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| Traditional name
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Transliteration
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IPA
|
Colloquial variation (IPA)
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English approximation
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Onset consonants
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|
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| 幫
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p
|
p
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spy
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| 滂
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ph
|
pʰ
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|
pat
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| 並
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phh
|
pʰ⁽ʱ⁾
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pʰ
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pat
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| 並
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b
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b
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p
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b
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| 明
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m
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m
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m
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| 非
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f
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f
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f
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| 奉
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fv
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fʱ
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f
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f
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| 微
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v
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v
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v~w
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v
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| 端
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t
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t
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stay
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| 透
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th
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tʰ
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|
Thai
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| 定
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thh
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tʰ⁽ʱ⁾
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tʰ
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Thai
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| 定
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d
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d
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t
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d
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| 泥
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n
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n
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n
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| 精
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tz
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ts
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tz
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| 清
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ths
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tsʰ
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cats
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| 從
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thhs
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tsʰ⁽ʱ⁾
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tsʰ
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cats
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| 從
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dz
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dz
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ts
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cards
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| 心
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s
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s
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s
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| 邪
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sz
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sʱ
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s
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s
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| 照
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č (before e/u/we)
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tʃ
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ts
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| 照
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č (elsewhere)
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tʃ
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tj
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| 穿
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čh (before e/u/we)
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tʃʰ
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tsʰ
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| 穿
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čh (elsewhere)
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tʃʰ
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chat
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| 牀
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čhh (before e/u/we)
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tʃʰ⁽ʱ⁾
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tsʰ
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| 牀
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čhh (elsewhere)
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tʃʰ⁽ʱ⁾
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tʃʰ
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chat
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| 牀
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dj (before e/u/we)
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dʒ
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ts
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| 牀
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dj (elsewhere)
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dʒ
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tʃ
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j
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| 審
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sh (before e/u/we)
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ʃ
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s
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| 審
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sh (elsewhere)
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ʃ
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sh
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| 禪
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shh (before e/u/we)
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ʃʱ
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s
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| 禪
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shh (elsewhere)
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ʃʱ
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ʃ
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sh
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| 見
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k
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k
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|
sky
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| 溪
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kh
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kʰ
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|
kite
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| 羣
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khh
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kʰ⁽ʱ⁾
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kʰ
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kite
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| 羣
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g
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g
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k
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gum
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| 疑
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ng (before w/u/i/y)
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ŋ
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∅
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| 疑
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ng (elsewhere)
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ŋ
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ŋ
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hangar
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| 影
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’ (before w/u/i/y)
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ʔ
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∅
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| 影
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’ (elsewhere)
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ʔ
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ŋ
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| 曉
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h
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h ~ ꭓ
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|
h
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| 匣
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hh
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ɦ
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h ~ x
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h
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| 來
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l
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l
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|
l
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| 日
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zh
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ʒ ~ ɻ
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|
vision
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Rhymes
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| 東
|
ung
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uŋ
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|
oong
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yung (after khh or ∅)
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yuŋ
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yoong
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yung (elsewhere)
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yuŋ
|
uŋ
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yoong
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| 支
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e
|
ɨ
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sit
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|
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ï
|
ɨ
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i
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|
|
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i (after f/v)
|
i
|
i/ei
|
key
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|
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i (elsewhere)
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i
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key
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|
r
|
ɻ
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|
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| 齊
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i
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i
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key
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| 魚
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yu
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y
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you
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| 模
|
u
|
u
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cool
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| 皆
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ai
|
aɪ
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|
side
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|
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wai
|
waɪ
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wise
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iai
|
iaɪ
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yikes
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| 灰
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ui
|
uɪ ~ weɪ
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|
way
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| 真
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en
|
ən
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|
pin
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|
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un (after labials)
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un ~ wən
|
ən
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|
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un (elsewhere)
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un ~ wən
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win
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in (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
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in ~ iən
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keen
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|
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in (elsewhere)
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in ~ iən
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keen
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|
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yun (after k/kh/khh/g/h/hh/ʾ/∅)
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y(u)n ~ yən
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yoon
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|
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yun (elsewhere)
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y(u)n ~ yən
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un ~ wən
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yoon
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| 寒
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won
|
wɔn
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|
won
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| 刪
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an
|
an
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Ann
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wan
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wan
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|
ian
|
ian
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iɛn
|
yen
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| 先
|
ien
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iɛn
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yen
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yuen
|
y(u)ɛn
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| 蕭
|
iew/iau (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
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iɛʊ
|
iɛʊ ~ iɑʊ
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|
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iew/iau (elsewhere)
|
iɛʊ
|
iɛʊ ~ iɑʊ
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| 爻
|
ao/aw
|
ɑʊ
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|
cow
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|
|
iao/iaw
|
iaʊ
|
iɛʊ ~ iɑʊ
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| 歌
|
o
|
ɔ
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|
awe
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|
|
wo
|
wɔ
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|
walk
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| 麻
|
a
|
a
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|
bat
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wa
|
wa
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|
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|
ia
|
ia
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yak
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| 遮
|
ie (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
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iɛ
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yes
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ie (elsewhere)
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iɛ
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yes
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yue (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
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y(u)ɛ
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yue (elsewhere)
|
y(u)ɛ
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|
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| 陽
|
ang
|
ɑŋ
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|
ong
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|
|
wang
|
wɑŋ
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Wong
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|
iang (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
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iɑŋ
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|
yong
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|
|
iang (elsewhere)
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iɑŋ
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|
yong
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| 庚
|
eng
|
əŋ
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|
ung
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|
|
weng
|
wəŋ
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|
wung
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|
ing
|
iŋ ~ iəŋ
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|
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yueng
|
y(u)əŋ
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|
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| 尤
|
ow
|
oʊ ~ əʊ
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|
|
|
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iow (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
ioʊ ~ iəʊ
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|
|
|
|
iow
|
ioʊ ~ iəʊ
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|
|
| 侵
|
em
|
əm
|
ən
|
limb
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|
|
im (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
im
|
in
|
limb
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|
|
im
|
im
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in
|
deem
|
| 覃
|
am
|
am
|
an
|
lamb
|
|
|
iam
|
iam
|
iɛn
|
yam
|
| 鹽
|
iem
|
iɛm
|
iɛn
|
yam
|
| 屋
|
uk
|
ʊʔ
|
|
look
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|
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yuk (after k/kh/khh/g/h/hh/ʾ/∅)
|
yʊʔ
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|
|
|
|
yuk (elsewhere)
|
yʊʔ
|
ʊʔ
|
|
| 質
|
et
|
əʔ
|
|
cut
|
|
|
ut
|
ʊʔ
|
|
put
|
|
|
it (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
eat
|
|
|
it (elsewhere)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
eat
|
|
|
yut
|
yʔ
|
|
|
| 曷
|
ot
|
ɔʔ
|
|
caught
|
|
|
wot
|
wɔʔ
|
|
|
| 轄
|
at
|
aʔ
|
|
cat
|
|
|
wat
|
waʔ
|
|
|
|
|
iat
|
iaʔ
|
|
|
| 屑
|
iet (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɛʔ
|
|
yet
|
|
|
iet (elsewhere)
|
iɛʔ
|
|
yet
|
|
|
yuet (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
y(u)ɛʔ
|
|
|
|
|
yuet (elsewhere)
|
y(u)ɛʔ
|
|
|
| 藥
|
ok
|
ɒʔ
|
ɔʔ
|
|
|
|
wok
|
wɒʔ
|
wɔʔ
|
|
|
|
iok (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɒʔ
|
iɔʔ
|
|
|
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iok (elsewhere)
|
iɒʔ
|
iɔʔ
|
|
| 陌
|
ek
|
əʔ
|
|
|
|
|
wek
|
wəʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ik (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ik (elsewhere)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
|
|
yuek
|
yuəʔ
|
|
|
| 緝
|
ep
|
əʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ip (after č/čh/čhh/dj/sh/shh/zh)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
|
|
ip (elsewhere)
|
iɪʔ
|
|
|
| 合
|
ap
|
aʔ
|
|
|
|
|
op
|
ɔʔ
|
|
|
|
|
iap
|
iaʔ
|
|
|
| 葉
|
iep
|
iɛʔ
|
|
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|
Tones
|
|
|
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| 平
|
a/ā
|
˧
|
|
|
|
|
ȃ
|
˨˩
|
|
|
| 上
|
à
|
˥˧
|
|
|
|
|
á'
|
˨˦
|
|
|
| 去
|
á
|
˨˦
|
|
|
| 入
|
a(-p/t/k)/ă
|
-ʔ
|
|
|
