← Aquifoliaceae, Campanulaceae, Menyanthaceae	Flora of New York — Asterales : Asteraceae : Carduoideae : Cardueae				→ Cichorioideae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

Family Asteraceae

The Asteraceae (or Compositae)

Subfamily Carduoideae

Tribe Cardueae

The Cardueae (syn. Cynareae) is a mostly non-native tribe of Asteraceae. It contains various thistles and knapweeds, many of which are considered highly invasive in the region.

Subtribe Carlininae

Carlina

Carline thistle (Carlina vulgaris) establishes on exposed soil but does not compete with taller dense vegetation.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carlininae — Carlina
Genus Carlina	Carline-thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carlina vulgaris ssp. vulgaris 1753. Carlina vulgaris L. in… 1782. Carlina caulescens Gilib. in… 1824. Carlina longifolia Viv. in… 1829. Carlina vulgaris var. uniflora Gaudin in… 1907. Carlina flavispina Simonk. in…	Carline thistle ⓘ	Introduced from Europe to Iran, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 5 counties iNat 6 counties	USDA-X0 POWO BONAP Images Wikispecies

Subtribe Echinopsinae

Echinops

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Echinopsinae
Genus Echinops	Globethistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Echinops sphaerocephalus L. ssp. sphaerocephalus 1753. Echinops sphaerocephalus L. in… 1771. Echinopus sphaerocephalus (L.) Scop. in… 1796. Echinops maximus Siev. in… 1838. Echinops giganteus DC. in… 1889. Echinops major St.-Lag. in… 1891. Sphaerocephalus multiflorus Kuntze in…	Glandular globe-thistle ⓘ Great globe thistle ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia, Naturalized, Cultivated, SNA Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 11 counties iNat GBIF 2 counties	USDA-XX POWO Images Wikispecies

Subtribe Carduinae

Onopordum

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Onopordum
Genus Onopordum	Cottonthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Onopordum acanthium L. ssp. acanthium 1753. Onopordum acanthium L. in… 1771. Acanos spina Scop. in… 1791. Acanthium onopordon Gueldenst. in… 1796. Onopordum tomentosum Salisb. in… 1891. Onopordum acanthium var. polycephalum Willk. in… 1896. Onopordum acanthium var. schultesii (Brittinger ex W.D.J.Koch) Rouy in…	Scotch thistle, Scotch cottonthistle	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [1], Naturalized, SNA Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X NYFA: 13 counties ? counties	USDA-XM POWO Go Botany Images Wikispecies

Arctium

Only the two burdock species Arctium lappa (greater burdock) and A. minus (lesser burdock) are currently listed as naturalized in New York. Specimens of A. minus were apparently misidentified as A. tomentosum in the past.

Arctium is an Old World genus whose biennial plants have been introduced around the world, perhaps in part due to Velcro-like burrs that promote wide seed dispersal.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Arctium
Genus Arctium	Burdock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Arctium lappa L. ssp. lappa 1753. Arctium lappa L. in… 1762. Lappa vulgaris Hill 1785. Lappa officinalis All. 1791. Lappa major Gaertn. 1800. Arctium majus Bernh. 1833. Arctium nemorosum Lej. & Court. 1883. Lappa lappa (L.) H.Karst. (i) 1913. Arctium vulgare (Hill) A.H.Evans 1928. Arctium edule Beger	Greater burdock, Great burdock, Edible burdock, Beggar's-buttons Grande bardane, Bardane majeure, Rhubarbe sauvage, Graquias, Toques, Rapace	Introduced from Eurasia		NYFA: X NYFA: ? counties ? counties	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 1762. Lappa minor Hill 1800. Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. 1856. Arctium pubens Bab.	Lesser burdock, Common burdock, Cuckoo-button Petite bardane, Bardane mineure, Bardane, Tabac du diable, Tapace, Chou bourache, Cibourroche, Graquias	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Arctium (excluded taxa)	Burdock	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Arctium tomentosum Mill. 1768. Arctium tomentosum Mill.	Woolly burdock, Hairy burdock Bardane tomenteuse	Introduced from Eurasia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies

Silybum

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Silybum
Genus Silybum	Milk thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. 1753. Carduus marianus L. 1768. Mariana mariana (L.) Hill in… 1791. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.	Milk-thistle, Blessed milkthistle, St. Mary's thistle	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Highly invasive, NYS Tier 5^[1] Biennial, Herb-forb		6 counties NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Silybum marianum (Blessed milkthistle) NYS Tier 5. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program

Cirsium

Cirsium species are known as plume thistles due to the feathered hairs on their achenes.

New-World Cirsium

The North American thistles found in New York are here divided into two groups (species complexes) that are known to freely hybridize within the individual group.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Cirsium
Genus Cirsium Mill. (1745) (North American - HG1)	Thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cirsium muticum Michx. 1803. Cirsium muticum Michx. 1807. Carduus muticus (Michx.) Pers. 1814. Cnicus muticus (Michx.) Pursh 1838. Cirsium bigelovii DC.	Swamp thistle, Dunce-nettle, Horsetops Chardon mutique, Circe mutique	Native, CoC: 9, Secure, S5, G5 OBL Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Cirsium discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Spreng. 1803. Cnicus discolor Muhl. ex Willd. 1818. Carduus discolor in… 1826. Cirsium discolor in… 1894. Cirsium altissimum f. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Voss 1902. Cirsium altissimum var. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Fernald 1917. Cirsium altissimum ssp. discolor (Muhl. ex Willd.) Petr.	Field thistle, Pasture thistle Chardon discolore, Circe discolore	Native, CoC: 1, Secure, S5 UPL Biennial-perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. 1753. Carduus altissimus L. 1804. Cnicus altissimus Willd. 1826. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Spreng. 1826. Cirsium altissimum (L.) Hill 1908. Cirsium iowense in… 1917. Cirsium altissimum var. biltmoreanum Petr.	Tall thistle, Roadside thistle	Native, CoC: 10, Likely extirpated UPL Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: Z	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur 1900. Carduus flodmanii Rydb. 1903. Cirsium oblanceolatum in… 1912. Cirsium flodmanii (Rydb.) Arthur	Flodman's thistle, Prairie thistle	Introduced, Midwest native, Preglacial relict? FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Cirsium Mill. (1745) (North American - HG2)	Thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. ssp. pumilum 1818. Carduus pumilus Nutt. 1826. Cirsium pumilum (Nutt.) Spreng. 1911. Cirsium odoratum in…	Pasture thistle, Fragrant thistle, Bull thistle Chardon nain	Native, CoC: 1, Secure N. R. Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-N0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Cirsium horridulum Michx. var. horridulum 1803. Cirsium horridulum Michx.	Yellow thistle, Giant thistle, Bristly thistle, Horrid thistle, Bull thistle	Native, CoC: 5, Rare FACU Annual-biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: N	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies

Old-World Cirsium

All three of the Eurasian Cirsium (thistle) species are considered invasive in New York State.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Cirsium
Genus Cirsium (Eurasian )	Plume thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1753. Carduus lanceolatus L. 1798. Carduus vulgaris Savi 1835. Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 1938. Ci. vulgare Airy Shaw (hom.) 1972. Ci. lanceolatum Scop. non Hill	Bull thistle, Common thistle, Spear thistle, Scotch thistle Chardon vulgaire, Chardon lancéolé, Gros chardon, Circe commun, Circe vulgaire	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Widespread weed, NE-3^[1], Invasive.org FACU Biennial, Hert-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1753. Serratula arvensis L. 1772. Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. 1777. Carduus arvensis (L.) E.Robson 1819. Cirsium incanum 1819. Cirsium setosum (Willd.) M.Bieb.	Creeping thistle, Canada thistle, Field thistle Chardon des champs, Chardon du Canada, Circe des champs	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS: 71%^[2], Prohibited^[3], CP-2^[4] NE-2^[5] FACU Perennial, Hert-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Cirsium palustre (L.) Scop. 1753. Carduus palustris L. 1772. Cirsium Palustre (L.) Scop.	Marsh thistle, Marsh plume thistle, European marsh thistle, European swamp thistle Chardon des marais, Cirse des marais	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 68% ^[6], NE-2^[5] FACW Perennial, Hert-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XW Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium arvense: Highly invasive (71%). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ ^a ^b Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium palustre: Moderately invaisve (68%).

Carduus

Carduus species are known as plumeless thistles.

Asterales — Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Carduus
Genus Carduus	Plumeless thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carduus acanthoides ssp. acanthoides	Spiny plumeless thistle	Introduced, Moderately invasive		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Carduus nutans	Musk thistle, Nodding thistle, Nodding plumeless thistle	Introduced, Moderately invasive		NYFA: Xn	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Carduus crispus	Curled plumless-thistle, Welted thistle, Curled thistle	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Carduus pycnocephalus ssp. pycnocephalus	Italian thistle	Introduced, Unvouchered waif		NYFA: U	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies

Serratula

Asterales — Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Carduinae — Serratula
Genus Serratula (excluded)	Plumeless saw-wort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NPT
Serratula tinctoria L. Serratula tinctoria L.	Dyer's plumeless saw-wort, Saw-wort	Introduced, N.Y. excluded Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 Go Botany-0 ITIS Images Wikispecies

Subtribe Centaureinae

The Centaureinae contains knapweeds and starthistles, none of which are native to New York, and some of which are considered to be seriously invasive in the state.^[1]

Plectocephalus

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Plectocephalus
Genus Plectocephalus	Basketflower	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plectocephalus americanus Nutt. 1821. Centaurea americana Nutt. 1830. Plectocephalus americanus in…	American star-thistle, American basketflower, Powderpuff thistle, Thornless thistle	Introduced from south-central US, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Go Botany-0 ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ Tree of Life: Centaureinae

Centaurea

The subgeneric classification of Centaurea (knapweeds) used here is based on Hilpold et al. (2014).^[1]

↑ Hilpold, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R. & Susanna, A. 2014. "Taxonomical and nomenclatural notes on Centaurea: A proposal of classification, a description of new sections and subsections, and a species list of the redefined section Centaurea." Collectanea Botanica '33:e001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.001

Centaurea identification

Four of the most common and invasive knapweed species can often be distinguished by the involucre bracts, the scale-like structures surrounding the inflorescence, just below flower petals.^[1]

Centaurea stoebe (spotted): Bracts are black tipped, tip and upper margin have soft, spine-like fringe, Center spine shorter than others.
Centaurea jacea (brown): Bracts are somewhat hairy, with broad, thin papery margins. Center of bract is dark brown.
Centaurea nigra (black): Bracts are oval-shaped with broad, comb-like, dark brown or black fringed margins. Fringe length up to 3 times as long as bract width.
Centaurea × moncktonii (meadow, brown × black): Bracts are light to dark brown, roundish, with thin papery margin with fringes about equal width of bract center.

↑ Celestine Duncan (2018). "What’s the Difference Between Spotted, Brown, Black, and Meadow Knapweed?" TechLine Invasive Plant News Published November 2018; reviewed May, 2019.

Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea

Centaurea sect. Centaurea contains spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos), which has widely naturalized in much of North America , including New York State, where it is considered highly invasive.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea
Genus Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Centaurea	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea stoebe L. ssp. australis (Pančić ex A.Kern.) Greuter 1838. Centaurea biebersteinii DC. in Prodr. 6:583 1872. Centaurea australis Pančić ex A. Kern. in Oesterr. Bot. Z. 22: 118 1879. Centaurea sublanata ssp. australis (Pančić ex A.Kern.) Nyman in Consp. Fl. Eur.:426 1901. Centaurea micranthos (Griseb.) Hayek in Denkschr. Kaiserl. Akad. Wiss., nom. illeg. 1907. Centaurea maculosa ssp. micranthos (Griseb.) Gugler in Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 1925. Centaurea stoebe ssp. micranthos (Griseb.) Hayek in N.A.Stojanov & B.Stefanoff 1961. Acrolophus biebersteinii (DC.) Á.Löve & D.Löve in Bot. Not. 114:44 1972. Acosta micranthos (Griseb.) Soják in Čas. Nár. Mus., Odd. Přír. 140:134 1976. Centaurea biebersteinii ssp. australis (Pančić ex A.Kern.) Dostál in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 1984. Acosta biebersteinii (DC.) Dostál in Folia Mus. Rerum Nat. Bohemiae Occid. 2003. Centaurea stoebe ssp. australis (Pančić ex A.Kern.) Greuter in in Willdenowia 33: 56 2023. Centaurea stoebe var. micranthos (Griseb.) Tiehm in J. Bot. Res. Inst. Texas 17:22	Spotted knapweed, Spotted star-thistle Centaurée maculée, Centaurée tachetée	Introduced from southeast Europe, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%^[1], CP-3^[2] NE-1^[3], SNA, GNR		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Centaurea cineraria L. 1753. Centaurea cineraria L. 1785. C. candidissima Lam. 1839. C. gymnocarpa Moris & DeNot.^[4] 1974. Acosta cineraria (L.) Holub	Silver knapweed, Star-thistle, Dusty miller	Introduced from southern Europe, Impersistent, Unk. naturalization, SNA		Suffolk (1921) NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies
Genus Centaurea (excluded taxa)	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea diffusa Lam. 1785. Centaurea diffusa Lam. 1799. C. parviflora Desf. 1822. C. parviflora Besser hom. 1970. C. microcalathina A.O.Tarassov 1972. Acosta diffusa (Lam.) Soják	Diffuse knapweed, White knapweed, Tumble knapweed	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%^[1], FEIS		NYFA: 0	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Centaurea × psammogena Centaurea diffusa × C. stoebe ssp. micranthos	Hybrid of Diffuse knapweed & Spotted knapweed	Introduced, Highly invasive, NYIS: 79%^[1]			USDA-0X Images Wikispecies
Centaurea paniculata	Jersey knapweed	Introduced, N.Y. excluded, Note^[5]		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ ^a ^b ^c New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. stoebe, C. diffusa, C. × psammogena: High (79). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009) ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ Euro+Med Plantbase lists Centaurea gymnocarpa as an accepted species, while the Global Compositae Checklist lists it as a synonym of Centaurea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.1, states "C. gymnocarpa belongs to the group known as the "cineraria" group. This group probably was once a single species when the land masses were united, but as islands were formed, new species evolved on each island. This means that today there are a number of closely related species of Centaurea in the Mediterranean growing on rocky seaward cliffs, all probably related to a common ancestor." ↑ Centaurea paniculata checklist entries were based on reports only. No known specimens from New York exist. It is similar in appearance to Centaurea stoebe.

Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia

Centaurea sect. Phrygia, in New York State, contains three moderately invasive species of knapweeds, cumulatively known as the Centaurea jacea complex, and gradations of hybrids between possibly all three of them. The named hybrid Centaurea × moncktonii (C. jacea × C. nigra) is morphologically variable, and some individuals appear to have a similarity to C. nigrescens, possibly resulting from hybridization between all three species.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia
Genus Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Phrygia	Knapweed	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea jacea L. 1753. Centaurea jacea L. 1778. Jacea pratensis Lam. 1799. Centaurea pratensis Thuill. (i)	Brown knapweed, Brownray knapweed, Brown-rayed knapweed,, Brown starthistle	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1], CP-3^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Centaurea nigra L. 1753. Centaurea nigra L. 1769. Jacea nigra (L.) Hill 1852. Centaurea nemoralis Jord. 1894. Centaurea jacea ssp. nigra (L.) Bonnier & Layens	Black knapweed, Lesser knapweed, Common knapweed, Black starthistle	Introduced from Europe, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Centaurea × moncktonii C.E.Britton Centaurea jacea × Centaurea nigra 1799. Centaurea pratensis Thuill. non Salisb. 1813. Centaurea nigra var. radiata DC. 18??. Centaurea jacea var. pratensis W.D.J.Koch 1905. Centaurea × gerstlaueri Erdner in… 1975. Centaurea debeauxii ssp. thuillieri Dostál 1921. Centaurea × moncktonii C.E.Britton in… 1926. Centaurea × jacea f. dumeticola Sennen ...	Meadow knapweed, Protean knapweed, Hybrid of black knapweed & brown knapweed	Introduced from Europe, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-0X POWO ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Centaurea nigrescens Willd. 1803. Centaurea nigrescens Willd. 1831. C. vochinensis Bernh. ex Rchb. 1917. C. dubia ssp. nigrescens (Willd.) Hayek 1917. C. dubia ssp. vochinensis (Bernh. ex Rchb.) Hayek	Tyrol knapweed, Short-fringed knapweed, Short-fringed starthistle, Vochin knapweed	Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Centaurea phrygia L. ssp. phrygia Centaurea austriaca C. uniflora	Wig knapweed	Introduced, Impersistent, Unk. naturalization		NYFA: Xu NYFA: ? counties GBIF ? counties	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. jacea, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. × moncktonii: Moderate (62). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus
Genus Centaurea subg. Centaurea sect. Cnicus	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. 1753. Cnicus benedictus L. 1763. Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. 1895. Cirsium pugnax Sommier & Levier 1908. Carduus benedictus Thell. (i)	Blessed thistle, Our Lady's thistle Chardon béni, Cnicaut béni, Chardon bénit	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Not naturalized, SNA		Oswego (1883) NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies

Centaurea subg. Lopholoma

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Lopholoma
Genus Centaurea subg. Lopholoma	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea solstitialis L.	Yellow starthistle, Barnaby star-thistle, St. Barnaby’s thistle	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], Unknonwn naturalization, SNA		NYFA: X NYFA: 6 counties no counties	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Centaurea scabiosa	Great starthistle, Greater knapweed, Hardheads, Scabious knapweed, Greater centaury	Introduced, Unk. naturalization		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Centaurea calcitrapa	Purple starthistle, Red star-thistle, Caltrops	Introduced from Europe, Not naturalized, Impersistent, SNA		Bronx (1898-99), Kings (1897), Queens (1879), Westchester (1894-95) NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Centaurea diluta	North African knapweed	Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
Centaurea aspera	Rough star-thistle	Introduced, Not naturalized, Impersistent, SNA		New York (1880) NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies

Centaurea subg. Cyanus

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Centaurea subg. Cyanus
Genus Centaurea subg. Cyanus	Knapweed, Starthistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Centaurea cyanus L. (1753) 1769. Cyanus segetum Hill 1837. Centaurea pulchra DC.	Cornflower, Bachelor’s-button, Bluebottle, Bluebonnets	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Naturalized, Note:^[1], SNA, GNR UPL-FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Centaurea montana L. 1753. Centaurea montana L. 1768. Cyanus montanus (L) Hill	Mountain starthistle, Mountain cornflower, Mountain bluet, Perennial cornflower	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [3]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
↑ Invasive.org lists Centaurea cyanus as invasive in WV, GA, AK, and a troublesome weed in KY, NC.

Carthamus

Safflower is grown primarily as a source of vegetable oil and mostly in Southwest.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Carthamus
Genus Carthamus	Distaff thistle	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753. Carthamus tinctorius L. 1753. Cathamus tinctorius L. (i)	Safflower, Dyer's-saffron, False saffron, Bastard-saffron	Introduced from western Asia?, eastern Med.?, Impersistent, Not naturalized		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Carthamus lanatus L. Carthamus lanatus L.	Woolly distaff thistle Downy safflower	Introduced, Potentially invasive		NYFA: 0 counties iNat 0 counties	Go Botany Images Wikispecies

Crupina

Crupina vulgaris has spread rapidly in western rangelands since first being reported in west-central Idaho in 1969. It has also been reported in Massachusetts.^[1]

↑ Go Botany (2022). Crupina vulgaris Cass. Native Plant Trust.

Asteraceae — Carduoideae — Cardueae — Centaureinae — Crupina
Genus Crupina	Bearded creeper	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Crupina vulgaris Cass. 1819. Crupina vulgaris Cass.	Common crupina ⓘ Bearded creeper ⓘ False saw-wort ⓘ Crupine ⓘ	Introduced, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: 18 listing sources, GRIIS-US: Invasive, Not listed in NYFA		NYFA: not listed iNat GBIF no NY observations	Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

[1] New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Silybum marianum (Blessed milkthistle) NYS Tier 5. 2021 New York Natural Heritage Program

[NE3-2] Category 3 Plants - widespread non-native species - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[3] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium arvense: Highly invasive (71%).

[4] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[CP2-5] Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE2-6] Category 2 Plants - moderately invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[7] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Cirsium palustre: Moderately invaisve (68%).

[8] Tree of Life: Centaureinae

[9] Hilpold, A., Garcia-Jacas, N., Vilatersana, R. & Susanna, A. 2014. "Taxonomical and nomenclatural notes on Centaurea: A proposal of classification, a description of new sections and subsections, and a species list of the redefined section Centaurea." Collectanea Botanica '33:e001. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/collectbot.2013.v33.001

[10] Celestine Duncan (2018). "What’s the Difference Between Spotted, Brown, Black, and Meadow Knapweed?" TechLine Invasive Plant News Published November 2018; reviewed May, 2019.

[nyis-11] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. stoebe, C. diffusa, C. × psammogena: High (79).

[CP3-12] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[NE1-13] Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[14] Euro+Med Plantbase lists Centaurea gymnocarpa as an accepted species, while the Global Compositae Checklist lists it as a synonym of Centaurea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2014.1, states "C. gymnocarpa belongs to the group known as the "cineraria" group. This group probably was once a single species when the land masses were united, but as islands were formed, new species evolved on each island. This means that today there are a number of closely related species of Centaurea in the Mediterranean growing on rocky seaward cliffs, all probably related to a common ancestor."

[15] Centaurea paniculata checklist entries were based on reports only. No known specimens from New York exist. It is similar in appearance to Centaurea stoebe.

[jaceae-16] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – C. jacea, C. nigra, C. nigrescens, C. × moncktonii: Moderate (62).

[CP3-17] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Plantations' accessioned collections (2009)

[18] Invasive.org lists Centaurea cyanus as invasive in WV, GA, AK, and a troublesome weed in KY, NC.

[19] Go Botany (2022). Crupina vulgaris Cass. Native Plant Trust.

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