial settlements, colonial territories /different, self standing legal entities referred to as just British colonies, then colonial provinces, to finally constitution as a Dominion of Canada) - a Monarch was and still is the Head of State, and is still, currently the Queen of Canada, Her Majesty Elizabeth II.

6. What are the three parts of Parliament?

  The Queen; The House of Commons; The Senate (The Upper House /The Second House)

7. Explain how the levels of government are different.

  In Canada we elect people to represent us at different levels: 
  federal, provincial /territorial, municipal (local).

  The Constitution grants different areas of responsibility to 
  the federal Parliament and provincial Legislatures.

  Under the Constitution, Parliament has the authority to govern the Territories, 
  but in practice it has turned much of that authority over to the territorial governments.

  Federal government takes major responsibility for matters that affect all of Canada; 
  
  Provincial and territorial governments look after matters that affect all residents in the province; 
  
  Municipal (or local ) governments are responsible for local matters.

8. What do you call a law before it is passed?

  A bill (proposed legislation)

9. How are members of Parliament chosen?

  Elected by Canadian citizens

  (Each electoral district chooses one MP)

10. Who do members of Parliament represent?

  A Member of parliament represents the voters in the respective 
  Electoral District

  Everyone who lives in his or her electoral district

11. How does a bill become law?

  Approval by a majority in the House of Commons and Senate and finally the Governor General

  Approval by a majority in the House of Commons

[Stages of Approval: 1.) 1st Reading, 2.) 2nd Reading, 3.) Committee, 4.) Report Stage, 5.) 3rd Reading)]

 In the Second House read: Senate

(Same Stages of Approval (1-5) e.g. 1.) 1st Reading, 2.) 2nd Reading, 3.) Committee, 4.) Report Stage, 5.) 3rd Reading))

 and by the Governor General

(Last Stages of Approval: Royal Assent)

12. What are the three levels of government in Canada?

  Federal; Provincial /Territorial; Municipal (Local)

13. Name two responsibilities for each level of government.

  Federal:       National Defense, Citizenship (foreign policy)
  Provincial:    Health care, Education (highways)
  Municipal:     Snow removal, building codes, recycling (firefighting)

14. What is the government of all of Canada called?

  Federal Government

Federal Elections

1. How many electoral districts are there in Canada?

  3 3 8

Number of Electoral districts, also called ridings or constituency dates is from the 2015 election.

2. In what electoral district do you live?

Example:

  Etobicoke North, Ontario

Use this web tool to find the specifics: House of Commons Electoral District Listing & Web Search

~ FYI: Current members (333) List of all electoral districts in Canada, bellow (339) includes elected & resigned seats /represented ridings

No.	Electoral Districts in Canada	Province / Territory
1	Abbotsford	British Columbia
2	Abitibi--Baie-James--Nunavik--Eeyou	Quebec
3	Abitibi--Témiscamingue	Quebec
4	Acadie--Bathurst	New Brunswick
5	Ahuntsic-Cartierville	Quebec
6	Ajax	Ontario
7	Alfred-Pellan	Quebec
8	Algoma--Manitoulin--Kapuskasing	Ontario
9	Argenteuil--La Petite-Nation	Quebec
10	Aurora--Oak Ridges--Richmond Hill	Ontario
11	Avalon	Newfoundland & Labrador
12	Avignon--La Mitis--Matane--Matapédia	Quebec
13	Banff--Airdrie	Alberta
14	Barrie--Innisfil	Ontario
15	Barrie--Springwater--Oro-Medonte	Ontario
16	Battle River--Crowfoot	Alberta
17	Battlefords--Lloydminster	Saskatchewan
18	Bay of Quinte	Ontario
19	Beaches--East York	Ontario
20	Beauce	Quebec
21	Beauport--Côte-de-Beaupré--Île d’Orléans--Charlevoix	Quebec
22	Beauport--Limoilou	Quebec
23	Beauséjour	New Brunswick
24	Bécancour--Nicolet--Saurel	Quebec
25	Bellechasse--Les Etchemins--Lévis	Quebec
26	Beloeil--Chambly	Quebec
27	Berthier--Maskinongé	Quebec
28	Bonavista--Burin--Trinity	Newfoundland & Labrador
29	Bourassa	Quebec
30	Bow River	Alberta
31	Brampton Centre	Ontario
32	Brampton East	Ontario
33	Brampton North	Ontario
34	Brampton South	Ontario
35	Brampton West	Ontario
36	Brandon--Souris	Manitoba
37	Brantford--Brant	Ontario
38	Brome--Missisquoi	Quebec
39	Brossard--Saint-Lambert	Quebec
40	Bruce--Grey--Owen Sound	Ontario
41	Burlington	Ontario
42	Burnaby North--Seymour	British Columbia
43	Burnaby South	British Columbia
44	Calgary Centre	Alberta
45	Calgary Confederation	Alberta
46	Calgary Forest Lawn	Alberta
47	Calgary Heritage	Alberta
48	Calgary Midnapore	Alberta
49	Calgary Nose Hill	Alberta
50	Calgary Rocky Ridge	Alberta
51	Calgary Shepard	Alberta
52	Calgary Signal Hill	Alberta
53	Calgary Skyview	Alberta
54	Cambridge	Ontario
55	Cape Breton--Canso	Nova Scotia
56	Cardigan	Prince Edward Island
57	Cariboo--Prince George	British Columbia
58	Carleton	Ontario
59	Carlton Trail--Eagle Creek	Saskatchewan
60	Central Nova	Nova Scotia
61	Central Okanagan--Similkameen--Nicola	British Columbia
62	Charlesbourg--Haute-Saint-Charles	Quebec
63	Charleswood--St. James--Assiniboia--Headingley	Manitoba
64	Charlottetown	Prince Edward Island
65	Châteauguay--Lacolle	Quebec
66	Chatham-Kent--Leamington	Ontario
67	Chicoutimi--Le Fjord	Quebec
68	Chilliwack--Hope	British Columbia
69	Churchill--Keewatinook Aski	Manitoba
70	Cloverdale--Langley City	British Columbia
71	Coast of Bays--Central--Notre Dame	Newfoundland & Labrador
72	Compton--Stanstead	Quebec
73	Coquitlam--Port Coquitlam	British Columbia
74	Courtenay--Alberni	British Columbia
75	Cowichan--Malahat--Langford	British Columbia
76	Cumberland--Colchester	Nova Scotia
77	Cypress Hills--Grasslands	Saskatchewan
78	Dartmouth--Cole Harbour	Nova Scotia
79	Dauphin--Swan River--Neepawa	Manitoba
80	Davenport	Ontario
81	Delta	British Columbia
82	Desnethé--Missinippi--Churchill River	Saskatchewan
83	Don Valley East	Ontario
84	Don Valley North	Ontario
85	Don Valley West	Ontario
86	Dorval--Lachine--LaSalle	Quebec
87	Drummond	Quebec
88	Dufferin--Caledon	Ontario
89	Durham	Ontario
90	Edmonton Centre	Alberta
91	Edmonton Griesbach	Alberta
92	Edmonton Manning	Alberta
93	Edmonton Mill Woods	Alberta
94	Edmonton Riverbend	Alberta
95	Edmonton Strathcona	Alberta
96	Edmonton West	Alberta
97	Edmonton--Wetaskiwin	Alberta
98	Eglinton--Lawrence	Ontario
99	Egmont	Prince Edward Island
100	Elgin--Middlesex--London	Ontario
101	Elmwood--Transcona	Manitoba
102	Esquimalt--Saanich--Sooke	British Columbia
103	Essex	Ontario
104	Etobicoke Centre	Ontario
105	Etobicoke North	Ontario
106	Etobicoke--Lakeshore	Ontario
107	Flamborough--Glanbrook	Ontario
108	Fleetwood--Port Kells	British Columbia
109	Foothills	Alberta
110	Fort McMurray--Cold Lake	Alberta
111	Fredericton	New Brunswick
112	Fundy Royal	New Brunswick
113	Gaspésie--Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine	Quebec
114	Gatineau	Quebec
115	Glengarry--Prescott--Russell	Ontario
116	Grande Prairie--Mackenzie	Alberta
117	Guelph	Ontario
118	Haldimand--Norfolk	Ontario
119	Haliburton--Kawartha Lakes--Brock	Ontario
120	Halifax	Nova Scotia
121	Halifax West	Nova Scotia
122	Hamilton Centre	Ontario
123	Hamilton East--Stoney Creek	Ontario
124	Hamilton Mountain	Ontario
125	Hamilton West--Ancaster--Dundas	Ontario
126	Hastings--Lennox and Addington	Ontario
127	Hochelaga	Quebec
128	Honoré-Mercier	Quebec
129	Hull--Aylmer	Quebec
130	Humber River--Black Creek	Ontario
131	Huron--Bruce	Ontario
132	Joliette	Quebec
133	Jonquière	Quebec
134	Kamloops--Thompson--Cariboo	British Columbia
135	Kanata--Carleton	Ontario
136	Kelowna--Lake Country	British Columbia
137	Kenora	Ontario
138	Kildonan--St. Paul	Manitoba
139	Kings--Hants	Nova Scotia
140	Kingston and the Islands	Ontario
141	King--Vaughan	Ontario
142	Kitchener Centre	Ontario
143	Kitchener South--Hespeler	Ontario
144	Kitchener--Conestoga	Ontario
145	Kootenay--Columbia	British Columbia
146	La Pointe-de-l'Île	Quebec
147	La Prairie	Quebec
148	Labrador	Newfoundland & Labrador
149	Lac-Saint-Jean	Quebec
150	Lac-Saint-Louis	Quebec
151	Lakeland	Alberta
152	Lambton--Kent--Middlesex	Ontario
153	Lanark--Frontenac--Kingston	Ontario
154	Langley--Aldergrove	British Columbia
155	LaSalle--Émard--Verdun	Quebec
156	Laurentides--Labelle	Quebec
157	Laurier--Sainte-Marie	Quebec
158	ExaLaval--Les Îles	Quebecmple
159	Leeds--Grenville--Thousand Islands & Rideau Lakes	Ontario
160	Lethbridge	Alberta
161	Lévis--Lotbinière	Quebec
162	London North Centre	Ontario
163	London West	Ontario
164	London--Fanshawe	Ontario
165	Long Range Mountains	Newfoundland & Labrador
166	Longueuil--Charles-LeMoyne	Quebec
167	Longueuil--Saint-Hubert	Quebec
168	Louis--Hébert	Quebec
169	Louis-Saint-Laurent	Quebec
170	Madawaska--Restigouche	New Brunswick
171	Malpeque	Prince Edward Island
172	Manicouagan	Quebec
173	Marc-Aurèle-Fortin	Quebec
174	Markham--Stouffville	Ontario
175	Markham--Thornhill	Ontario
176	Markham--Unionville	Ontario
177	Medicine Hat--Cardston--Warner	Alberta
178	Medicine Hat--Cardston--Warner	Alberta
179	Mégantic--L'Érable	Quebec
180	Milton	Ontario
181	Mirabel	Quebec
182	Miramichi--Grand Lake	New Brunswick
183	Mission--Matsqui--Fraser Canyon	British Columbia
184	Mississauga Centre	Ontario
185	Mississauga East--Cooksville	Ontario
186	Mississauga--Erin Mills	Ontario
187	Mississauga--Lakeshore	Ontario
188	Mississauga--Malton	Ontario
189	Mississauga--Streetsville	Ontario
190	Moncton--Riverview--Dieppe	New Brunswick
191	Montarville	Quebec
192	Montcalm	Quebec
193	Montmagny--L'Islet--Kamouraska--Rivière-du-Loup	Quebec
194	Moose Jaw--Lake Centre--Lanigan	Saskatchewan
195	Mount Royal	Quebec
196	Nanaimo--Ladysmith	British Columbia
197	Nepean	Ontario
198	New Brunswick Southwest	New Brunswick
199	New Westminster--Burnaby	British Columbia
200	Newmarket--Aurora	Ontario
201	Niagara Centre	Ontario
202	Niagara Falls	Ontario
203	Niagara West	Ontario
204	Nickel Belt	Ontario
205	Nipissing--Timiskaming	Ontario
206	North Island--Powell River	British Columbia
207	North Okanagan--Shuswap	British Columbia
208	North Vancouver	British Columbia
209	Northumberland--Peterborough South	Ontario
210	Northwest Territories	Northwest Territories
211	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce--Westmount	Quebec
212	Nunavut	Nunavut
213	Oakville	Ontario
214	Oakville North--Burlington	Ontario
215	Orléans	Ontario
216	Oshawa	Ontario
217	Ottawa Centre	Ontario
218	Ottawa South	Ontario
219	Ottawa West--Nepean	Ontario
220	Ottawa--Vanier	Ontario
221	Outremont	Quebec
222	Oxford	Ontario
223	Papineau	Quebec
224	Parkdale--High Park	Ontario
225	Parry Sound--Muskoka	Ontario
226	Peace River--Westlock	Alberta
227	Perth--Wellington	Ontario
228	Peterborough--Kawartha	Ontario
229	Pickering--Uxbridge	Ontario
230	Pierre-Boucher--Les Patriotes--Verchères	Quebec
231	Pierrefonds--Dollard	Quebec
232	Pitt Meadows--Maple Ridge	British Columbia
233	Pontiac	Quebec
234	Port Moody--Coquitlam	British Columbia
235	Portage--Lisgar	Manitoba
236	Portneuf--Jacques-Cartier	Quebec
237	Prince Albert	Saskatchewan
238	Prince George--Peace River--Northern Rockies	British Columbia
239	Provencher	Manitoba
240	Québec	Quebec
241	Red Deer--Lacombe	Alberta
242	Red Deer--Mountain View	Alberta
243	Regina--Lewvan	Saskatchewan
244	Regina--Qu'Appelle	Saskatchewan
245	Regina--Wascana	Saskatchewan
246	Renfrew--Nipissing--Pembroke	Ontario
247	Repentigny	Quebec
248	Richmond Centre	British Columbia
249	Richmond Hill	Ontario
250	Richmond--Arthabaska	Quebec
251	Rimouski-Neigette--Témiscouata--Les Basques	Quebec
252	Rivière-des-Mille-Îles	Quebec
253	Rivière-du-Nord	Quebec
254	Rosemont--La Petite-Patrie	Quebec
255	Saanich--Gulf Islands	British Columbia
256	Sackville--Preston--Chezzetcook	Nova Scotia
257	Saint Boniface--Saint Vital	Manitoba
258	Saint John--Rothesay	New Brunswick
259	Saint-Hyacinthe--Bagot	Quebec
260	Saint--Jean	Quebec
261	Saint--Laurent	Quebec
262	Saint--Léonard--Saint-Michel	Quebec
263	Saint-Maurice--Champlain	Quebec
264	Salaberry--Suroît	Quebec
265	Sarnia--Lambton	Ontario
266	Saskatoon West	Saskatchewan
267	Saskatoon--Grasswood	Saskatchewan
268	Saskatoon--University	Saskatchewan
270	Sault Ste. Marie	Ontario
271	Scarborough Centre	Ontario
272	Scarborough North	Ontario
273	Scarborough Southwest	Ontario
274	Scarborough--Agincourt	Ontario
275	Scarborough--Guildwood	Ontario
276	Scarborough--Rouge Park	Ontario
277	Selkirk--Interlake--Eastman	Manitoba
278	Shefford	Quebec
279	Sherbrooke	Quebec
280	Sherwood Park--Fort Saskatchewan	Alberta
281	Simcoe North	Ontario
282	Simcoe--Grey	Ontario
283	Skeena--Bulkley Valley	British Columbia
284	Souris--Moose Mountain	Saskatchewan
285	South Okanagan--West Kootenay	British Columbia
286	South Shore--St. Margarets	Nova Scotia
287	South Surrey--White Rock	British Columbia
288	Spadina--Fort York	Ontario
289	St. Albert--Edmonton	Alberta
290	St. Catharines	Ontario
291	St. John's East	Newfoundland & Labrador
292	St. John's South--Mount Pearl	Newfoundland & Labrador
293	Steveston--Richmond East	British Columbia
294	Stormont--Dundas--South Glengarry	Ontario
295	Sturgeon River--Parkland	Alberta
296	Sudbury	Ontario
297	Surrey Centre	British Columbia
298	Surrey--Newton	British Columbia
299	Sydney--Victoria	Nova Scotia
300	Terrebonne	Quebec
301	Thérèse-De Blainville	Quebec
302	Thornhill	Ontario
303	Thunder Bay--Rainy River	Ontario
304	Thunder Bay--Superior North	Ontario
305	Timmins--James Bay	Ontario
306	Tobique--Mactaquac	New Brunswick
307	Toronto Centre	Ontario
308	Toronto--Danforth	Ontario
309	Toronto--St. Paul's	Ontario
310	Trois-Rivières	Quebec
311	University--Rosedale	Ontario
312	Vancouver Centre	British Columbia
313	Vancouver East	British Columbia
314	Vancouver Granville	British Columbia
315	Vancouver Kingsway	British Columbia
316	Vancouver Quadra	British Columbia
317	Vancouver South	British Columbia
318	Vaudreuil--Soulanges	Quebec
319	Vaughan--Woodbridge	Ontario
320	Victoria	British Columbia
321	Ville-Marie--Le Sud-Ouest--Île-des-Soeurs	Quebec
322	Vimy	Quebec
323	Waterloo	Ontario
324	Wellington--Halton Hills	Ontario
325	West Nova	Nova Scotia
326	West Vancouver--Sunshine Coast--Sea to Sky Country	British Columbia
327	Whitby	Ontario
328	Willowdale	Ontario
329	Windsor West	Ontario
330	Windsor--Tecumseh	Ontario
331	Winnipeg Centre	Manitoba
332	Winnipeg North	Manitoba
333	Winnipeg South	Manitoba
324	Winnipeg South Centre	Manitoba
335	Yellowhead	Alberta
335	York Centre	Ontario
336	York South--Weston	Ontario
337	York--Simcoe	Ontario
338	Yorkton--Melville	Saskatchewan
339	Yukon	Yukon

^ List updated on: 2017.02.06

3. Who has the right to vote in federal elections?

  A Canadian citizen, 18 years or older and on voters list

4. What three requirements must you meet in order to vote in a federal election?

  Canadian citizen, 18 years or older and on the list of electors /voter list, list of voters

5. What is written on a federal election ballot?

  The names of the candidates in your electoral district in alphabetical order from "A" to "Z"

6. What do you mark on a federal election ballot?

  " X "

  An “X” beside the candidate of your choice

7. How is the government formed after an election?

  The party with the most elected representatives becomes the party in power. 
  The leader of this party becomes the Prime Minister.

8. How is the Prime Minister chosen?

  The leader of the party with the most elected representatives becomes the Prime Minister

9. When does an election have to be held according to the Constitution?

  On the 3rd Monday in October every 4 years following the most recent general election

10. Name all the federal political parties in the House of Commons and their leaders.

   Liberal - Justin Trudeau; Conservative - Ronalee Chapchuk Ambrose /aka Rona Ambrose; 
   NDP - Thomas Mulcair; Bloc Quebecois - Martine Ouellet; Green - Elizabeth May

11. Which party becomes the official opposition?

   The party with the second most MPs

12. What is the role of the opposition parties?

   To oppose or try to improve government proposals

13. Which party is the official opposition at the federal level?

   Progresive Conservatives (PC)

   For up-to-date information check the Official Opposition Page

14. Name the Prime Minister of Canada and his party.

   Justin Trudeau - Liberal Party

   For up-to-date information check the Prime Minister Page

15. Name your member of Parliament and the party he or she belongs to.

Example:

  Kirsty Duncan 	Liberal 	(for Etobicoke North, Ontario)

   Use this web tool to find the specifics: Members of the House of Commons Web Search Tool

~ FYI - Members of the House of Commons, elected in last election (includes current and resigned members):

Name	Political Affiliation at Election	Constituency	Gender
Edward Fast	Conservative	Abbotsford, British Columbia	m
Romeo Saganash	New Democratic Party	Abitibi--Baie-James--Nunavik--Eeyou, Quebec	m
Christine Moore	New Democratic Party	Abitibi--Témiscamingue, Quebec	w
Serge Cormier	Liberal	Acadie--Bathurst, New Brunswick	w
Joly Mélanie	Liberal	Ahuntsic-Cartierville, Quebec	w
Mark Holland	Liberal	Ajax, Ontario	m
Angelo Iacono	Liberal	Alfred-Pellan, Quebec	m
Carol Hughes	New Democratic Party	Algoma--Manitoulin--Kapuskasing, Ontario	m
Stéphane Lauzon	Liberal	Argenteuil--La Petite-Nation, Quebec	w
Leona Alleslev	Liberal	Aurora--Oak Ridges--Richmond Hill, Ontario	w
Ken McDonald	Liberal	Avalon, Newfoundland and Labrador	m
Rémi Massé	Liberal	Avignon--La Mitis--Matane--Matapédia, Quebec
Richards Blake	Conservative	Banff--Airdrie, Alberta	m
John Brassard	Conservative	Barrie--Innisfil, Ontario	m
Alex Nuttall	Conservative	Barrie--Springwater--Oro-Medonte, Ontario
Kevin Sorenson	Conservative	Battle River--Crowfoot, Alberta	m
Gerry Ritz	Conservative	Battlefords--Lloydminster, Saskatchewan
Neil R. Ellis	Liberal	Bay of Quinte, Ontario	m
Nathaniel Erskine-Smith	Liberal	Beaches--East York, Ontario	m
Maxime Bernier	Conservative	Beauce, Quebec	m
Sylvie Boucher	Conservative	Beauport--Côte-de-Beaupré--Île d’Orléans--Charlevoix, Quebec	w
Alupa Clarke	Conservative	Beauport--Limoilou, Quebec	m
Dominic LeBlanc	Liberal	Beauséjour, New Brunswick	m
Louis Plamondon	Bloc Québécois	Bécancour--Nicolet--Saurel, Quebec	m
Steven Blaney	Conservative	Bellechasse--Les Etchemins--Lévis, Quebec	m
Matthew Dubé	New Democratic Party	Beloeil--Chambly, Quebec	m
Brosseau Ruth Ellen	New Democratic Party	Berthier--Maskinongé, Quebec	w
Judy Foote	Liberal	Bonavista--Burin--Trinity, Newfoundland & Labrador	w
Emmanuel Dubourg	Liberal	Bourassa, Quebec	m
Martin Shields	Conservative	Bow River, Alberta	m
Ramesh Sangha	Liberal	Brampton Centre, Ontario
Raj Grewal	Liberal	Brampton East, Ontario	m
Ruby Sahota	Liberal	Brampton North, Ontario	w
Sonia Sidhu	Liberal	Brampton South, Ontario	w
Kamal Khera	Liberal	Brampton West, Ontario
Larry Maguire	Conservative	Brandon--Souris, Manitoba	m
Phil McColeman	Conservative	Brantford--Brant, Ontario	m
Denis Paradis	Liberal	Brome--Missisquoi, Quebec	m
Alexandra Mendès	Liberal	Brossard--Saint-Lambert, Quebec	w
Larry Miller	Conservative	Bruce--Grey--Owen Sound, Ontario	m
Karina Gould	Liberal	Burlington, Ontario	w
Terry Beech	Liberal	Burnaby North--Seymour, British Columbia	m
Kennedy Stewart	New Democratic Party	Burnaby South, British Columbia
Kent Hehr	Liberal	Calgary Centre, Alberta	m
Len Webber	Conservative	Calgary Confederation, Alberta
Deepak Obhrai	Conservative	Calgary Forest Lawn, Alberta	m
Stephen Harper	Conservative	Calgary Heritage, Alberta	m
Jason Kenney	Conservative	Calgary Midnapore, Alberta	m
Michelle Rempel	Conservative	Calgary Nose Hill, Alberta
Pat Kelly	Conservative	Calgary Rocky Ridge, Alberta
Tom Kmiec	Conservative	Calgary Shepard, Alberta	m
Ron Liepert	Conservative	Calgary Signal Hill, Alberta	m
Darshan Singh Kang	Liberal	Calgary Skyview, Alberta
Bryan May	Liberal	Cambridge, Ontario	m
Cuzner, Rodger	Liberal	Cape Breton--Canso, Nova Scotia	m
MacAulay, Lawrence	Liberal	Cardigan, Prince Edward Island	m
Doherty, Todd	Conservative	Cariboo--Prince George, British Columbia	m
Poilievre, Pierre	Conservative	Carleton, Ontario	m
Block, Kelly	Conservative	Carlton Trail--Eagle Creek, Saskatchewan	w
Fraser, Sean	Liberal	Central Nova, Nova Scotia	m
Albas, Dan	Conservative	Central Okanagan--Similkameen--Nicola, British Columbia	m
Paul-Hus, Pierre	Conservative	Charlesbourg--Haute-Saint-Charles, Quebec	m
Eyolfson, Doug	Liberal	Charleswood--St. James--Assiniboia--Headingley, Manitoba	m
Casey, Sean	Liberal	Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island	m
Shanahan, Brenda	Liberal	Châteauguay--Lacolle, Quebec	w
Van Kesteren, Dave	Conservative	Chatham-Kent--Leamington, Ontario	m
Lemieux, Denis	Liberal	Chicoutimi--Le Fjord, Quebec	m
Strahl, Mark	Conservative	Chilliwack--Hope, British Columbia	m
Ashton, Niki	New Democratic Party	Churchill--Keewatinook Aski, Manitoba
Aldag, John	Liberal	Cloverdale--Langley City, British Columbia	m
Simms, Scott	Liberal	Coast of Bays--Central--Notre Dame, Newfoundland & Labrador	m
Bibeau, Marie-Claude	Liberal	Compton--Stanstead, Quebec	w
McKinnon, Ron	Liberal	Coquitlam--Port Coquitlam, British Columbia	m
Johns, Gord	New Democratic Party	Courtenay--Alberni, British Columbia	m
MacGregor, Alistair	New Democratic Party	Cowichan--Malahat--Langford, British Columbia	m
Casey, William D. (Bill)	Liberal	Cumberland--Colchester, Nova Scotia
Anderson, David	Conservative	Cypress Hills--Grasslands, Saskatchewan	m
Fisher, Darren	Liberal	Dartmouth--Cole Harbour, Nova Scotia
Sopuck, Robert	Conservative	Dauphin--Swan River--Neepawa, Manitoba	m
Dzerowicz, Julie	Liberal	Davenport, Ontario	w
Qualtrough, Carla	Liberal	Delta, British Columbia	w
Jolibois, Georgina	New Democratic Party	Desnethé--Missinippi--Churchill River, Saskatchewan	w
Ratansi, Yasmin	Liberal	Don Valley East, Ontario	w
Tan, Geng	Liberal	Don Valley North, Ontario
Oliphant, Robert	Liberal	Don Valley West, Ontario	m
Dhillon, Anju	Liberal	Dorval--Lachine--LaSalle, Quebec
Choquette, François	New Democratic Party	Drummond, Quebec	m
Tilson, David	Conservative	Dufferin--Caledon, Ontario	m
O'Toole, Erin	Conservative	Durham, Ontario
Boissonnault, Randy	Liberal	Edmonton Centre, Alberta	m
Diotte, Kerry	Conservative	Edmonton Griesbach, Alberta
Aboultaif, Ziad	Conservative	Edmonton Manning, Alberta
Sohi, Amarjeet	Liberal	Edmonton Mill Woods, Alberta
Jeneroux, Matt	Conservative	Edmonton Riverbend, Alberta	m
Duncan, Linda Francis	New Democratic Party	Edmonton Strathcona, Alberta	w
McCauley, Kelly	Conservative	Edmonton West, Alberta	w
Lake, Mike	Conservative	Edmonton--Wetaskiwin, Alberta
Mendicino, Marco	Liberal	Eglinton--Lawrence, Ontario	m
Morrissey, Robert	Liberal	Egmont, Prince Edward Island	m
Karen Vecchio	Conservative	Elgin--Middlesex--London, Ontario
Blaikie, Daniel	New Democratic Party	Elmwood--Transcona, Manitoba
Garrison, Randall	New Democratic Party	Esquimalt--Saanich--Sooke, British Columbia	m
Ramsey, Tracey	New Democratic Party	Essex, Ontario	w
Wrzesnewskyj, Borys	Liberal	Etobicoke Centre, Ontario	m
Duncan, Kirsty	Liberal	Etobicoke North, Ontario	w
Maloney, James	Liberal	Etobicoke--Lakeshore, Ontario
Sweet, David	Conservative	Flamborough--Glanbrook, Ontario
Hardie, Ken	Liberal	Fleetwood--Port Kells, British Columbia	m
Barlow, John	Conservative	Foothills, Alberta	m
Yurdiga, David	Conservative	Fort McMurray--Cold Lake, Alberta	m
DeCourcey, Matt	Liberal	Fredericton, New Brunswick	m
Lockhart, Alaina	Liberal	Fundy Royal, New Brunswick
Lebouthillier, Diane	Liberal	Gaspésie--Les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, Quebec	w
MacKinnon, Steven	Liberal	Gatineau, Quebec	m
Drouin, Francis	Liberal	Glengarry--Prescott--Russell, Ontario	m
Warkentin, Chris	Conservative	Grande Prairie--Mackenzie, Alberta	m
Longfield, Lloyd	Liberal	Guelph, Ontario	m
Finley, Diane	Conservative	Haldimand--Norfolk, Ontario	w
Schmale, Jamie	Conservative	Haliburton--Kawartha Lakes--Brock, Ontario
Fillmore, Andy	Liberal	Halifax, Nova Scotia	m
Regan, Geoff	Liberal	Halifax West, Nova Scotia	m
Christopherson, David	New Democratic Party	Hamilton Centre, Ontario	m
Bratina, Bob	Liberal	Hamilton East--Stoney Creek, Ontario	m
Duvall, Scott	New Democratic Party	Hamilton Mountain, Ontario	m
Tassi, Filomena	Liberal	Hamilton West--Ancaster--Dundas, Ontario	w
Bossio, Mike	Liberal	Hastings--Lennox and Addington, Ontario	m
Marjolaine Boutin-Sweet	New Democratic Party	Hochelaga, Quebec	w
Pablo Rodriguez	Liberal	Honoré-Mercier, Quebec	m
Greg Fergus	Liberal	Hull--Aylmer, Quebec	m
Sgro, Judy	Liberal	Humber River--Black Creek, Ontario	w
Lobb, Ben	Conservative	Huron--Bruce, Ontario	m
Ste-Marie, Gabriel	Bloc Québécois	Joliette, Quebec	m
Karine Trudel	New Democratic Party	Jonquière, Quebec	w
Cathy McLeod	Conservative	Kamloops--Thompson--Cariboo, British Columbia	w
Karen McCrimmon	Liberal	Kanata--Carleton, Ontario	w
Fuhr, Stephen	Liberal	Kelowna--Lake Country, British Columbia	m
Nault, Robert Daniel	Liberal	Kenora, Ontario	m
Mihychuk, MaryAnn	Liberal	Kildonan--St. Paul, Manitoba	w
Brison, Scott	Liberal	Kings--Hants, Nova Scotia	m
Gerretsen, Mark	Liberal	Kingston and the Islands, Ontario	m
Schulte, Deborah	Liberal	King--Vaughan, Ontario	w
Saini, Raj	Liberal	Kitchener Centre, Ontario
Tabbara, Marwan	Liberal	Kitchener South--Hespeler, Ontario
Albrecht, Harold	Conservative	Kitchener--Conestoga, Ontario	m
Stetski, Wayne	New Democratic Party	Kootenay--Columbia, British Columbia	m
Beaulieu, Mario	Bloc Québécois	La Pointe-de-l'Île, Quebec
Poissant, Jean-Claude	Liberal	La Prairie, Quebec	m
Jones, Yvonne	Liberal	Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador	w
Lebel, Denis	Conservative	Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec	m
Scarpaleggia, Francis	Liberal	Lac-Saint-Louis, Quebec	m
Stubbs, Shannon	Conservative	Lakeland, Alberta	w
Shipley, Bev	Conservative	Lambton--Kent--Middlesex, Ontario
Reid, Scott	Conservative	Lanark--Frontenac--Kingston, Ontario	m
Warawa, Mark	Conservative	Langley--Aldergrove, British Columbia	m
Lametti, David	Liberal	LaSalle--Émard--Verdun, Quebec	m
Graham, David	Liberal	Laurentides--Labelle, Quebec
Laverdière, Hélène	New Democratic Party	Laurier--Sainte-Marie, Quebec	w
El-Khoury, Fayçal	Liberal	ExaLaval--Les Îles, Quebecmple
Brown, Gordon	Conservative	Leeds--Grenville--Thousand Islands & Rideau Lakes, Ontario	m
Harder, Rachael	Conservative	Lethbridge, Alberta	w
Gourde, Jacques	Conservative	Lévis--Lotbinière, Quebec	m
Fragiskatos, Peter	Liberal	London North Centre, Ontario	m
Kate Young	Liberal	London West, Ontario	w
Mathyssen, Irene	New Democratic Party	London--Fanshawe, Ontario	w
Hutchings, Gudie	Liberal	Long Range Mountains, Newfoundland & Labrador
Romanado, Sherry	Liberal	Longueuil--Charles-LeMoyne, Quebec	w
Nantel, Pierre	New Democratic Party	Longueuil--Saint-Hubert, Quebec	m
Lightbound, Joël	Liberal	Louis-Hébert, Quebec	m
Gérard Deltell	Conservative	Louis-Saint-Laurent, Quebec
René Arseneault	Liberal	Madawaska--Restigouche, New Brunswick
Wayne Easter	Liberal	Malpeque, Prince Edward Island
Gill, Marilène	Bloc Québécois	Manicouagan, Quebec	w
Robillard, Yves	Liberal	Marc-Aurèle-Fortin, Quebec	m
Philpott, Jane	Liberal	Markham--Stouffville, Ontario	w
John McCallum	Liberal	Markham--Thornhill, Ontario	m
Bob Saroya	Conservative	Markham--Unionville, Ontario	m
Jim Hillyer	Conservative	Medicine Hat--Cardston--Warner, Alberta	m
Motz, Glen	Conservative	Medicine Hat--Cardston--Warner, Alberta
Berthold, Luc	Conservative	Mégantic--L'Érable, Quebec	m
Raitt, Lisa	Conservative	Milton, Ontario	w
Simon Marcil	Bloc Québécois	Mirabel, Quebec
Pat Finnigan	Liberal	Miramichi--Grand Lake, New Brunswick
Jati Sidhu	Liberal	Mission--Matsqui--Fraser Canyon, British Columbia
Omar Alghabra	Liberal	Mississauga Centre, Ontario	m
Peter Fonseca	Liberal	Mississauga East--Cooksville, Ontario	m
Iqra Khalid	Liberal	Mississauga--Erin Mills, Ontario	w
Sven Spengemann	Liberal	Mississauga--Lakeshore, Ontario	m
Navdeep Singh Bains	Liberal	Mississauga--Malton, Ontario
Gagan Sikand	Liberal	Mississauga--Streetsville, Ontario
Ginette Petitpas Taylor	Liberal	Moncton--Riverview--Dieppe, New Brunswick
Michel Picard	Liberal	Montarville, Quebec	m
Luc Thériault	Bloc Québécois	Montcalm, Quebec	m
Généreux, Bernard	Conservative	Montmagny--L'Islet--Kamouraska--Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec
Lukiwski, Tom	Conservative	Moose Jaw--Lake Centre--Lanigan, Saskatchewan	m
Housefather, Anthony	Liberal	Mount Royal, Quebec	m
Malcolmson, Sheila	New Democratic Party	Nanaimo--Ladysmith, British Columbia	w
Arya, Chandra	Liberal	Nepean, Ontario
Ludwig, Karen	Liberal	New Brunswick Southwest, New Brunswick
Julian, Peter	New Democratic Party	New Westminster--Burnaby, British Columbia	m
Peterson, Kyle	Liberal	Newmarket--Aurora, Ontario
Badawey, Vance	Liberal	Niagara Centre, Ontario	m
Nicholson, Rob	Conservative	Niagara Falls, Ontario	m
Allison, Dean	Conservative	Niagara West, Ontario	m
Serré, Marc G.	Liberal	Nickel Belt, Ontario
Anthony Rota	Liberal	Nipissing--Timiskaming, Ontario	m
Rachel Blaney	New Democratic Party	North Island--Powell River, British Columbia
Mel Arnold	Conservative	North Okanagan--Shuswap, British Columbia
Wilkinson, Jonathan	Liberal	North Vancouver, British Columbia	m
Rudd, Kim	Liberal	Northumberland--Peterborough South, Ontario
McLeod, Michael	Liberal	Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories	m
Garneau, Marc	Liberal	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce--Westmount, Quebec
Tootoo, Hunter	Liberal	Nunavut, Nunavut
Oliver, John	Liberal	Oakville, Ontario	m
Damoff, Pam	Liberal	Oakville North--Burlington, Ontario	w
Leslie, Andrew	Liberal	Orléans, Ontario
Carie, Colin	Conservative	Oshawa, Ontario
McKenna, Catherine	Liberal	Ottawa Centre, Ontario	w
McGuinty, David	Liberal	Ottawa South, Ontario	m
Vandenbeld, Anita	Liberal	Ottawa West--Nepean, Ontario	w
Bélanger, Mauril	Liberal	Ottawa--Vanier, Ontario
Mulcair, Thomas J.	New Democratic Party	Outremont, Quebec	m
MacKenzie, Dave	Conservative	Oxford, Ontario	m
Trudeau, Justin	Liberal	Papineau, Quebec	m
Virani, Arif	Liberal	Parkdale--High Park, Ontario
Clement, Tony	Conservative	Parry Sound--Muskoka, Ontario	m
Viersen, Arnold	Conservative	Peace River--Westlock, Alberta	m
Nater, John	Conservative	Perth--Wellington, Ontario	m
Monsef, Maryam	Liberal	Peterborough--Kawartha, Ontario
O'Connell, Jennifer	Liberal	Pickering--Uxbridge, Ontario	w
Barsalou-Duval, Xavier	Bloc Québécois	Pierre-Boucher--Les Patriotes--Verchères, Quebec	m
Baylis, Frank	Liberal	Pierrefonds--Dollard, Quebec	m
Ruimy, Dan	Liberal	Pitt Meadows--Maple Ridge, British Columbia	m
Amos, William	Liberal	Pontiac, Quebec	m
Donnelly, Fin	New Democratic Party	Port Moody--Coquitlam, British Columbia	m
Bergen, Candice	Conservative	Portage--Lisgar, Manitoba
Godin, Joël	Conservative	Portneuf--Jacques-Cartier, Quebec	m
Hoback, Randy	Conservative	Prince Albert, Saskatchewan	m
Bob Zimmer	Conservative	Prince George--Peace River--Northern Rockies, British Columbia	m
Ted Falk	Conservative	Provencher, Manitoba	m
Jean-Yves Duclos	Liberal	Québec, Quebec
Blaine Calkins	Conservative	Red Deer--Lacombe, Alberta
Dreeshen, Earl	Conservative	Red Deer--Mountain View, Alberta
Weir, Erin	New Democratic Party	Regina--Lewvan, Saskatchewan
Scheer, Andrew	Conservative	Regina--Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan	m
Goodale, Ralph	Liberal	Regina--Wascana, Saskatchewan	m
Gallant, Cheryl	Conservative	Renfrew--Nipissing--Pembroke, Ontario
Pauzé, Monique	Bloc Québécois	Repentigny, Quebec	w
Wong, Alice	Conservative	Richmond Centre, British Columbia	w
Jowhari, Majid	Liberal	Richmond Hill, Ontario
Rayes, Alain	Conservative	Richmond--Arthabaska, Quebec
Caron, Guy	New Democratic Party	Rimouski-Neigette--Témiscouata--Les Basques, Quebec	m
Lapointe, Linda	Liberal	Rivière-des-Mille-Îles, Quebec	w
Fortin, Rhéal	Bloc Québécois	Rivière-du-Nord, Quebec
Boulerice, Alexandre	New Democratic Party	Rosemont--La Petite-Patrie, Quebec
May, Elizabeth	Green Party	Saanich--Gulf Islands, British Columbia	w
Samson, Darrell	Liberal	Sackville--Preston--Chezzetcook, Nova Scotia
Vandal, Daniel	Liberal	Saint Boniface--Saint Vital, Manitoba
Long, Wayne	Liberal	Saint John--Rothesay, New Brunswick	m
Sansoucy, Brigitte	New Democratic Party	Saint-Hyacinthe--Bagot, Quebec	w
Rioux, Jean R.	Liberal	Saint-Jean, Quebec
Dion, Stéphane	Liberal	Saint-Laurent, Quebec	m
Di Iorio, Nicola	Liberal	Saint-Léonard--Saint-Michel, Quebec	m
Champagne, François-Philippe	Liberal	Saint-Maurice--Champlain, Quebec
Quach, Anne Minh-Thu	New Democratic Party	Salaberry--Suroît, Quebec
Gladu, Marilyn	Conservative	Sarnia--Lambton, Ontario	w
Benson, Sheri	New Democratic Party	Saskatoon West, Saskatchewan	w
Waugh, Kevin	Conservative	Saskatoon--Grasswood, Saskatchewan	m
Brad Trost	Conservative	Saskatoon--University, Saskatchewan	m
Terry Sheehan	Liberal	Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario	m
Zahid, Salma	Liberal	Scarborough Centre, Ontario	w
Chen, Shaun	Liberal	Scarborough North, Ontario	m
Blair, Bill	Liberal	Scarborough Southwest, Ontario	m
Chan, Arnold	Liberal	Scarborough--Agincourt, Ontario	m
McKay, John	Liberal	Scarborough--Guildwood, Ontario	m
Anandasangaree, Gary	Liberal	Scarborough--Rouge Park, Ontario
Bezan, James	Conservative	Selkirk--Interlake--Eastman, Manitoba	m
Breton, Pierre	Liberal	Shefford, Quebec	m
Dusseault, Pierre-Luc	New Democratic Party	Sherbrooke, Quebec	m
Genuis, Garnett	Conservative	Sherwood Park--Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta
Stanton, Bruce	Conservative	Simcoe North, Ontario	m
Leitch, K. Kellie	Conservative	Simcoe--Grey, Ontario	w
Cullen, Nathan	New Democratic Party	Skeena--Bulkley Valley, British Columbia	m
Kitchen, Robert Gordon	Conservative	Souris--Moose Mountain, Saskatchewan	m
Cannings, Richard	New Democratic Party	South Okanagan--West Kootenay, British Columbia	m
Jordan, Bernadette	Liberal	South Shore--St. Margarets, Nova Scotia	w
Watts, Dianne	Conservative	South Surrey--White Rock, British Columbia	w
Vaughan, Adam	Liberal	Spadina--Fort York, Ontario	m
Cooper, Michael	Conservative	St. Albert--Edmonton, Alberta	m
Bittle, Chris	Liberal	St. Catharines, Ontario	m
Whalen, Nick	Liberal	St. John's East, Newfoundland & Labrador	m
O'Regan, Seamus	Liberal	St. John's South--Mount Pearl, Newfoundland & Labrador
Peschisolido, Joe	Liberal	Steveston--Richmond East, British Columbia	m
Lauzon, Guy	Conservative	Stormont--Dundas--South Glengarry, Ontario	m
Ambrose, Rona	Conservative	Sturgeon River--Parkland, Alberta	w
Lefebvre, Paul	Liberal	Sudbury, Ontario	m
Sarai, Randeep	Liberal	Surrey Centre, British Columbia
Dhaliwal, Sukh	Liberal	Surrey--Newton, British Columbia
Eyking, Mark	Liberal	Sydney--Victoria, Nova Scotia	m
Boudrias, Michel	Bloc Québécois	Terrebonne, Quebec	m
Ayoub, Ramez	Liberal	Thérèse-De Blainville, Quebec	m
Kent, Peter	Conservative	Thornhill, Ontario	m
Rusnak, Don	Liberal	Thunder Bay--Rainy River, Ontario	m
Hajdu, Patricia	Liberal	Thunder Bay--Superior North, Ontario	w
Angus, Charlie	New Democratic Party	Timmins--James Bay, Ontario	m
Harvey, Thomas J.	Liberal	Tobique--Mactaquac, New Brunswick	m
Morneau, Bill	Liberal	Toronto Centre, Ontario	m
Dabrusin, Julie	Liberal	Toronto--Danforth, Ontario	w
Bennett, Carolyn	Liberal	Toronto--St. Paul's, Ontario	w
Aubin, Robert	New Democratic Party	Trois-Rivières, Quebec	m
Freeland, Chrystia	Liberal	University--Rosedale, Ontario
Fry, Hedy	Liberal	Vancouver Centre, British Columbia
Kwan, Jenny Wai Ching	New Democratic Party	Vancouver East, British Columbia
Wilson-Raybould, Jody	Liberal	Vancouver Granville, British Columbia	w
Davies, Don	New Democratic Party	Vancouver Kingsway, British Columbia	m
Murray, Joyce	Liberal	Vancouver Quadra, British Columbia	w
Sajjan, Harjit Singh	Liberal	Vancouver South, British Columbia
Schiefke, Peter	Liberal	Vaudreuil--Soulanges, Quebec	m
Sorbara, Francesco	Liberal	Vaughan--Woodbridge, Ontario	m
Rankin, Murray	New Democratic Party	Victoria, British Columbia	m
Miller, Marc	Liberal	Ville-Marie--Le Sud-Ouest--Île-des-Soeurs, Quebec	m
Nassif, Eva	Liberal	Vimy, Quebec	w
Chagger, Bardish	Liberal	Waterloo, Ontario
Michael D. Chong	Conservative	Wellington--Halton Hills, Ontario	m
Colin Fraser	Liberal	West Nova, Nova Scotia	m
Pamela Goldsmith-Jones	Liberal	West Vancouver--Sunshine Coast--Sea to Sky Country, British Columbia	w
Celina Caesar-Chavannes	Liberal	Whitby, Ontario	w
Ali Ehsassi	Liberal	Willowdale, Ontario
Brian Masse	New Democratic Party	Windsor West, Ontario	m
Cheryl Hardcastle	New Democratic Party	Windsor--Tecumseh, Ontario	w
Robert-Falcon Ouellette	Liberal	Winnipeg Centre, Manitoba	m
Kevin Lamoureux	Liberal	Winnipeg North, Manitoba	m
Terry Duguid	Liberal	Winnipeg South, Manitoba	m
James Gordon Carr	Liberal	Winnipeg South Centre, Manitoba	m
Jim Eglinski	Conservative	Yellowhead, Alberta	m
Michael Levitt	Liberal	York Centre, Ontario	m
Ahmed Hussen	Liberal	York South--Weston, Ontario	m
Peter Van Loan	Conservative	York--Simcoe, Ontario	m
Cathay Wagantall	Conservative	Yorkton--Melville, Saskatchewan	w
Larry Bagnell	Liberal	Yukon, Yukon	m

^ List updated on: 2017.02.06

16. What is a voter information card?

   A form that tells you when and where to vote

17. Who has the right to run as a candidate in federal elections?

   Any Canadian citizen at least 18+ years of age old

18. Who do Canadians vote for in a federal election?

   A candidate they want to represent them in Parliament

19. What do political parties do?

   Share ideas about how government should work

20. Which federal political party is in power?

   Liberal Party (for up-to-date information check either the Canadian Parliament Page 
   or Prime Minister of Canada) wiki page

21. How are senators chosen?

   They are chosen by the Prime Minister (and appointed by the Governor General)

22. What should you do if you do not receive a voter information card telling you when and where to vote?

   Call Elections Canada or visit their website

23. After a federal election, which party forms the new government?

   The party with the most elected representatives becomes the party in power

Section II. Questions about your region

(answers depend on test-taker's location)

1. What is the capital city of the province or territory in which you live?

Example:

  For the Province of Ontario the answer is: Toronto

Pick one from the list of all given bellow:

Region Province/Territory Capital City

1.1. Atlantic region

    	Newfoundland and Labrador 	(NL)  	    St. John’s
    	Prince Edward Island     	(PE)     	Charlottetown
    	Nova Scotia		      		(NS)		Halifax
    	New Brunswick	      		(NB)		Fredericton

1.2. Central Canada region

(FYI: The Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River basin; but also part of The Canadian Shield (region), that is also called the Laurentian Plateau or Bouclier Canadien)

    	Quebec		      			(QC)		Québec City
    	Ontario		      			(ON)		Toronto

1.3. Prairie Provinces

(FYI: that are also part of The Planes, but also part of the The Canadian Shield (Laurentian Plateau or Bouclier Canadien) region (that include northern portions of Manitoba /Saskatchewan), because the Prairie Provinces region is named after the prairies in Alberta and Saskatchewan and Manitoba, but the physical geography is diverse consisting of portions of the Canadian Shiel and the Canadian Interior Plains and the Cordillera (Cordillera is a Spanish word for mountain range)).

        Manitoba		      		(MB)		Winnipeg
   	Saskatchewan	      			(SK)		Regina
    	Alberta		      			(AB)		Edmonton

1.4. West Coast

(FYI: Pacific Canada /Part of The Cordillera Region portion of British Columbia)

    British Columbia			(BC) 	        Victoria

1.5. North

(FYI: Polar /Arctic region; but also part of the The Canadian Shield region (Parts of Northwest Territories, Parts of Nunavut), but also called the Laurentian Plateau or Bouclier Canadien; Parts of The Cordillera region portion of Yukon)

        Nunavut		     	 	            (NU)		Iqaluit
    	Northwest Territories 	 	        (NT)		Yellowknife
    	Yukon Territory	      		        (YT)		Whitehorse

2. List three natural resources important to your region’s economy today.

Example:

  In Ontario: it's mining metalic and non-metalic minerals and structural materials; 
  extracting oil /gas /coal; forestry

3. Who is your city Councillor, Alderperson, Reeve or Regional Councillor?

Example:

  Brampton, ON, Ward 1: Grant Gibson

(In principle, just name 1 of representative, for your ward)

~FYI ~ Just as a reference /not for the test, a possible list for municipalities: Example: Brampton, ON

No. Ward in Brampton, ON, 2014	Name of the representative	Gender
Ward 1	Grant Gibson, Elaine Moore	m, w
Ward 2	Doug Whillans, Michael Palleschi	m, m
Ward 3	Martin Medeiros, Jeff Bowman	m, m
Ward 4	Martin Medeiros, Jeff Bowman	m, m
Ward 5	Grant Gibson, Elaine Moore	m, w
Ward 6	Doug Whillans, Darren Whitehead	m, m
Ward 7	Pat Fortini, Gael Miles	m, w
Ward 8	Pat Fortini, Gael Miles	m, w
Ward 9	John Sprovieri, Gurpreet Dhillon	m, m
Ward 10	John Sprovieri, Gurpreet Dhillon	m, m

^Source: Brampton City-Hall Councilors

Regional Councillors in Brampton (2017-)

No.	Name of the representative	Ward No.	Gender
1	Elaine Moore	1, 5	w
2	Michael Palleschi	2, 6	m
3	Martin Medeiros	3, 4	m
4	Gael Miles	7, 8	w
5	John Sprovieri	9, 10	m

4. What is the name of your Mayor?

Example:

  Brampton    (since 2014-):    	Linda Jeffrey

Example:

  Mississauga (since 2014-):    	Bonnie Crombie

Example:

  Toronto     (since 2014-):    	John Tory

5. What is the name of your provincial representative (member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA), Member of the Provincial Parliament (MPP), Member of the National Assembly (MLA) or member of the House of Assembly (MHA))?

Example:

  Jagmeet Singh, MPP (Bramalea—Gore—Malton)

Elected Provincial /Territory representatives in the Legislatures have these titles:

~ MPPs in ON, at the Provincial Parliament called Parliament of Ontario or The Legislative Assembly of Ontario;

~ MLAs in BC, AB, SK, MB, NB, NS, NU, NT, YT,

at The Legislative Assemblies at any of the Parliaments of BC, AB, SK, MB, NB, NS, NU, NT, YT;

~ MHAs in NL, at The NL House of Assembly, at The General Assembly of Newfoundland & Labrador;

~ MNAs in QC, at The National Assembly, that is the Lower House today, part of The Legislature of Québec.

FYI ~ Just as a reference /not for the test:

The Legislature of Quebec, the Parliament of Quebec, has 2 parts:

The QC National Assembly and a Lieutenant-Governor of QC Member of the National Assembly of Quebec, also referred to as Legislators are called MNA (125 elected members in 2017). (in 1968, The Upper House, also called The Legislative Council of Quebec, has been abolished)

The General Assembly of Newfoundland and Labrador, the Parliament of NL has 2 parts:

The Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly and a Lieutenant-Governor of Newfoundland. Member of Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly are called MHA (40 elected members in 2017). Since Confederation 1949, the appointed Legislative Council has not been activated. Newfoundland Legislature is made up of the House of Assembly from elected members only.

The General Assembly of Nova Scotia, also called The Nova Scotia Legislature, the Parliament of NS, has 2 parts:

The Nova Scotia House of Assembly and a Lieutenant Governor. Member of Nova Scotia House of Assembly are called MLA, unlike in NL (51 elected members in 2017). Nova Scotia's greatest contribution to Canadian democracy was the movement for Responsible Government (1836-1847), meaning no upper chamber, no communal representation, from very early on.

The New Brunswick Legislature has 2 parts:

The Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick and a Lieutenant Governor of New Brunswick. Members of the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick are called MLAs (51 elected members in 2017). Legislative Council ~ upper chamber /house was abolished in 1891.

The General Assembly of Prince Edward Island or the Provincial Parliament has 2 parts:

The Legislative Assembly of Prince Edward Island and a Lieutenant-Governor (27 elected members only in 2017; since 1996 no more “assembly man”).

The Legislature of Saskatchewan has 2 parts:

The Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan and a Lieutenant-Governor of SK. Member of the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan are called MLA (61 elected members in 2017). In September 2013 the Legislature established the position of Usher of the Black Rod. Their role is functionally similar to the one for the Senate of Canada. Rick Mantey was the first person to hold the office. The current Usher of the Black Rod, as of 2014, is Ben Walsh. The Black Rod was made by Scott Olson Goldsmith of Regina.

The Legislature of Manitoba has 2 parts:

The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Lieutenant Governor of MB. Member of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba are called MLA (57 elected members in 2017; elected members only; No more appointed legislative council and an appointed executive council and communal representation side by side elected legislative assembly from the early beginnings in 1871. Upper chamber was abolished in 1876.

The Legislature of Alberta has 2 parts:

The Legislative Assembly of Alberta and a Lieutenant-Governor of AB. Member of the Legislative Assembly of Alberta are called MLA (87 elected members in 2017; elected members only since first formed).

The Legislature of British Columbia has 2 parts /also called The Parliament of British Columbia:

The Legislative Assembly of BC and a Lieutenant-Governor of BC. Member of the Legislative Assembly of BC are called MLA (85 elected members in 2017).

The Legislature of Ontario has 2 parts /also called The Ontario Provincial Parliament:

The Legislative Assembly of Ontario and a Lieutenant-Governor of ON. Members of the Legislative Assembly Ontario, also referred as Members of the Assembly, are called Member of the Provincial Parliament are called MPP (107 elected members in 2017). Parliament of Ontario since 1867. ‘Member of Provincial Parliament’ and the initialism MPP were formally adopted by the Legislature on April 7, 1938. Members of the Assembly (MAs in ON) refer to themselves as ‘Members of the Provincial Parliament’ (MPPs) as opposed to ‘Members of the Legislative Assembly’ (MLAs) as in other provinces. Ontario is the only province to do so, in accordance with a resolution passed in the Assembly on April 7, 1938. Ontario is the only Canadian provincial legislative assembly to employ this designation.

Members of Canadian Provincial and Territorial Assemblies employ the titles

Members of	Shortened	Province /Territory
Member of the Provincial Parliament or	(MPP)	in (ON) Ontario since 1938; also MAs /Members of the Assembly
Member of the National Assembly or	(MNA)	in (QC) Quebec
Member of the House of Assembly or	(MHA)	in (NL) Newfoundland & Labrador
Member of the Legislative Assembly or	(MLA)	in BC, AB, SK, MB, NB, NS, NU, NT, YT

FYI ~ Just as a reference /not for the test:

As Territories in Canada, all 3 Territories have fewer rights than the provinces:

Northwest Territories

The Legislature of Northwest Territories has 2 parts: The Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories and a Commissioner of Northwest Territories. The Commissioner is federally appointed; Commissioner’s role in Legislature is similar to a Lieutenant Governor of a province. Member of the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories are called MLA (18 elected members in 2017)

The Commissioner of the NWT is the chief executive and is appointed by the Governor-in-Council of Canada on the recommendation of the federal Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development. The Commissioner had full governmental powers until 1980 when the territories were given greater self-government. The Legislative Assembly then began electing a cabinet and Government Leader, later known as the Premier. Since 1985 the Commissioner no longer chairs meetings of the Executive Council (or cabinet), and the federal government has instructed commissioners to behave almost like a provincial Lieutenant Governor. In the 1980s, The Commissioner of the NWT transferred the last of his authorities over Assembly matters to the Legislative Assembly of Northwest Territories.

The Deputy Commissioner of Northwest Territories holds a seat in the Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories, for 3 years, and is second to the Commissioner in the hierarchy of Northwest Territories Government, nowadays largely a ceremonial role. Just FYI: The position of the Deputy Commissioner of the Northwest Territories was created in 1921, and is appointed by the Governor-in-Council of Canada (standing in for the Queen-in-Council), on the advice from a Prime Ministers (PMs) cabinet, after consultations with a Committee of the 'Privy Council' (formally: The Queen's Privy Council for Canada /personal consultants to the monarch of Canada on state and constitutional affairs), composed of (mostly) elected, but sometimes former MPs (Members of Parliament), Senators or lately, other prominent Canadians, appointed for life by the Governor General as directed by the Prime Minister of Canada of the day).

Giving The Sovereign and Governor General advice on how to exercise the Royal Prerogative via Orders in Council (order given by Governor-in-Council of Canada (standing in for the Queen-in-Council), that are automatically subject to judicial review) rests with by the Cabinet, as the task of a committee of the (Queen’s) Privy Council. Committee of the (Queen’s) Privy Council is the body /integral part of the (Queen’s) Privy Council made out of Cabinet Ministers, formally referred to as the Ministers of the Crown, drawn from and responsible to the House of Commons in the Parliament or Senators (read: responsible to and members of the Legislative Assembly formally referred to as Her Majesty's Government). The President of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada customarily serves as a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada and cabinet ministers receive assistance in the performance of their duties from the (Queen’s) Privy Council Office, headed by the Clerk of the Privy Council. When Governor General is exercising the executive authority of the Governor-in-Council of Canada (standing in for the Queen-in-Council), on behalf of the Sovereign, where the Queen's powers and functions are delegated to the Governor, decisions are, almost always, the formal approval to decisions made by the cabinet, a subcommittee of the privy or executive council that includes the senior ministers of the Crown and often meets without the Queen or her local representative present. While the Cabinet specifically deals with the regular, day-to-day functions of the Crown-in-Council, occasions of wider national importance—such as the proclamation of a new Canadian sovereign following a demise of the Crown or conferring on royal marriages—will be attended to by more senior officials in the (Queen’s) Privy Council, such as the prime minister, the chief justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, and other senior statesmen; while all Privy Councillors are invited to such meetings in theory, in practice the composition of the gathering is determined by the Prime Minister of the day. The quorum for the (Queen’s) Privy Council meetings is four. The Constitution Act, 1867, outlines that persons are to be summoned and appointed for life to the Queen's Privy Council by the Governor General, though convention dictates that this be done on the advice of the sitting prime minister. As its function is to provide the vehicle for advising the Crown, the members of the (Queen’s) Privy Council are predominantly all living current and former Ministers of the Crown. In addition, the Chief Justices of Canada and former Governors General are appointed. From time to time, the leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition and heads of other opposition parties will be appointed to the (Queen’s) Privy Council, either as an honour or to facilitate the distribution of sensitive information under the Security of Information Act, and, similarly, it is required by law that those on the Security Intelligence Review Committee be made Privy Councillors, if they are not already. To date, only Prime Minister Paul Martin advised that Parliamentary Secretaries be admitted to the (Queen’s) Privy Council. The use of (Queen’s) Privy Council for Canada appointments today is purely an honour, briefly ended under Lester Pearson, though the traditional style The Right Honourable, The Honourable, and the post-nominal letters PC standing for Privy Counsellor, remained in use, limited to the Prime Minister, Chief Justices. In In 1992,2002, 2006, 2007 the appointed Governor General at the time appointed prominent Canadians as Privy Counsellors to the (Queen’s) Privy Council, on the advice /recommendation of Prime Minister of the day. (Queen’s) Privy Council for Canada is formally required to meet to give its consent to or reject the Royal engagement /Royal marriage if the union could result in offspring /children that would impact /have been considered legitimate heirs to the succession of to the Canadian throne, thus reaffirming (when consenting) or setting up potential break (when rejecting) in the unified link to the Crown of the Commonwealth realm (read: Canada), in contradiction to the conventional "treaty" laid out in the preamble to the 1931 Statute of Westminster.

~FYI ~ Just as a reference /not for the test:

Nunavut

Nunavut is a territorial subdivision of the Northwest Territories. The Legislature of Nunavut has 2 parts: The Legislative Assembly of Nunavut and a Commissioner of Nunavut. The Commissioner's role is similar to a Lieutenant Governor of a Province.

Members of the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut are called MLAs (19 elected members in 2017). Candidates run as individuals, with no political party affiliations or platform. A Premier, cabinet Ministers and the Speaker are selected from the elected MLAs in a publicly held, secret ballot election, by MLAs under the title of ’Nunavut Leadership Forum’. The Commissioner, on the recommendation of the Legislative Assembly, formally appoints the Premier and the Cabinet (Ministers) of the Nunavut. There is no fixed number of cabinet seats, but only a minority of MLAs can be appointed to the Cabinet, e.g.the Commissioner of Nunavut is not permitted to appoint a more than 50% of the MLAs to the Cabinet in order to keep the accountability of the cabinet and the territorial Prime Minister in order to upkeep the “responsible government” principles, meaning for example, from 19 MLAs in 2017, no more than 9 MLAs could have been appointed to the cabinet, only less. Consensus government is a system that blends the principles of parliamentary democracy with the Aboriginal values of maximum cooperation, effective use of leadership resources and common accountability. Nunavut has its own own Supreme Court. Deputy Commissioner of Nunavut was added in 2005, is second to the Commissioner in the hierarchy of Nunavut Government, nowadays largely a ceremonial role.

~ FYI ~ Just as a reference /not for the test:

Yukon Territories

The Legislature of Yukon has 2 parts: The Legislative Assembly of Yukon and a Commissioner of Yukon. The Commissioner is federally appointed; Commissioner’s role in Legislature is similar to a Lieutenant Governor of a province. Member of the Legislative Assembly of Yukon are called MLA (18 elected members in 2017) Yukon government cabinet is appointed by the majority party of the Legislative Assembly, has 5 members (in 20017). Yukon government caucus members make up the Premier's tea /cabinet.

There are parties involved and political platforms included in the general elections. Yukon was a separate district of Northwest Territories from 1895. Yukon, with capital Dawson was a separate territory from 1898. Yukon Territories capital, from 1952, is Whitehorse.

By passing the Yukon Act, The Parliament of Canada established The Office of Commissioner in Yukon to preside /govern over it. The position of Chief Executive Officer and Commissioner of Yukon Territory was created to bring order in 1898 and prepare for Yukon to become its own territory separate from the Northwest Territories. Under the Act of Yukon from in 1898, the Government of Canada appointed 6 members of the Legislative Council, as well as the Commissioner to govern Yukon. In 1900, the administrative authority and legislative power stayed with the appointed Commissioner, even though the Legislative Council became an elected body. In 1920s, the positions of Commissioner of Yukon were abolished and their duties and responsibilities were assigned to the Gold Commissioner of Yukon. In the 1930s, the responsibilities of the the Gold Commissioner's position where assigned to the Comptroller, then changed to Controller, the now Chief Executive Officer of Yukon. In the second half of the XX century, the title of Commissioner was reinstated in order to help out Yukon's Chief Executive Officer in fulfilling his duties, responsibility and lighting his workload. By the 1980s the Commissioner’s involvement in day to day activities of the NT government diminished, but Commissioner’s role legally changed only in 2003 with amendments to the Yukon Act, framing Commissioner’s role more like to the role of a Lieutenant Governor of a province. From the turn of the century, the federal government appointed Commissioners from the senior ranks of the civil service in Ottawa. These people usually were deputy ministers of a department which had some involvement in the North. The deputy ministers carried out their Commissioner's duties along with their own departmental responsibilities.

6. What is the name of the premier of your province or territory?

Example:

  Alberta - Rachel Notley - NDP

~ FYI: Pick One line from the table bellow:

PROVINCE	PREMIER / TENURE	PARTY AFFILIATION	GENDER
Alberta	Rachel Notley (May 24, 2015 - )	NDP	w
British Columbia	Christy Clark (Mar 14, 2011 - )	Liberal	w
Manitoba	Heather Stefanson (Nov 2, 2021)	P.C.	w
New Brunswick	Brian Gallant (Oct 7, 2014 - )	Liberal	m
Newfoundland & Labrador	Dwight Ball (Dec 14, 2015 - )	Liberal	m
Northwest Territories	Bob McLeod (Oct 27, 2011 - )	N/A*	m
Nova Scotia	Stephen McNeil (Oct 22, 2013 - )	Liberal	m
Nunavut	Peter Taptuna (Nov 19, 2013 - )	N/A*	m
Ontario	Kathleen Wynne (Feb 11, 2013 - )	Liberal	w
Prince Edward Island	Wade MacLauchlan (Feb 23, 2015 - )	Liberal	m
Quebec	Philippe Couillard (Apr. 23, 2014 - )	Liberal	m
Saskatchewan	Brad Wall (Nov 21, 2007 - )	Saskatchewan	m
Yukon	Darrell Pasloski (Jun 11, 2011 - )	Yukon	m

7. Which political party is in power in your province or territory?

Example:

  Ontario - Kathleen Wynne - Liberal

PROVINCE PREMIER / TENURE PARTY

Alberta: Rachel Notley (2015) NDP

British Columbia: Christy Clark (2011) Liberal

Manitoba: Kelvin Goertzen (2021) P.C.

New Brunswick: Brian Gallant (2014) Liberal

Newfoundland: Dwight Ball (2015) Liberal

Northwest Territories: Bob McLeod (2011) N/A*

Nova Scotia: Stephen McNeil (2013) Liberal

Nunavut: Peter Taptuna (2013) N/A*

Ontario: Kathleen Wynne (2013) Liberal

Prince Edward Island: Wade MacLauchlan (2015) Liberal

Quebec: Philippe Couillard (2014) Liberal

Saskatchewan: Brad Wall (2007) Saskatchewan

Yukon: Darrell Pasloski (2011) Yukon

8. What is the name of the leader of the opposition in province of Ontario?

~FYI: The Leader of the Opposition in Ontario is usually leader of the largest party in the Ontario legislature which is NOT the government. The current official opposition is formed by the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party;

Example:

  Patrick Brown is the current Leader of the Opposition in Province of Ontario (since May 2015-).

9. What is the name of your Lieutenant Governor or Commissioner?

Example:

  Her Honour the Honourable Elizabeth Dowdeswell, OC, OOnt is the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario.

Province The Honourable Lieutenant Governor

(AB) Alberta: Lois Mitchell Since 2015

(BC) British Columbia: Judith Guichon Since 2012

(MB) Manitoba: Janice Filmon Since 2015

(NB) New Brunswick: Jocelyne Roy-Vienneau Since 2014

(NL) Newfoundland and Labrador: Frank Fagan Since 2013

(NS) Nova Scotia: John James Grant Since 2012

(ON) Ontario: Elizabeth Dowdeswell Since 2014

(PE) Prince Edward Island: Frank Lewis Since 2011

(QC) Quebec: J. Michel Doyon Since 2015

(SK) Saskatchewan: Vaughn Solomon Schofield Since 2012

Territory The Honourable Commissioner Since

(NU) Nunavut: Nellie Kusugak 2015

(NT) Northwest Territories: George Tuccaro 2010

(YT) Yukon: Doug Phillips 2010

10. What is the name of the Commissioner, who represents the federal government in your territory?

Example:

  For Nunavut The Honourable Nellie Taptaqut Kusugak

~FYI:

The Commissioner for Territory of Nunavut (NU) is the Honourable Nellie T. Kusugak since 2015

The Commissioner for Northwest Territories (NT) is the Honourable George Tuccaro since 2010

The Commissioner for Yukon Territory (YT) is the Honourable Doug Phillips since 2010

~FYI: Ontario is a province and not a territory, therefor it does not have a commissioner who represents the federal government, but have Lieutenant Governor, Her Honour the Honourable Elizabeth Dowdeswell.

Questions about a specific region - individual province /territory (2017 answers)

1. For applicants living in N&L:

1.1. What is the capital city of Newfoundland & Labrador?

  St. John's (2017)

2. For applicants living in NS:

2.1. Which political party is in power in Nova Scotia?

  Liberal (2017)

2.2. What is the capital City of Nova Scotia?

  Halifax

3. For applicants living in PE:

3.1. What is the capital City of Prince Edward Island?

  Charlottetown

3.2. What is the name of the Premier of Prince Edward Island?

  The Honourable H. Wade MacLauchlan (2017)

4. For applicants living in NB:

4.1. Which political party is in power in New Brunswick?

  Liberals (2017)

4.2. What is the capital city of New Brunswick?

  Fredericton

5. For applicants living in QC:

5.1. What is the name of the Premier of Quebec?

  Premier Philippe Couillard (2017)

5.2. Which political party is in power in Quebec?

  Parti Libéral (2017)

5.3. What is the capital City of the Québec?

  Québec City

6. For applicants living in ON:

6.1. What is the capital city of Ontario?

  Toronto

6.2. Which political party is in power in Ontario?

What is the name of the party in power?

  Liberal Party (2017)

6.3. What is the name of the Premier of Ontario?

  Premier Katelyn Wynne, MPP (2017)

6.4. What is the name of the Official opposition party /her Majesty's opposition party in Ontario?

  Patrick Brown, MPP (PC) (2017)

6.5. What are the names of the opposition party leaders?

  Andrea Horwat, MPP (NDP), Patrick Brown, MPP (PC) (2017)

6.6. What are the names of the opposition parties in your province?

  New Democratic Party (NDP), Progresive Conservatives (PC)

6.7. Name 2-3 Members of the Legislative Assembly of you for your town /city

(and the political parties respectively).

Example:

  Mayor Bonnie Crombie (Lib); Councillors: Sue McFadden, Ron Starr, John Kovac (2017)

Selected from the list of Councillors(for Mississauga residents applicants):

Jim Tovey, Karen Ras, Chris Fonseca, John Kovac, Carrolyn Parrish, Ron Starr,

Nando Iannicca, Matt Mahoney, Pat Saito, Sue McFadden, George Carlson

6.9. What is the name of the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario?

  Hon. Elizabeth Dowdeswell (2017)

(Reminder: The name of the 29th Governor General of Canada is Julie Payette (In Ottawa, since October 2, 2017))

6.10. Name the member of Parliament for your electoral district

Variation to the question: Name the MP for your town /city, and the parties they belong to, respectively).

(for Mississauga residents applicants) (2017)

  Example1: Iqra Khalid, MP (for Mississauga - Erin Mills, (Lib)) (2017)

Example2:

  1. Mississauga Centre - Omar Alghabra, MP, Liberal (2017)

  2. Mississauga — Erin Mills - Iqra Khalid, MP, Liberal (2017)

  3. Mississauga — Malton - Hon. Navdeep  Bains, MP, Liberal (2017)

  4. Mississauga — Streetsville —  Gagan Sikand, MP, Liberal (2017)

  5. Mississauga East —  Cooksville — Peter Fonseca, MP Liberal (2017)

  6. Mississauga — Lakeshore - Sven Spengemann MP, Liberal (2017)

Mississauga — Lakeshore = Mississauga South?

Current Members of Parliament

6.11. What is the name of your provincial electoral district?

(for Mississauga residents applicants)

  Example1: Mississauga — Streetsville provincial electoral districts

  Example2: Mississauga — Erindale provincial electoral district

Provincial electoral districts

1. Bramalea — Gore — Malton provincial electoral district

2. Mississauga — Brampton South provincial electoral district

3. Mississauga East — Cooksville provincial electoral district

4. Mississauga — Erindale provincial electoral district

5. Mississauga South provincial electoral district

6. Mississauga — Streetsville provincial electoral districts

6.12. 'What is the name of your federal electoral distirct?

(for Mississauga residents applicants)

  Example1: Mississauga — Streetsville federal electoral districts

  Example2: Mississauga — Erin Mills federal electoral districts

Federal electoral districts

1. Mississauga Centre federal electoral districts

2. Mississauga East - Cooksville federal electoral districts

3. Mississauga - Erin Mills federal electoral districts

4. Mississauga South federal electoral districts or Mississauga Lakeshore?

5. Mississauga - Malton federal electoral districts

6. Mississauga - Streetsville federal electoral districts

6.13. What is the name of the Mayor of your town /city?

Example: Mississauga (for Mississauga residents applicants)

  Mayor Bonnie Crombie (Liberal) (2017)

6.14. Name your municipal Councilor /Variation to the question: Name 3 municipal Councilors:

Example1: (for Mississauga residents applicants)

  Councillor Sue McFadden (2017)

variation

  Councillors: Ron Starr, John Kovac, Sue McFadden (2017)

Mississauga Wards and Councillors list 2017:

Ward 1 - Councillor Jim Tovey

Ward 2 - Councillor Karen Ras

Ward 3 - Councillor Chris Fonseca

Ward 4 - Councillor John Kovac

Ward 5 - Councillor Carrolyn Parrish

Ward 6 - Councillor Ron Starr

Ward 7 - Councillor Nando Iannicca

Ward 8 - Councillor Matt Mahoney

Ward 9 - Councillor Pat Saito

Ward 10 - Councillor Sue McFadden

Ward 11 - Councillor George Carlson

7. For applicants living in MB:

7.1. What is the capital city of Manitoba?

  Winnipeg

8. For applicants living in SK:

8.1. Which political party is in power in Saskatchewan?

  Saskatchewan Party (2017)

8.2. What is the name of the leader of the (Official) Opposition in Saskatchewan?

(Cam Broten was up until 2016, but the up-to-date answer is:)

  Trent Wotherspoon, NDP

8.3. What is the capital city of Saskatchewan?

  Regina

9. For applicants living in AB:

9.1. What is the capital city of Alberta?

  Edmonton

10. For applicants living in BC:

10.1. Name the federal electoral districts in Richmond, British Columbia.

  Richmond has two federal electoral districts: Richmond Centre and Steveston-Richmond East

10.2. Name three city Councillors for Richmond, British Columbia.

  Alexa Loo, Bill McNulty, Carol Day (2017)

Alexa Loo, Bill McNulty, Carol Day, Chak Au, Derek Dang,

Harold Steves, Ken Johnston, Linda McPhail, Malcolm Brodie

Name	Political Affiliation	Role
____________________	______________________________	____________
Alexa Loo	Independent	Councillor
Bill McNulty	Richmond First	Councillor
Carol Day	Rite Richmond	Councillor
Chak Au	Richmond Community Coalition	Councillor
Derek Dang	Richmond First	Councillor
Harold Steves	Independent	Councillor
Ken Johnston	Richmond Community Coalition	Councillor
Linda McPhail	Richmond First	Councillor
Malcolm Brodie	Independent	Mayor

Canada's Federal Electoral Districts

10.3. What is the name of the Mayor of Richmond, British Columbia?

  Mayor Malcolm Brodie (2017)

10.4. Name the Members of the Legislative Assembly for Richmond, British Columbia and the parties they belong to (Richmond Centre, Richmond East and Richmond-Steveston respectively).

(name 3 provincial MLAs for your town /city)

10.5. Which political party is in power in British Columbia?

  Liberal Party (2017)

Premier, Hon. Christy Clark, MLA

10.6. What is the name of the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia?

  Judith Guichon (2017)

10.7. Name the members of Parliament for Richmond, British Columbia and the parties they belong to respectively.

Name	Electoral district	Province	Affiliate Party
_____________________	____________________________	____________________	______________
Peschisolido, Joe	Steveston — Richmond East	British Columbia	Liberal
Wong, Alice (Hon.)	Richmond Centre	British Columbia	Conservative

10.8. What is the capital city of British Columbia?

  Victoria

1. For applicants living in YT:

1.1. What is the name of the Premier of Yukon?

   Silver Sandy (Liberal) (2017)

1.2. Which political party is in power in Yukon Territory?

  Yukon Party (2017)

1.3. What is the capital city of Yukon Territory?

  Whitehorse

2. For applicants living in NT:

2.1. What is the name of the Premier of the Northwest Territories?

  Premier Bob McLeod (2017)

2.2. Which political party is in power in the Northwest Territories?

  Governed by consensus

2.3. What is the capital City of the Northwest Territories?

  Yellowknife

2.4. What is the name of your Mayor /or your Reeve?

2.5. What is the name of your local representative Councilor(s) /Elder(s)?

2.6. What is the name of your Territorial Commissioner?

3. For applicants living in NU:

3.1. Which political party is in power in Nunavut?

  Governed by consensus

  N/A*, Independent /no party affiliations

3.2. What is the name of the leader of the Opposition in Nunavut?

  (Don Morin, Joe Handley, None, Eva Aariak - IN 2017 NONE OF THEM)

  Peter Taptuna (2017)

3.3. What is the capital City of the Nunavut?

  Iqaluit

3.4. What is the name of the leader of the Premier in Nunavut?

  Peter Taptuna (Independent /NO PARTY AFFILIATIONS) (2017)

.

R E P E T I T I ON -- E S T -- M A T E R -- S T U D I O R U M

Repeating is the mother of (all) studies / Repeat and Learn abstract:

Section I. Questions about Canada

Aboriginal Peoples

1. Who are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?
 * The first people to live in Canada

2. What are the three main groups of Aboriginal peoples?
 * First Nations, Métis, Inuit

3. From whom are the Métis descended?
 * The descendants of marriages between early French and English traders and First Nations women

4. Which group of Aboriginal peoples make up more than half of the population in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut?
 * Inuit

5. Why are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada working towards self-government?
 * They are trying to regain control over decisions that affect their lives

6. Which of the following statements about residential schools is NOT true?
 * The schools were welcomed by the Aboriginal people

7. Who have major responsibilities on First Nation reserves? 
 * Band chiefs and Councillors

History

1. Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from? 
 * France

2. Why did early explorers first come to Atlantic Canada?
 * To fish and trade with Aboriginal peoples

3. What three industries helped early settlers build communities in the Atlantic region?
 * Farming, fishing, shipbuilding

4. Who were the United Empire Loyalists?
 * Settlers who came to Canada from the United States during the American Revolution

5. When did settlers from France first establish communities on the St. Lawrence River?
 * Early 1600s

6. Which trade spread across Canada making it important to the economy for over 300 years?
 * Fur trade

7. What form of transportation did Aboriginal peoples and fur traders use to create trading networks in North America?
 * Waterways

8. What important trade did the Hudson Bay Company control?
 * Fur

9. What did the government do to make immigration to western Canada much easier?
 * Built a railway across the Prairies to the Pacific Coast

10. Who are the Acadians?
  * The descendants of French colonists who began settling in what are now the Maritime provinces in 1604

11. Which of the following sentences best describes the War of 1812?
  * The USA invaded Canada and was defeated, 
    which ensured that Canada would remain independent of the United States

12. Who was the first leader of a responsible government in Canada in 1849?
  * Sir Louis-Hippolyte La Fontaine

13. Who was Sir Sam Steele?
  * A great frontier hero, Mounted Policeman and soldier of the Queen

14. Which Act granted, for the first time in Canada, legislative assemblies elected by the people?
  * The Constitution Act of 1791

15. Who had played an important part in building the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)?
  * Chinese railroad workers

16. What is the “Head Tax”?
  * Race-based entry fee charged for Chinese entering Canada

17. Who is General Sir Arthur Currie?
  * Canada’s greatest soldier in the First World War

18. Approximately how many Canadians served in the First World War?
  * More than 600,000

19. What was the Women’s Suffrage Movement? 
  * The effort by women to achieve the right to vote

20. When is Remembrance Day celebrated? 
  * November 11th

21. In the 1960s, Quebec experienced an era of rapid change. What is this called? 
  * The Quiet Revolution

22. Who are the Quebecois?
  * People of Quebec

Confederation/Government

1. What does Confederation mean?
 * Joining of provinces to make a new country

2. What is the Canadian Constitution?
 * A system of laws and conventions by which our country governs itself

3. What year was Confederation?
 * 1867

4. When did the British North America Act come into effect?
 * 1867

5. Why is the British North America Act important in Canadian history?
 * It made confederation legal

6. Which four provinces first formed the Confederation?
 * Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec

7. Which was the last province to join Canada?
 * Newfoundland

8. When is Canada Day and what does it celebrate?
 * We celebrate the anniversary of Confederation July 1st of each year

9. Who was the first Prime Minister of Canada?
 * Sir John A. Macdonald

10. Why is the Constitution Act of 1982 important in Canadian history?
  * It allows Canada to change the Constitution without asking approval of the British Government

Rights and Responsibilities

1. What part of the Constitution legally protects the basic rights and freedoms of all Canadians?
 * The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

2. When did the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms become part of the Canadian Constitution?
 * 1982

3. Name two fundamental freedoms protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
 * Freedom of religion and freedom of speech

4. Name three legal rights protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
 * Right to live and work anywhere in Canada, 
   right to a fair trial and right to protection against discrimination

5. List three ways in which you can protect the environment.
 * Compost and recycle, conserve energy and water, walk or join a car pool

6. Who has the right to apply for a Canadian passport?
 * Canadian citizens

7. What does equality under the law mean?
 * Being treated with equal dignity and respect, having equal rights to speak out and express ideas

8. Name six responsibilities of citizenship.
 * Vote, help others, care for our heritage and environment, obey Canada’s laws, 
   respect the rights of others, eliminate injustice

9. Give an example of how you can show responsibility by participating in your community.
 * Join a community group

10. List four rights Canadian citizens have.
  * Right to be educated in either official language, vote, 
    apply for a Canadian passport, enter and leave Canada freely

11. What will you promise when you take the Oath of Citizenship?
  * Pledge allegiance to the Queen, observe the laws of Canada and fulfill the duties of a Canadian

Languages

1. What are the two official languages of Canada?
 * English and French

2. Give an example of where English and French have equal status in Canada.
 * In the Parliament of Canada

3. Where do most French-speaking Canadians live?
 * Quebec

4. Which province has the most bilingual Canadians?
 * Quebec

5. Which province is the only officially bilingual province?
 * New Brunswick

Symbols

1. What does the Canadian flag look like?
 * White with a red border on each end and a red maple leaf in the centre

2. What song is Canada’s national anthem?
 * O Canada

3. What are the first two lines of Canada’s national anthem?
 * O Canada! Our home and native land! True patriot love in all thy sons command

4. Where does the name “Canada” come from?
 * From “kanata”, a First Nations word for village

5. Which animal is an official symbol of Canada?
 * The beaver

6. What is the tower in the centre of the Parliament buildings called?
 * Peace Tower

7. How many Canadians have been awarded the Victoria Cross (V.C.), the highest honour available to Canadians?
 * 96

Geography

1. What is the population of Canada?
 * About 36 million (in 2017)

2. What three oceans border Canada? 
 * Atlantic, Arctic, Pacific

3. What is the capital city of Canada?
 * Ottawa

4. Name all the provinces and territories and their capital cites.
 * Newfoundland (St. John’s), Nova Scotia (Halifax), New Brunswick (Fredericton), 
   Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown), Ontario (Toronto), Quebec (Quebec City), 
   Alberta (Edmonton), Saskatchewan (Regina), Manitoba (Winnipeg), 
   British Columbia (Victoria), Yukon Territory (Whitehorse), 
   Northwest Territories (Yellowknife), Nunavut (Iqaluit)

5. Name the five regions of Canada
 * Atlantic, Central, Prairie, West Coast, North

6. Which region covers more than one-third of Canada?
 * Northern Canada

7. In which region do more than half of the people in Canada live?
 * Central Canada

8. One third of all Canadians live in which province?
 * Ontario

9. Where are the Canadian Rockies?
 * On the border between British Columbia and Alberta

10. Where are the Great Lakes?
  * Between Canada and the United States

11. Which mountain range is on the border between Alberta and British Columbia?
  * Rocky Mountains

12. Where are the Parliament Buildings located?
  * Ottawa

13. Which country borders Canada on the south?
  * United States of America

14. What are the Prairie provinces and their capital cities?
  * Alberta (Edmonton), Saskatchewan (Regina), Manitoba (Winnipeg)

15. Which province in Canada is the smallest in land size?
  * Prince Edward Island

16. What is a major river in Quebec?
  * St. Lawrence River

17. On what date did Nunavut become a territory?
  * April 1st, 1999

Economy

1. What are the three main types of industry in Canada?
 * Natural resources, manufacturing, services

2. In what industry do most Canadians work?
 * Service

3. What country is Canada’s largest trading partner?
 * United States of America

4. Which region is known as the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada?
 * Central Canada

5. Which region of Canada is known for both its fertile agricultural land and valuable energy resources?
 * Prairie provinces

Federal Government

1. Who is Canada’s Head of State?
 * Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II (2017)

2. Who is the Queen’s representative in Canada?
 * Governor General of Canada

3. What is the name of the Governor General?
 * Julie Payette (2018)

4. What do you call the Queen’s representative in the provinces?
 * Lieutenant-Governor

5. What is Canada’s system of government called?
 * Parliamentary government

6. What are the three parts of Parliament?
 * The Queen, the House of Commons, the Senate

7. Explain how the levels of government are different.
 * Federal government takes major responsibility for matters that affect all of Canada 
   Provincial and territorial governments look after matters that affect all residents in the province
   Municipal (or local) governments are responsible for local matters

8. What do you call a law before it is passed?
 * A Bill

9. How are Members of Parliament chosen?
 * Elected by Canadian citizens

10. Who do Members of Parliament represent?
  * Everyone who lives in his or her electoral district

11. How does a bill become a law?
  * Approval by a majority in the House of Commons and Senate and finally the Governor General

12. What are the three levels of government in Canada?
  * Federal, Provincial/Territorial, Municipal /Local

13. Name two responsibilities of each level of government.
  * Federal government: national defense, foreign policy 
    Provincial governments: education, highways
    Municipal governments: firefighting, snow removal

14. What is the government of all of Canada called?
  * Federal

Federal Elections

1. How many electoral districts are there in Canada?
 * 338

2. In what electoral district do you live?
 * Find your electoral district at Elections Canada Online or Electoral Finder

3. Who has the right to vote in federal elections?
 * A Canadian citizen, 18 years or older and be on the list of electors /read: voter list, list of voters

4. What three requirements must you meet in order to vote in a federal election?
 * Canadian citizen, 18 years or older and on the list of electors

5. What is written on a federal election ballot?
 * The names of the candidates in your electoral district in alphabetical order from “A” to “Z”

6. What do you mark on a federal election ballot?
 * An “X” beside the candidate of your choice

7. How is the government formed after a federal election?
 * The party with the most elected representatives becomes the party in power 
   The leader of this party becomes the Prime Minister

8. How is the Prime Minister chosen?
 * The leader of the party with the most elected representatives becomes the Prime Minister

9. When does an election have to be held according to the Constitution?
 * Within 5 years of the last election

10. Name all the federal political parties in the House of Commons and their leaders
  * Conservative (Ambrose), NDP (Mulcair), Liberal (Trudeau), Bloc Quebecois (Fortin), Green (May) (2017)

11. Which party becomes the * Official Opposition?
  * The party with the second most MPs

12. What is the role of the * Opposition parties?
  * To oppose or try to improve government proposals

13. Which party is the Official Opposition at the federal level?
  * The Conservative Party (2017)

14. Name of the Prime Minister of Canada and his party?
  * Justin Trudeau (Liberal Party) (2017)

15. Name your member of Parliament and the party he or she belongs to /affiliates.
  * Search your Member of Parliament by postal code

16. What is a voter information card?
  * A form that tells you when and where to vote

17. Who has the right to run as a candidate in federal elections?
  * Any Canadian citizen who is at least 18 years old

18. Whom do Canadians vote for in a federal election?
  * A candidate they want to represent them in Parliament

19. What do political parties do?
  * Share ideas about how government should work

20. Which federal political party is in power?
  * Liberal Party (2017)

21. How are Senators chosen?
  * Chosen by the Prime Minister

22. What should you do if you do not receive a voter information card telling you when and where to vote?
  * Call Elections Canada or visit their website

23. After a federal election, which party forms the new government?
  * The party with the most elected representatives becomes the party in power

Section II. Questions about your region

This example section gives answers for Victoria, British Columbia.

By inserting your Province /Territory name and finding out the answer

to the same type of questions for your Province /Territory

you can easily adapt /tailor this section

1. What is the capital city of British Columbia?
 * Victoria

2. List three natural resources important to British Columbia’s economy today?
 * Natural resources are: Forests, water, fish 
   (Industries would be: Forestry, fishing, mining)

3. What are the names of the city Councillors of your municipality?
 * Find the names of Greater Victoria Councillors

4. What is the name of the mayor of your municipality?
 * Find the name of Greater Victoria’s

5. What is the name of your provincial representative (MLA)?
 * Find your MLA through MLA Finder

6. What is the name of the Premier of British Columbia?
 * Premier Christy Clark (2017)

7. Which political party is in power in British Columbia?
 * Liberal Party (2017)

8. What is the name of the leader of the Opposition party in British Columbia?
 * John Horgan (2017)

9. What is the name of the Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia?
 * Judith Guichon (2017)

.

↑ Used, for example, by EKOS Research polling, Harris-Decima polling.
↑ by Citizenship and Immigration Canada Discover Canada

[1] Used, for example, by EKOS Research polling, Harris-Decima polling.

[2] y Citizenship and Immigration Canada Discover Canada

[1]

[2]