Flora of New York/Amaryllidaceae & Asparagaceae

← Asparagales (2) Iridaceae & Asphodelaceae	Flora of New York — Asparagales (3) Amaryllidaceae & Asparagaceae				→ Poales (1) Typhaceae, Eriocaulaceae, Xyridaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Superorder	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	#
lilioid monocots	Dioscoreales	Nartheciaceae	—	—	Aletris	colic root	1
		Nartheciaceae	—	—	Narthecium	asphodel	x
		Dioscoreaceae	Dioscoreoideae	—	Dioscorea	yam	2
	Liliales	Colchicaceae	—	Uvularieae	Uvularia	bellwort	4
		Colchicaceae	—	Colchiceae	Colchium	autumn crocus	x
		Melanthiaceae	—	Melanthieae	Melanthium	bunchflower	2
					Veratrum	false hellebore	1
					Anticlea	death camas	1
					Amianthium	fly poison	1
					Stenanthium	featherbells	6
				Heloniadeae	Helonias	swamp pink	1
				Chionographideae	Chamaelirium	fairywand, devil's bit	1
				Parideae	Trillium	trillium, wake-robin	7
		Smilacaceae	—	—	Smilax	greenbrier	7
		Liliaceae	Calochortoideae	—	Streptopus	twisted stalk	2
			Calochortoideae	—	Prosartes	fairy bells	1
			Medeoloideae	—	Clintonia	bluebead	1
			Medeoloideae	—	Medeola	Indian cucumber	2
			Lilioideae	Tulipeae	Tulipa	wild tulip	1
				Lilieae	Erythronium	trout lily	2
				Lilieae	Lilium	lily	6
	Asparagales	Orchidaceae	Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Pogonia	snakemouth orchid	3
			Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Isotria	fiveleaf orchid	3
			Cypripedioideae	—	Cypripedium	lady's slipper	7
			Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Epipactis	helleborine	2
				Neottieae	Neottia	twayblade	4
				Triphoreae	Triphora	noddingcaps	1
				Arethuseae	Arethusa	dragon's mouth	2
				Malaxideae	Liparis	widelip-orchid	2
				Malaxideae	Malaxis	adder's-mouth-orchid	3
				Maxillarieae	Corallorhiza	coralroot	6
				Maxillarieae	Aplectrum	Adam and Eve	1
				Calypsoeae	Calypso	fairy slipper	1
				Calypsoeae	Tipularia	cranefly orchid	1
			Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Amerorchis	roundleaf orchis	1
					Coeloglossum	frog-orchid	1
					Galearis	galearis	1
					Platanthera	fringed-orchid	18
				Cranichideae	Goodyera	rattlesnake-plantain	3
				Cranichideae	Spiranthes	ladies'-tresses	14
		Hypoxidaceae	—	—	Hypoxis	eastern yellow stargrass	1
		Iridaceae	Iridoideae	Irideae	Iris	iris	10
			Iridoideae	Sisyrinchieae	Sisyrinchium	blue-eyed grass	7
			Crocoideae	Ixiae	Crocus	crocus	4
		Asphodelaceae	Hemerocallidoieae	Hemerocallideae	Hemerocallis	daylily	2
		Amaryllidaceae	Allioideae	Allieae	Allium	garlic, onion, leek, chives	14
			Amaryllidoideae	Narcisseae	Narcissus	daffodil	4
				Galantheae	Galanthus	snowdrop	2
				Galantheae	Leucojum	snowflake	1
		Asparagaceae	Scilloideae	Ornithogaleae	Ornithogalum	star-of-Bethlehem	2
				Hyacintheae	Chionodoxa	glory of the snow	1
					Hyacinthoides	English-bluebell	2
					Muscari	grape-hyacinth	1
					Scilla	squill	1
			Agavoideae	Agaveae	Yucca	Adam's needle	1
					Hosta	plantain lily	4
					Camassia	Atlantic camas	0
			Asparagoideae	—	Asparagus	asparagus	1
			Nolinoideae	Convallarieae	Convallaria	lily-of-the-valley	2
				Polygonateae	Maianthemum	mayflower	4
				Polygonateae	Polygonatum	Solomon's-seal	3

Family Amaryllidaceae

The Amaryllidaceae (family)...

Subfamily Allioideae

Subfamily Allioideae

Tribe Allieae

Tribe Allieae

Allium

The genus Allium contains species known variously as garlic, onions, leeks, and chives

Allium subg. Anguinum

Subgenus Anguinum contains the native wild leeks, also known as ramps.

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Anguinum
Genus Allium subg. Anguinum	Wild leeks	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium tricoccum Aiton 1789. Allium tricoccum Aiton 1808. Allium triflorum Raf. 1822. Ophioscorodon tricoccum (Aiton) Wallr. 1840. Aglitheis tricoccum (Aiton) Raf. 1903. Validallium tricoccum (Aiton) Small	Common wild leek ⓘ Wild leek ⓘ Ramps ⓘ Ramp ⓘ Small white leek ⓘ Small wild leek ⓘ Wood leek ⓘ Ail des bois ⓘ Ail sauvage ⓘ Ail trilobé	Native, CoC: 8, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: FLNPS
Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G.Jones 1953. Allium tricoccum var. burdickii Hanes 1979. Allium burdickii (Hanes) A.G.Jones	Narrow-leaf wild leek, Burdick's wild leek, Ramp Ail de Burdick	Native, CoC: 8, Endangered, No recent reports, DEC-A^[1]		NYFA: Z	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Allium subg. Amerallium

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Amerallium
Genus Allium subg. Amerallium	Onion	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium canadense L. var. canadense 1753. Allium canadense L. 1840. Geboscon acetabulum Raf. 1903. Allium continuum Small 1957. Allium acetabulum (Raf.) Shinners	Meadow garlic, Canadian onion, Canadian garlic, Wild onion	Native, CoC: 4, Secure, S5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 5, 2n = 21, 28		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies Note: FLNPS
Allium cernuum Roth var. cernuum	Nodding onion	Native, CoC: 7, Threatened, DEC-B^[1], S2, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 8, 2n = 14		NYFA: 6 counties	USDA-NN FSUS FNA Images Wikispecies Note: FLNPS
Allium neapolitanum Cirillo	Naples garlic Neapolitan garlic White garlic Ail de Naples	Introduced from Old-World Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Bronx, Rensselaer	USDA-X0 FSUS Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened.

Allium subg. Cepa

Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) is a circumboreal species. Although escapes of these widely-cultivated plants are common, natural populations are now considered to be endangered in New York. There is no reliable way to distinguish between native and cultivated chives except subjectively by habitat. The New York Flora Atlas suggests: "Native populations grow on rocky ledges and shores adjacent to rivers, and on alvar. Nonnative populations are persistent from former cultivation or occasionally naturalize in fields, thickets, roadsides, and other disturbed areas."^[1]

↑ David Werier et al. (2024). Allium schoenoprasum L. New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Cepa
Genus Allium subg. Cepa sect. Schoenoprasum	Chives	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium schoenoprasum L. 1753. Allium schoenoprasum L. in… 1771. Allium sibiricum L. in… 1843. Allium schoenoprasum var. sibiricum (L.) Hartm. in… 1926. Allium schoenoprasum var. laurentianum Fernald in…	Wild chives	Native, CoC: 9, Endangered, Note^[1]^[2], S1, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb		NYFA: 17 counties iNat: 33 counties	USDA-Both POWO Go Botany FNA FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Allium subg. Cepa sect. Cepa	Onions	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium cepa L.	Garden onion, Cultivated onion	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-C0 Images Wikispecies
↑ USDA-NRCS PLANTS shows Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum as introduced in North America, but not present in NY. It shows var. sibiricum as native to North America, present in NY, and threatened in MI, MN, and NH. The New York Flora Atlas treats these varieties as cultivars and gives the species a state-exotic status. Flora of North America treats the species as a polymorphic North American native, with no reliable varietal separations. ↑ New York Rare Plant Status Lists, November 2017:Changes Since the June 2010 Rare Plant Status Lists: Taxa added to the Active List: Allium schoenoprasum G5 S1

Allium subg. Allium

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Allioideae — Allium subg. Allium
Genus Allium subg. Allium sect. Allium	Garlic & Leeks	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium vineale L.	Wild garlic, Wild onion, Onion-grass	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, NE-3^[1]		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Allium sativum L. var. ophioscorodon	Hardneck garlic	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Allium sphaerocephalon L.	Round-head garlic	Introduced		NYFA: X	Images Wikispecies
Allium porrum L.	Leek	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Genus Allium subg. Allium (excluded taxa)	Garlic & Leeks	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Allium oleraceum L.	Wild garlic	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XW Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Allium sativum L. var. sativum	Garlic	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Allium paniculatum L. var. paniculatum	Mediterranean onion	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Allium ampeloprasum L.	Broadleaf wild leek, Broad-leaved wild leek	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

Subamily Amaryllidoideae

The Amaryllidoideae (amaryllis subfamily)...

Tribe Narcisseae

Narcissus

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllidoideae — Narcisseae — Narcissus
Genus Narcissus	Daffodil	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Narcissus poeticus L. ssp. poeticus 1753. Narcissus poeticus L. in… 1792. Narcissus angustifolius Curtis ex Haw. in… 1796. Narcissus patellaris Salisb. in… 1812. Narcissus recurvus Haw. in… 1838. Autogenes poeticus (L.) Raf. in…	Poet’s narcissus, Pheasant’s-eye narcissus, Daffodil	Introduced, Cultivated, Persisting, Naturalizing rarely, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb		NYFA: 8 counties iNat: 29 counties GBIF	USDA-XX POWO FNA Images Wikispecies
Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. 1753	Daffodil, Common daffodil, Trumpet narcissus	Introduced, from Eurasia, Macaronesia		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Images Wikispecies
Narcissus × incomparabilis Mill. (pro sp.) [ poeticus × pseudonarcissus ]	Hybrid daffodil ⓘ Nonesuch daffodil ⓘ	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Genus Narcissus (excluded taxa)	Daffodil	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Narcissus jonquilla L.	Jonquil, Daffodil	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies

Tribe Galantheae

Tribe Galantheae contains the three genera: Acis, Galanthus, and Leucojum.^[1]

↑ Larsen, Maja Mellergaard; Adsersen, Anne; Davis, Aaron P.; Lledó, M. Dolores; Jäger, Anna K.; Rønsted, Nina (October 2010). "Using a phylogenetic approach to selection of target plants in drug discovery of acetylcholinesterase inhibiting alkaloids in Amaryllidaceae tribe Galantheae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (5): 1026–1034. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2010.10.005.

Leucojum

Snowflakes in the genus Leucojum worldwide now include only summer snowflakes (L. aestivum) and spring snowflakes (L. vernum), of which only summer snowflakes are known to naturalize in New York. Other snowflakes previously in Leucojum are now placed in Acis Salisb. (1807) but none of those are known to naturalize in North America.

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllidoideae — Galantheae — Leucojum
Genus Leucojum	Snowflake	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Leucojum aestivum L. 1759. Leucojum aestivum L. in… 1790. Nivaria monadelphia Medik. in… 1802. Nivaria aestivalis Moench in…	Summer snowflake ⓘ Loddon-lily ⓘ Giant snowflake ⓘ Nivéole d'été ⓘ	Introduced from Europe, temperate Asia, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], Naturalized		NYFA: 9 counties iNat: 30 counties	USDA-XX POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Leucojum (excluded taxa)	Snowflake	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Leucojum vernum L. 1753. Leucojum vernum L. 1785. Galanthus vernus (L.) All. 1794. Nivaria verna (L.) Moench 1837. Erinosma verna (L.) Herb. 1889. Leucojum vernum var. biflorum 1889	Spring snowflake	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		excluded NYFA-Excluded	Kew WCSP ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Galanthus

Asparagales — Amaryllidaceae — Amaryllidoideae — Galantheae — Galanthus
Genus Galanthus	Snowdrop	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Galanthus nivalis L. 1753. Galanthus nivali L. 1839. Galanthus imperati Bertol. 1888. Galanthus nivalis ssp. imperati Baker	Snowdrop, Common snowdrop Perceneige	Introduced, from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN FNA IUCN Red List: NT Images Wikispecies
Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. 1875. Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. 1882. Galanthus graecus Orph. ex Boiss.	Giant snowdrop, Greater snowdrop	Introduced from Eurasia, from Eurasia		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies

Family Asparagaceae

Subfamily Scilloideae

Tribe Ornithogaleae

Ornithogalum

Ornithogalum (Star of Bethlehem) is a large old-world genus with a number of species that have been introduced to North America. The most widely naturalized are Ornithogalum umbellatum and Ornithogalum nutans,^[1] both of which are found in New York^[2] and considered to be invasive.^[3]

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Scilloideae — Ornithogaleae — Ornithogalum
Genus Ornithogalum	Star of Bethlehem	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. 1753. Ornithogalum umbellatum L.	Common star-of-Bethlehem, Pyrenees Star of Bethlehem, Nap-at-noon, Sleepy dick Dame de onze heures	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Moderately invasive		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Ornithogalum nutans L. 1753. Ornithogalum nutans L.	Drooping star-of-Bethlehem, Nodding star-of-Bethlehem	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies

Tribe Hyacintheae

Subribe Hyacinthinae

Scilla

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Scilloideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Genus Scilla	Scilla	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Scilla siberica Andrews 1804. Scilla siberica Andrews 1804. Scilla siberica Haw. 1998. Othocallis siberica (Haw.) Speta	Siberian squill, Wood squill	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, Naturalized		NYFA: 9 counties GBIF	USDA-X ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta 1844. Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. 1899. Chionodoxa gigantea Whittall 1971. Scilla luciliae (Boiss.) Speta	Boissier's glory-of-the-snow ⓘ Glory of the snow Lucile's glory of the snow	Introduced, Naturalized, SNA FAC Perennial, Herb		NYFA: 2 counties iNat: 12 counties	USDA-X0 FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Scilla forbesii (Baker) Speta Chionodoxa forbesii Baker Scilla forbesii (Baker) Speta	Forbes's glory-of-the-snow ⓘ	Introduced, Naturalized, SNA Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 0 counties iNat: 15 counties	USDA- FNA Images Wikispecies

Muscari

The Flora of North America lists three Muscari species (M. botryoides, M. comosum, and M. neglectum) as introduced to North America (north of Mexico).^[1] The New York Flora Atlas

↑ Gerald B. Straley†, Frederick H. Utech (2020). FNA Volume 26. page 316. Flora of North America Association

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Scilloideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Genus Muscari	Grape-hyacinth	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. 1753. Hyacinthus botryoides L. in… 1768. Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. in… 1796. Scilla inflata Salisb. in…	Common grape-hyacinth, Compact grape-hyacinth, Italilan grape-hyacinth, Grape-hyacinth	Introduced from Europe, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, 2n = 18, 36		NYFA: 11 counties iNat: 19 counties	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. 1753. Hyacinthus racemosus L. 1768. Muscari racemosum (L.) Mill. in… 1806. Muscari racemosum Lam. & DC. 1842. Muscari neglectum Guss. ex Ten. 1896. Muscari racemosum var. neglectum (Guss. ex Ten.) St.-Lag. 1906. Hyacinthus neglectus (Guss. ex Ten.) E.H.L.Krause	Dark-flowered grape hyacinth ⓘ Starch grape hyacinth	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [2], GRIIS-US: Invasive, Naturalized, 2n = 18, 36, 45, 54, 72		NYFA: 5 counties iNat: 14 counties GBIF	USDA-X0 POWO Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Muscari armeniacum H.J.Veitch 1872. Muscari armeniacum H.J.Veitch in… 1878. Muscari armeniacum Leichtlin ex Baker in… 1933. Muscari colchicum Grossh. in… 1946. Muscari sosnovskyi Schchian in…	Garden grape-hyacinth ⓘ Common grape-hyacinth ⓘ Armenian grape hyacinth ⓘ Muscari d'Arménie ⓘ	Introduced, Not listed, 2n = 18, 36		NYFA: Not listed iNat: 15 counties GBIF	USDA-XX COL WFO POWO Images Wikispecies
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. 1753. Hyacinthus comosus L. in… 1768. Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. in… 1796. Scilla comosa (L.) Salisb. in…	Tassel hyacinth ⓘ	Introduced, 2n = 18, 27		NYFA: Not listed iNat: Queens (2021)	USDA-X0 POWO FNA Images Wikispecies

Hyacinthoides

^[1]

↑ "Plants to Watch" in Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Scilloideae — Hyacintheae — Hyacinthinae
Genus Hyacinthoides	Hyacinthoides	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard 1753. Hyacinthus non-scriptus L. 1803. Scilla non-scripta (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link 1934. Hyacinthoides non-scripta (L.) Chouard	English-bluebell	Introduced, Occasionally naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-X Images Wikispecies
Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. 1768. Scilla hispanica Mill. 1944. Hyacinthoides hispanica (Mill.) Rothm. 1983. Scilla non-scripta ssp. hispanica (Mill.) Ietsw. 1993. Hyacinthoides non-scripta ssp. hispanica (Mill.) Kerguélen	Spanish bluebell ⓘ	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [3], Not naturalized		NYFA: Xm	USDA-XX FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Agavoideae

Tribe Agaeae

Yucca

Curly-leaved yucca has been introduced to New York from the southeastern United States

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Agavoideae — Agaveae — Yucca
Genus Yucca	Yucca	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Yucca filamentosa L.	Curly-leaved yucca, Adam's needle, Spanish bayonette	Introduced from southeastern US, North America native, Naturalized, SNA Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 7 counties iNat GBIF ~12 counties	USDA-N FNA NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Hosta

Hostas or plantain lilies are native to Asia, have been commonly planted in the Northeast, and often persist for years. Although not widely naturalized, some appear to have escaped cultivation in a limited number of locations in New York.^[1]^[2]

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Agavoideae — Agaveae — Hosta
Genus Hosta	Plantain-lily	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hosta lancifolia (Thunb.) Engl.	Narrowleaf plantain lily, Narrow-leaved plantain-lily	Introduced, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties 1 iNat N GBIF Dutchess (2017)	USDA-X Images Wikispecies
Hosta ventricosa (Salisb.) Stearn	Blue plantain-lily	Introduced, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 4 counties 0 iNat N GBIF 0 counties	USDA-X Images Wikispecies
Hosta plantaginea Lam Asch.	Fragrant plantain lily Scented hosta	Introduced from China, Unknown naturalization, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: Onondaga (2012) 1 iNat N GBIF Onondaga (2004)	USDA-X Images Wikispecies

Camassia

Camassia scilloides (wild hyacinth) was listed in the 1912 Flora of Onondaga County as Quamasia hyacinthina Raf., a "very rare" plant found on the bank of Onondaga Creek in 1900.^[1] It is not listed in the New York Flora Atlas.

↑ L. Leonora Hutchinson Goodrich (1912) Flora of Onondaga County as Collected by the Members of the Syracuse Botanical Club. p. 64.

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Agavoideae — Camassia
Genus Camassia Raf. (1818)	0	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory 1818. Cyanotris scilloides Raf. 1824. Quamasia scilloides (Raf.) Raf. 1896. Quamasia hyacinthina Britton 1908. Camassia esculenta (Ker Gawl.) B.L.Rob.) 1936. Camassia scilloides (Raf.) Cory	Eastern camas ⓘ Atlantic camas ⓘ Wild hyacinth ⓘ Camassie faux-scille ⓘ Jacinthe des bois ⓘ	N. America native			USDA-NN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies

Subamily Asparagoideae

The Asparagoideae (asparagus subfamily)...

Asparagus

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Asparagoideae — Asparagus
Genus Asparagus	Asparagus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Asparagus officinalis L. 1753. Asparagus officinalis L. 1753. Asparagus officinalis ssp. officinalis 1753. Asparagus officinalis var. altilus L. 1783. Asparagus tenuifolius Lam. 1864. Asparagus altilus (L.) Asch.	Garden asparagus, Common asparagus, Asparagus Asperge, Asperge officinale	Introduced Perennial, Forb-herb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Subfamily Nolinoideae

Subfamily Nolinoideae

Tribe Convallarieae

Convallaria

The lily-of-the-valley plants that have been found to have naturalized or persisted from old plantings in New York have been the Eurasian lily-of-the-valley (C. majalis ssp. majalis). The American lily-of-the-valley (C. majalis ssp. majuscula^[1]) is considered to be native to the Appalachian Mountain region with a natural range extending only as far north as West Virginia. These North American natives have not been reported outside of cultivation in New York.

↑ Gandhi.. 2012. Nomenclatural and taxonomic analysis of Convallaria majalis, C. majuscula, and C. montana

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Nolinoideae — Convallaria
Genus Convallaria	Lily of the valley	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Convallaria majalis L. ssp. majalis 1753. Convallaria majalis L.	Eurasian lily-of-the-valley, European lily-of-the-valley Muguet	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, Cornell BG A4^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-X FNA Images Wikispecies
Genus Convallaria (excluded taxa)	Lily of the valley	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Convallaria majalis L. ssp. majuscula (Greene) Gandhi, Reveal, and Zarucchi 1840. Convallaria montana Raf. 1908. Convallaria majuscula Greene 1964. Convallaria majalis var. montana (Raf.) H.E.Ahles 2012. Convallaria majalis ssp. majuscula (Greene) Gandhi, Reveal, and Zarucchi	American lily-of-the-valley	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA: 0	USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: Gandhi^[2]
↑ Cornell Botanic Gardens Invasive Species Policy Committee (2018). "Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections." ↑ Gandhi.. 2012. Nomenclatural and taxonomic analysis of Convallaria majalis, C. majuscula, and C. montana

Tribe Polygonateae

Maianthemum

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Nolinoideae — Maianthemum
Genus Maianthemum	Mayflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Maianthemum canadense Desf. 1807. Maianthemum canadense Desf. 1814. Smilacina canadensis Pursh 1888. Unifolium canadense Greene	Canada May-flower, Canadian May-lily, Wild lily-of-the-valley, False lily-of-the-valley, Two-leaved Solomon’s-seal Maïanthème du Canada	Native, CoC: 5, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Zoochore		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link ssp. racemosum 1753. Convallaria racemosa L. 1807. Smilacina racemosa Desf. 1821. Maianthemum racemosum Link 1840. Vagnera retusa Raf. 1889. Unifolium racemosum (Britton 1893. Vagnera racemosa Morong 1903. Vagnera australis Rydb.	False Solomon’s-seal, False spikenard, Solomon’s-plume, Feathery false lily of the valley Smilacine à grappes	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Zoochore		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link 1753. Convallaria stellata L. 1807. Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. 1821. Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link	Starry Solomon's-seal, Little false Solomon’s-seal, Starflower Solomon’s-seal, Starflower Solomon's-plume Smilacine étoilée, Maïanthème étoilé	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-N VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda 1753. Convallaria trifolia L. 1807. Smilacina trifolia (L.) Desf. 1875. Tovaria trifolia (L.) Neck. ex Baker 1894. Vagnera trifolia (L.) Morong 1852. Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda	Three-leaved Solomon's-plume, Threeleaf false lily of the valley, Threeleaf false Solomon's seal, Swamp false Solomon's seal Smilacine trifoliée, Smilacine à trois feuilles	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Images Wikispecies

Polygonatum

Asparagales — Asparagaceae — Nolinoideae — Polygonatum
Genus Polygonatum Mill.	Solomon's-seal	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh 1803. Convallaria pubescens Willd. 1814. Polygonatum pubescens (Willd.) Pursh auct. Polygonatum biflorum sensu Gray & Britton	Hairy Solomon’s seal, Downy Solomon's-seal Sceau-de-Salomon pubescent	Native, CoC: 7, Secure, S5, G5 FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20		NYFA: 49 counties iNat: 53 counties	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. biflorum 1788. Convallaria biflora Walter 1817. Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott 1917. Polygonatum biflorum var. hebetifolium R.R. Gates 1927. Polygonatum hebetifolium (R.R. Gates) Bush	Giant Solomon’s seal, Great Solomon’s seal, Common Solomon's-seal, Smooth Solomon’s seal, King Solomon's-seal Sceau-de-Salomon à deux fleurs	Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 20, 40.		NYFA: 5	USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Polygonatum biflorum (Walter) Elliott var. commutatum (Schult.f.) Morong 1830. Convallaria commutata Schult.f. 1835. Polygonatum commutatum A.Dietr. 1894. Polygonatum biflorum var. commutatum (Schult.f.) Morong	Large Solomon's-seal, Giant Solomon’s seal, Great Solomon’s seal Sceau-de-Salomon géant, Sceau-de-Salomon canaliculé	Native, CoC: 5, Unrankd, SNR FACU Perennial, Herb		NYFA: U	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Polygonatum (excluded taxa)	Solomon's-seal	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. 1775. Convallaria latifolia Jacq. 1797. Convallaria hirta Bosc ex Poir. 1807. Polygonatum latifolium (Jacq.) Desf. 1814. Polygonatum hirtum (Bosc ex Poir.) Pursh 1840. Sigillaria hirta (Bosc ex Poir.) Raf.	Broad-leaved Solomon's-seal ⓘ Broadleaf Solomon's-seal ⓘ	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded, Cultivated, 2n = 20		NYFA-Excluded iNat: Cultivated	USDA-X0 Go Botany ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) Allioni 1753. Convallaria multiflora L. 1785. Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) Allioni	Eurasian Solomon's-seal ⓘ	Introduced from Europe, N.Y. excluded, Cultivated		NYFA: Not Listed iNat: 7 counties	USDA-0X Images Wikispecies

[1] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

[2] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened.

[3] David Werier et al. (2024). Allium schoenoprasum L. New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[4] USDA-NRCS PLANTS shows Allium schoenoprasum var. schoenoprasum as introduced in North America, but not present in NY. It shows var. sibiricum as native to North America, present in NY, and threatened in MI, MN, and NH. The New York Flora Atlas treats these varieties as cultivars and gives the species a state-exotic status. Flora of North America treats the species as a polymorphic North American native, with no reliable varietal separations.

[5] New York Rare Plant Status Lists, November 2017:Changes Since the June 2010 Rare Plant Status Lists: Taxa added to the Active List: Allium schoenoprasum G5 S1

[NE3-6] Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[7] Larsen, Maja Mellergaard; Adsersen, Anne; Davis, Aaron P.; Lledó, M. Dolores; Jäger, Anna K.; Rønsted, Nina (October 2010). "Using a phylogenetic approach to selection of target plants in drug discovery of acetylcholinesterase inhibiting alkaloids in Amaryllidaceae tribe Galantheae". Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 38 (5): 1026–1034. doi:10.1016/j.bse.2010.10.005.

[8] Ornithogalum, Flora of North America, Vol. 26, 2003.

[9] Ornithogalum, New York Flora Atlas, New York Flora Association, 2023

[10] Nodding Star-of-Bethlehem, Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas, Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health.

[11] Gerald B. Straley†, Frederick H. Utech (2020). FNA Volume 26. page 316. Flora of North America Association

[12] "Plants to Watch" in Plant Invaders of Mid-Atlantic Natural Areas

[13] Michael Hough (2004) Hosta plantaginea iNaturalist observation at Green Lakes State Park, Onondaga County, NY

[14] David Werier (2021) comments on Hosta lancifolia iNaturalist observation at 4110 Albany Post Rd, Hyde Park, NY

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