Flora of New York/Iridaceae & Asphodelaceae

← Asparagales (1) Orchidaceae	Flora of New York — Asparagales (2) Hypoxidaceae, Iridaceae, Asphodelaceae				→ Asparagales (3) Amaryllidaceae & Asparagaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Superorder	Order	Family	Subfamily	Tribe	Genus	Common names	#
lilioid monocots	Dioscoreales	Nartheciaceae	—	—	Aletris	colic root	1
		Nartheciaceae	—	—	Narthecium	asphodel	x
		Dioscoreaceae	Dioscoreoideae	—	Dioscorea	yam	2
	Liliales	Colchicaceae	—	Uvularieae	Uvularia	bellwort	4
		Colchicaceae	—	Colchiceae	Colchium	autumn crocus	x
		Melanthiaceae	—	Melanthieae	Melanthium	bunchflower	2
					Veratrum	false hellebore	1
					Anticlea	death camas	1
					Amianthium	fly poison	1
					Stenanthium	featherbells	6
				Heloniadeae	Helonias	swamp pink	1
				Chionographideae	Chamaelirium	fairywand, devil's bit	1
				Parideae	Trillium	trillium, wake-robin	7
		Smilacaceae	—	—	Smilax	greenbrier	7
		Liliaceae	Calochortoideae	—	Streptopus	twisted stalk	2
			Calochortoideae	—	Prosartes	fairy bells	1
			Medeoloideae	—	Clintonia	bluebead	1
			Medeoloideae	—	Medeola	Indian cucumber	2
			Lilioideae	Tulipeae	Tulipa	wild tulip	1
				Lilieae	Erythronium	trout lily	2
				Lilieae	Lilium	lily	6
	Asparagales	Orchidaceae	Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Pogonia	snakemouth orchid	3
			Vanilloideae	Pogonieae	Isotria	fiveleaf orchid	3
			Cypripedioideae	—	Cypripedium	lady's slipper	7
			Epidendroideae	Neottieae	Epipactis	helleborine	2
				Neottieae	Neottia	twayblade	4
				Triphoreae	Triphora	noddingcaps	1
				Arethuseae	Arethusa	dragon's mouth	2
				Malaxideae	Liparis	widelip-orchid	2
				Malaxideae	Malaxis	adder's-mouth-orchid	3
				Maxillarieae	Corallorhiza	coralroot	6
				Maxillarieae	Aplectrum	Adam and Eve	1
				Calypsoeae	Calypso	fairy slipper	1
				Calypsoeae	Tipularia	cranefly orchid	1
			Orchidoideae	Orchideae	Amerorchis	roundleaf orchis	1
					Coeloglossum	frog-orchid	1
					Galearis	galearis	1
					Platanthera	fringed-orchid	18
				Cranichideae	Goodyera	rattlesnake-plantain	3
				Cranichideae	Spiranthes	ladies'-tresses	14
		Hypoxidaceae	—	—	Hypoxis	eastern yellow stargrass	1
		Iridaceae	Iridoideae	Irideae	Iris	iris	10
			Iridoideae	Sisyrinchieae	Sisyrinchium	blue-eyed grass	7
			Crocoideae	Ixiae	Crocus	crocus	4
		Asphodelaceae	Hemerocallidoieae	Hemerocallideae	Hemerocallis	daylily	2
		Amaryllidaceae	Allioideae	Allieae	Allium	garlic, onion, leek, chives	14
			Amaryllidoideae	Narcisseae	Narcissus	daffodil	4
				Galantheae	Galanthus	snowdrop	2
				Galantheae	Leucojum	snowflake	1
		Asparagaceae	Scilloideae	Ornithogaleae	Ornithogalum	star-of-Bethlehem	2
				Hyacintheae	Chionodoxa	glory of the snow	1
					Hyacinthoides	English-bluebell	2
					Muscari	grape-hyacinth	1
					Scilla	squill	1
			Agavoideae	Agaveae	Yucca	Adam's needle	1
					Hosta	plantain lily	4
					Camassia	Atlantic camas	0
			Asparagoideae	—	Asparagus	asparagus	1
			Nolinoideae	Convallarieae	Convallaria	lily-of-the-valley	2
				Polygonateae	Maianthemum	mayflower	4
				Polygonateae	Polygonatum	Solomon's-seal	3

The classification scheme used here for the order Asparagales is from P.F. Stevens, (2001-2015). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, April 2015. - University of Missouri, St Louis, and Missouri Botanical Garden.

Family Hypoxidaceae

The Hypoxidaceae^[1]

Hypoxis

Of about seven Hypoxis species found in North America, the only Hypoxis species reported in New York is Hypoxis hirsuta (yellow stargrass).

↑ Hypoxidaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Asparagales — Hypoxidaceae — Hypoxis
Genus Hypoxis	Star grass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville 1753. Ornithogalum hirsutum L. 1759. Hypoxis erecta L. 1803. Hypoxis carolinensis Michx. 1814. Hypoxis graminea Pursh 1894. Hypoxis hirsuta (L.) Coville 1894. Hypoxis micrantha Pollard	Eastern yellow stargrass, Common goldstar, Common stargrass, Yellow stargrass Hypoxis hirsute	Native, CoC: 6, Secure FAC Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies

Family Iridaceae

The Iridaceae (iris family) ...

Subfamily Iridoideae

Tribe Irideae

Iris

Iris subg. Limniris

Iris subg. Limniris sect. Limniris includes irises often referred to as flags, the most common of which is the northern blue flag (Iris versicolor), which grows in a wide range of wetland types.

Iris versicolor has been shown to be an amphidiploid between Iris virginica (n=35) and Iris hookeri (n=19).^[1]

↑ Norlan C. Henderson (2020). Iris versicolor in FNA Volume 26. Flora of North America Association.

Asparagales — Iridaceae — Iridoideae — Irideae — Iris subg. Limniris
Genus Iris subg. Limniris sect. Limniris	Iris	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Iris versicolor L. Iris hookeri (2n=38) × Iris virginica (2n=70) → 2n=108 1753. Iris versicolor L. 1863. Xiphion versicolor (L.) Alef. 2007. Limniris versicolor (L.) Rodion.	Blue flag, Harlequin blueflag, Larger blue flag, Northern blue flag, Hybrid of Hooker's iris & Southern blueflag Iris versicolore, Clajeux	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA FNA Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Iris prismatica Pursh 1814. Iris prismatica Pursh 1840. Iris carolina Radius ex Steud. 2007. Limniris prismatica Rodion.	Slender blue flag, Slender blue iris, Cube iris, Coastal iris	Native, CoC: 9, Threatened, DEC-B^[1] OBL		NYFA: 2	USDA-NX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Iris virginica L. 1753. Iris virginica L. 1890. Iris caroliniana S.Watson 1913. Iris georgiana Britton 1927. Iris shrevei Small 1936. Iris virginica var. shrevei E.S.Anderson	Southern blueflag, Shreve's iris, Virginia iris Iris de Virginie	Native, CoC: 5, Endangered, DEC-A^[2] OBL Perennial, Heerb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Iris pseudacorus L. 1753. Iris pseudacorus L. 1789. Iris palustris (L.) L.Gaterau superfl. 1817. Iris paludosa Pers. 1852. Limnirion pseudacorus Opiz 1866. Limniris pseudacorus Fuss	Yellow iris, Pale-yellow iris, Yellow flag, Yellow water iris Iris faux-acore, Iris jaune, Iris des marais, Fleur-de-lis	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Highly invasive, NYIS: 76%^[3], CP-3^[4], Prohibited^[5]		NYFA: X	USDA-X Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Iris sibirica L. 1753. Iris sibirica L. in… 1794. Iris stricta Moench in… 1796. Iris angustifolia Salisb. in…	Siberian iris, Iris de Sibérie	Introduced from Eurasia, IPA		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Iris subg. Limniris sect. Lophiris	Iris	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Iris cristata Sol. ex Aiton 1789. Iris cristata Sol. ex Aiton 1863. Neubeckia cristata Alef. 1882. Evansia cristata Klatt 1913. Iris cristata var. alba Dykes	Crested iris, Dwarf crested iris	Introduced from southeast USA, North America native		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Iris subg. Limniris (excluded taxa)	Iris	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Iris verna L. var. smalliana Fernald ex M.E.Edwards 1753. Iris verna L. in… 1790. Gattenhofia verna (L.) Medik. in… 1796. Iris vernalis Salisb. in… 1933. Neubeckia verna (L.) Small in… 1947. Iris verna var. smalliana Fernald in… 1969. Iris verna var. smalliana Fernald ex M.E.Edwards in… 2015. Gattenhofia verna var. smalliana in…	Dwarf iris, Dwarf violet iris, Upland violet iris, Vernal iris	N. America native, N.Y. excluded		NYFA: 0	USDA-N ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies Note: POW
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Iris pseudacorus: 76 (all). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

Iris subg. Iris

Asparagales — Iridaceae — Iridoideae — Irideae — Iris subg. Iris
Genus Iris subg. Iris	Iris	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Iris × germanica L. [ I. pallida × I. variegata × I. … ] 1753. Iris germanica L. 1753. Iris × germanica L. (pro sp.) 1759. Iris florentina L. 1993. Iris × conglomerata N.C.Hend.	German iris, Orris, Tall bearded iris, Flag, Flags iris d'Allemagne, iris bleu d'Allemagne	Introduced from e. Mediterranean, Widely cultivated		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Iris subg. Pardanthopsis

Iris subgenus Pardanthopsis contains the two species Iris dichotoma and Iris domestica.

Despite possessing a "very un-Iris-like flower," ^[1] the sole species of Belamcanda has recently been transferred to the genus Iris, as Iris domestica. ^[2]

Asparagales — Iridaceae — Iridoideae — Irideae — Iris subg. Hermodactyloides
Genus Iris subg. Hermodactyloides	Iris	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb. 1753. Epidendrum domesticum L. 1753. Ixia chinensis L. 1794. Belamcanda punctata Moench 1805. Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. 1891. Gemmingia chinensis (L.) Kuntze 1914. Vanilla domestica (L.) Druce 2005. Iris domestica (L.) Goldblatt & Mabb.	Blackberry lily, Leopard flower, Leopard lily Iris tigre	Introduced from temperate Asia, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [1], Unknown naturalization		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Sisyrinchieae

Sisyrinchium

Asparagales — Iridaceae — Iridoideae — Sisyrinchieae
Genus Sisyrinchium L. 1753	Blue-eyed-grass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Sisyrinchium montanum Greene 1899. Sisyrinchium montanum Greene 1899. Sisyrinchium heterocarpum E.P.Bicknell 1899. Sisyrinchium alpestre E.P.Bicknell 1946. Sisyrinchium montanum var. crebrum Fernald 1948. Sisyrinchium montanum ssp. crebrum Böcher 1949. Sisyrinchium bermudiana var. crebrum B.Boivin auct. Sisyrinchium angustifolium non Mill.	Strict blue-eyed grass, Mountain blue-eyed grass, Common blue-eyed grass, Little blue-eyed grass Bermudienne montagnarde, Herbe aux yeux bleus	Native, CoC: 1, Secure Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. 1768. Sisyrinchium angustifolium Mill. 1783. Sisyrinchium gramineum Lam. 1896. Sisyrinchium graminoides E.P.Bicknell auct. Sisyrinchium bermudiana non L.	Narrowleaf blue-eyed grass, Narrow-leaved blue-eyed grass	Native, CoC: 1, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Sisyrinchium atlanticum E.P.Bicknell 1896. Sisyrinchium atlanticum E.P.Bicknell 1899. Sisyrinchium apiculatum E.P.Bicknell 1964. Sisyrinchium mucronatum var. atlanticum H.E.Ahles	Eastern blue-eyed grass	Native, CoC: 1, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Sisyrinchium fuscatum E.P.Bicknell Sisyrinchium arenicola Sisyrinchium farwellii Sisyrinchium incrustatum Sisyrinchium rufipes Sisyrinchium tenellum	Coastal-plain blue-eyed grass	Native, CoC: 1, Rare		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. 1803. Sisyrinchium mucronatum Michx. 1892. Sisyrinchium angustifolium var. mucronatum Baker 1899. Sisyrinchium intermedium E.P.Bicknell	Michaux's blue-eyed-grass, Needletip blue-eyed grass	Native, CoC: 1, Endangered, DEC-1^[1]		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. Sisyrinchium asheianum Sisyrinchium bermudianum Sisyrinchium floridanum Sisyrinchium hastile Sisyrinchium niveum Sisyrinchium scabrellum	White blue-eyed grass, Pale blue-eyed grass	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered		NYFA: ?	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies Note: FNA^[2]
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Regulation §193.3(a) Endangered native plants. ↑ Flora of North America: Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. is shown along the border of New York and Pennsylvania.

Sisyrinchium species	Stem branching	Stem width (mm)	Stem length	Leaf width	Leaf length	Petal length	Flower color
S. angustifolium	some	broad, 2.5-5	≤ 5 dm (20")	1.5–6 mm (< 1/4")	long	≥ 7 mm	blue-violet
S. atlanticum	some	narrow, 0.5-2	long	≤ 2 mm (<1/12")	short		blue-violet
S. montanum	rarely	broad, 1.5-4	≤ 5 dm (20")	2–3 mm (~1/8")	long	≥ 8 mm	blue-violet
S. mucronatum	none	wiry, 0.9-1.5	≤ 4.5 dm (18")	1–2 mm (~1/12")	short, 70–150 mm		blue-violet
S. albidum		broad, 1.5-4	≤ 4 dm (16")	1.5–4 mm			white

Subfamily Crocoideae

Tribe Ixiae

Crocus

The only vouchered Crocus specimen listed from New York State is of Crocus tommasinianus, which is listed as not naturalized in the New York Flora Atlas. However, several other Crocus species have appeared on the checklist of New York State plants, ^[1] but these are now listed as "excluded" in the Flora Atlas.

↑ Mitchell, R.S. (ed.). 1986. A checklist of New York State plants. Contributions of a Flora of New York State, Checklist III. New York State Bulletin No. 458. New York State Museum, Albany.

Asparagales — Iridaceae — Crocoideae — Ixiae — Crocus
Genus Crocus	Crocus	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crocus tommasinianus Herb. 1847. Crocus tommasinianus Herb.	Early crocus, Woodland crocus	Introduced, Not naturalized Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Xm NYFA: Bronx (2012) 12 counties	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill 1756. Crocus sativusvar. vernus L. 1765. Crocus vernus (L.) Hill 1805. Crocus vernus var. neapolitanus Ker Gawl.	Dutch crocus, Spring crocus Crocus de printemps, Crocus de Naples, Crocus printanier	Introduced from Europe, No specimens		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Crocus angustifolius Weston	Cloth of gold	Introduced, No specimens		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Crocus imperati Ten. (1826)	Early crocus, Naples crocus	Introduced, No specimens		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
Crocus sieberi J.Gay (1831)	Sieber's crocus, Greek crocus	Introduced, No specimens		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies

Family Asphodelaceae

The Asphodelaceae (or Hemerocallidaceae^[1]) family contains the non-native orange and yellow daylilies.

Submily Hemerocallidoideae

Tribe Hemerocallideae

Hemerocallis

Although the common form of the orange daylily Hemerocallis fulva is a seedless triploid and essentially sterile, it has persisted after, and escaped from cultivation so successfully using vegetative means such as root fragments, that it is considered invasive in much of the world, including New York. By contrast, the fertile diploid yellow daylily, Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus, though reportedly naturalized in some places, is not currently considered invasive.

↑ James L. Reveal (2012) An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants, Phytoneuron 2012–37: 1–221.

Asparagales — Asphodelaceae — Hemerocallidoideae — Hemerocallideae — Hemerocallis
Genus Hemerocallis	Daylily	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hemerocallis fulva L. (L.) 1753. H. lilioasphodelusvar. fulvus L. 1762. Hemerocallis fulva L. 1866. H. fulvavar. kwanso Regel 1930. H. fulvavar. rosea Stout	Orange daylily, Tawny daylily, Fulvous daylily, Ditch lily Hémérocalle fauve, Lis d’un jour	Introduced from temperate Asia, India, Invasive, NYIS: 46%^[1], CP-3^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 1753. Hemerocallis lilioasphodelus L. 1762. Hemerocallis flava L. 1790. Hemerocallis lutea Gaertn.	Yellow daylily, Lemon-lily, Lemon daylily	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Hemerocallis fulva: Low (46). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[1] Hypoxidaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[2] Norlan C. Henderson (2020). Iris versicolor in FNA Volume 26. Flora of North America Association.

[3] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened.

[4] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

[5] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Iris pseudacorus: 76 (all).

[CP3-6] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[prohibit-7] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[8] Peter Goldblatt (2000) Phylogeny and Classification of the Iridaceae and the Relationships of Iris. Annali di Botanica, Vol 58. Department of Environmental Biology - University La Sapienza of Rome, Italy.

[9] Peter Goldblatt & D.J. Mabberley (2005) Belamcanda Included in Iris, and the New Combination I. domestica (Iridaceae: Irideae). Novon: A Journal for Botanical Nomenclature: Vol. 15, No. 1 pp. 128–132

[10] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Regulation §193.3(a) Endangered native plants.

[11] Flora of North America: Sisyrinchium albidum Raf. is shown along the border of New York and Pennsylvania.

[12] Mitchell, R.S. (ed.). 1986. A checklist of New York State plants. Contributions of a Flora of New York State, Checklist III. New York State Bulletin No. 458. New York State Museum, Albany.

[13] James L. Reveal (2012) An outline of a classification scheme for extant flowering plants, Phytoneuron 2012–37: 1–221.

[14] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Hemerocallis fulva: Low (46).

[CP3-15] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

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