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Santalales:
Santalaceae 		Flora of New York — Caryophyllales 1: : Droseraceae, Plumbaginaceae, Polygonaceae →
Caryophyllales 2:
Caryophyllaceae
Table of
contents 		Genus
index 		Protected species index Invasive species index


Caryophyllales introduction

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The order Caryophyllales[1]
  1. ↑ Walker, J. F., Yang, Y., Feng, T., Timoneda, A., Mikenas, J., Hutchison, V., Edwards, C., et al. 2018. From cacti to carnivores: Improved phylotranscriptomic sampling and hierarchical homology inference provide further insight into the evolution of Caryophyllales. American Journal of Botany 105( 3): 446– 462.

Family Droseraceae

[edit | edit source]
The Droseraceae (sundew family) ...[1]
  1. ↑ Droseraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Drosera

[edit | edit source]
Drosera intermedia
spatulate-leaved sundew
Caryophyllales — Droseraceae — Drosera
Genus Drosera Sundew N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Hayne
1753. Drosera longifolia L. p.p.
1801. Drosera intermedia Hayne
1809. Drosera americana Willd.
1824. Drosera intermedia
var. americana (Willd.) DC.
1915. Rorella intermedia Nieuwl.
 Spoon-leaved sundew,
Spoonleaf sundew,
Oblong-leaf sundew,
Spatulate-leaved sundew
Droséra intermédiaire,
Rossolis intermédiaire,
Rossolis à feuille longue 		Native,
Likely secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 L.
var. rotundifolia
 Round-leaved sundew,
Roundleaf sundew 		Native,
Likely secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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Wikispecies
 L.
var. comosa
 Round-leaved sundew Native,
Unranked
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: U
USDA-NN
Go Botany
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Wikispecies
 Raf.
 Thread-leaved sundew Native,
Vulnerable
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 3
USDA-NN
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Wikispecies

Aldrovanda

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Aldrovanda vesiculosa
Although the waterwheel plant is listed as endangered globally it is considered potentially invasive in the Northeast, where this carnivorous aquatic plant has been introduced into private ponds by hobbyists and probably transported into the wild on the feet of birds.[1]
  1. ↑ Marion Renault (2019). "A Waterwheel in Crisis: This Carnivorous Plant Invaded New York. That May Be Its Only Hope." The New York Times. Aug. 13, 2019, Section D, Page 1.
Caryophyllales — Droseraceae — Aldrovanda
Genus Aldrovanda waterwheel plant N.Y. Status Images Distribution  NPT
 L.
1753. Aldrovanda vesiculosa L.
1753. Aldrovanda verticillata Roxb.
1753. Drosera aldrovanda F.Muell.
1819. Ruelingia polyphylla Haw.
1826. Anacampseros polyphylla (Haw.) Sweet
1876. Aldrovanda vesiculosa  var. verticillata  (Roxb.) Darwin
1902. Aldrovanda generalis E.H.L.Krause
Waterwheel plant ⓘ
Waterwheel ⓘ
Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 iMapInvasives,
 Invasive.org: [1],
Naturalized,
SNA

NYFA: Xn
NYFA: Orange (2013)
iNat
GBIF
no observations
USDA-X0
Images
Wikispecies

Family Tamaricaceae

[edit | edit source]
Some sources still list the Tamaricaceae (tamarisk family) as part of the Violales.[1]
  1. ↑ Tamaricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Tamarix

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Tamarix parviflora
Several tamarisk or saltcedar (Tamarix) species are considered invasive in North America, and they can be difficult to distinguish from one another.[1] The New York Flora Atlas lists Tamarix parviflora as naturalized in Suffolk County. iNaturalist shows a 2020 observation of Tamarix parviflora on Shelter Island, but it had only been confirmed to genus level as of 2022.[2]
  1. ↑ Smallflower tamarisk (Tamarix parviflora). Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States.
  2. ↑ iNaturalist May 28, 2020 observation of Tamarix parviflora on Shelter Island, Suffolk County, NY
Caryophyllales — Tamaricaceae — Tamarix
Genus Tamarix Tamarisk N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 DC.
1828. Tamarix parviflora DC.
1827. Tamarix laxa  var. subspicata  Ehrenb.
1852. Tamarix cretica Bunge
1907. Tamarix rubella Batt.
1928. Tamarix lucronensis
Sennen & Hermano Elias
Small-flowered tamarisk ⓘ
Smallflower tamarisk ⓘ
Saltcedar ⓘ
Introduced from
 southeast Europe,
 western Asia,
 northern Africa,
Naturalized

NYFA: U
NYFA: Suffolk (2012)
Suffolk (2020)
USDA-X0
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Family Plumbaginaceae

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The Plumbaginaceae (leadwort or Plumbago family)

Subfamily Limonioideae

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Tribe Limonieae

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Limonium
[edit | edit source]
Limonium carolinianum (Walter) Britton
sea-lavender
The genus Limonium is generally known as sea lavender or statice. But it's not related to lavender (Lavandula), which is in the Lamiaceae (mint family).

Limonium carolinianum is reported as secure in salt marshes along the New York Atlantic Coast.

According to the Flora of North America, although Limonium leptostachyum was reported from New York by R. S. Mitchell and G. C. Tucker (1997), it's doubtful that it could naturalize New York.[1]

  1. ↑ Alan R. Smith (2005). "Limonium" in Flora of North America, Volume 5.
Caryophyllales — Plumbaginaceae — Limonioideae — Limonieae — Limonium
Genus Limonium Sea lavender N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Walter) Britton
Sea-lavender ⓘ
American thrift
Lavender thrift
Seaside thrift
Canker root
Ink root
Marsh root
Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5, G5
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Bronx, Kings, Nassau, New York, Queens, Richmond, Suffolk, Westchester
NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
(Boiss.) Kuntze
    Statice leptostachya Boiss.
    Limonium leptostachyum in…
 Statice Introduced from
 central Asia,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized,
SNA
Perennial,
Herb-forb
Westchester (1898)
NYFA: X
USDA-X0
Images
Wikispecies
Armeria
[edit | edit source]
Armeria maritima
Armeria maritima is native to coastal regions throughout the northern hemisphere but has not been known to naturalize in New York. Its North American distribution is primarily along the west coast, but there is a fairly significant population near Lehigh Gap, Palmerton, Pennsylvania, where it was used for remediation in test plots downwind from zinc smelters that severely damaged the forest on top of Blue Mountain.
Caryophyllales — Plumbaginaceae — Limonioideae — Limonieae — Armeria
Genus Armeria (excluded taxa) Thrift N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Mill.) Willd.
ssp. sibirica (Turcz.) Nyman
1844. Armeria labradorica Wallr.
1848. Armeria sibirica Turcz. ex Boiss.
1881. Armeria maritima  ssp. sibirica  (Turcz.) Nyman
1948. Armeria maritima  ssp. labradorica  (Wallr.) Hultén
1993. Armeria labradorica  ssp. sibirica  (Turcz. ex Boiss.) Kamelin
Siberian sea thrift
N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies

Subfamily Staticoideae

[edit | edit source]

Tribe Staticeae

[edit | edit source]
Psylliostachys
[edit | edit source]
Limonium suworowii
Caryophyllales — Plumbaginaceae — Staticoideae — Staticeae — Psylliostachys
Genus Psylliostachys Statice N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Regel) Roshkova
1880. Statice suworowii Regel
1891. Limonium suworowii (Regel) Kuntze
1916. Limonium superbum (Regel) F.T.Hubb. in…
1952. Psylliostachys suworowii (Regel) Roshkova
Russian-statice ⓘ
Rat tail statice ⓘ
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Not naturalized

NYFA: Xm
NYFA: Tompkins (1926)
iNat
no counties
POWO
Images
Wikispecies

Family Polygonaceae

[edit | edit source]

The Polygonaceae (buckwheat family)

Subfamily Polygonoideae

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The order in which Polygonoideae tribes are shown here has been modified somewhat from Reveal's system, based on phylogenic data shown in Schuster et al. (2013) "Age Estimates for the Buckwheat Family Polygonaceae Based on Sequence Data Calibrated by Fossils and with a Focus on the Amphi-Pacific Muehlenbeckia.

Tribe Persicarieae

[edit | edit source]
Persicaria
[edit | edit source]
Persicaria (smartweed).[1]
  1. ↑ Kim & Donoghue (2008). Molecular phylogeny of Persicaria (Persicarieae, Polygonaceae). Systematic Botany 33(1): pp. 77–86
Persicaria sect. Persicaria
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Persicaria
Genus Persicaria sect. Persicaria Smartweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Delarbre
1753. Polygonum lapathifolium L.
1794. Polygonum scabrum Moench
1800. Persicaria lapathifolia in…
1966. Persicaria scabra in…
 Dock-leaved smartweed
Pale smartweed
Willow-leaved smartweed
Curlytop knotweed
Curlytop smartweed
Pink knotweed
Willow-weed
Renouée à feuilles de patience 		Native, CoC: 1,
Unranked,
Circumboreal
FACW
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: U
USDA-NX
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 (L.) M.Gómez

1753. Polygonum pensylvanicum L. in in Sp. Pl.:362
1837. Dioctis pensylvanica (L.) Raf. in Fl. Tellur. 3:15
1896. Persicaria pensylvanica (L.) M.Gómez in Anales Inst. Segunda Enseñ.
1917. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. laevigatum Fernald in Rhodora 19:73
1917. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. nesophilum Fernald in Rhodora 19:73
1925. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. durum Stanford in Rhodora 27:178
1942. Polygonum pensylvanicum var. eglandulosum Myers in Castanea 7:74

Pennsylvania smartweed
Renouée de Pennsylvanie 		Native, CoC: 2,
Secure
OBL-FACW
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 (Elliott) Small

1817. Polygonum punctatum Elliott in Sketch Bot. S. Carolina 1:455
1817. Polygonum acre Kunth in F.W.H.von Humboldt, A.J.A.Bonpland & C.S.Kunth, nom. illeg.
1903. Persicaria punctata (Elliott) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:379
1959. Persicaria punctata var. confertiflora (Meisn.) D.Löve & J.-P.Bernard

Dotted smartweed
Renouée ponctuée 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure
OBL
Annual, perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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FNA
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Wikispecies
 (Small) E.P.Bicknell

1856. Polygonum acre var. majus Meisn. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 14: 108
1894. Polygonum punctatum var. robustius Small in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 21: 477
1903. Persicaria punctata var. robustior (Small) Small in Fl. S.E. U.S.:379
1909. Persicaria robustior (Small) E.P.Bicknell in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 36:455
1919. Polygonum acre var. robustius (Small) Farw. in in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 20:174
1921. Polygonum robustius (Small) Fernald in Rhodora 23:147
1949. Polygonum punctatum var. majus (Meisn.) Fassett in Brittonia 6:373

Stout smartweed Native,
Unranked

NYFA: N
iNat: ~5 counties
Images
Wikispecies
 (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene
1803. Polygonum amphibiumvar. emersum
1808. Polygonum inundatum Raf.
1809. Polygonum coccineum Muhl. ex Willd.
1879. Polygonum muehlenbergii S.Watson
1904. Polygonum amphibiumvar. coccineum
1904. Persicaria coccinea (Muhl. ex Willd.) Greene
1906. Persicaria muhlenbergii (S.Watson) Small
1984. Persicaria amphibiavar. emersa
 Scarlet smartweed,
Longroot smartweed 		Native, CoC: 5,
Unranked
OBL
Perennial,
Forb-herb

NYFA: N
USDA-
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 (L.) Delarbre
ssp. laevimarginata (Hult.) Soják
1803. Polygonum amphibium  var. natans  Michx. (i)
1822. Polygonum natans (Michx.) Eaton
1874. Polygonum amphibium  var. N.Coleman  {{{5}}}
1944. Polygonum amphibium  ssp. Hultén  {{{5}}}
1952. Persicaria amphibia  var. (Coleman) Hara  {{{5}}}
1974. Persicaria amphibia  ssp. (Hultén) Soják  {{{5}}}
American water smartweed ⓘ
Renouée amphibie 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Forb-herb

NYFA: 5
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 (Michx.) Small
1803. Po. hydropiperoides Michx.
1892. Po. opelousanum
Riddell ex Small
1903. Pe. hydropiperoides Small
1903. Pe. opelousana Small
 Swamp smartweed,
False water-pepper,
Mild water-pepper
Renouée
  faux-poivre-d'eau 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5
USDA-
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FNA
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 (Olney) Greene
1847. Po. careyi Olney
1904. Pe. careyi (Olney) Greene
 Carey's smartweed
Renouée de Carey 		Native, CoC: 5,
Endangered
FACW
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 1-2
USDA-NN
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(Baldwin) Small
1817. Po. setaceum Baldwin
1903. Pe. setacea (Baldwin) Small
 Bog smartweed,
Swamp smartweed,
Bristly smartweed 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 1-2
USDA-N0
Go Botany
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FNA
Tropicos
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 (L.) Delarbre
1753. Polygonum hydropiper L.
1800. Pe. hydropiper Delarbre
1927. Po. hydropipervar. projectum
1943. Pe. hydropipervar. projecta
 Marshpepper smartweed,
Water-pepper smartweed,
Redleaf
Renouée poivre-d'eau 		Introduced from
 Europe

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 (L.) Spach
1753. Polygonum orientale L.
1841. Persicaria orientalis Spach
1899. Polygonum spaethii Dammer
 Kiss-me-over-
   the-garden-gate,
Prince's-feather,
Princess-feather
Renouée orientale 		Introduced from
 Asia,
 Australia

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
Go Botany
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 Gray
1753. Po. persicaria L.
1821. Pe. maculosa Gray
1903. Pe. persicaria Small
taut.
 Spotted lady's-thumb,
Redshank, Heart's-ease,
Smartweed,
Jesusplant
Renouée persicaire,
Pied rouge 		Introduced,
from Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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ARS-GRIN
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(Vorosch.) Tzvelev
1984. Po. extremiorientale Vorosch.
1987. Pe. extremiorientalis
(Vorosch.) Tzvelev
 Far eastern smartweed Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
[1]

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 (Bruijn) Kitag.
1854. Polygonum longisetum Bruijn
1930. Po. cespitosumvar. longisetum
1937. Pe. longiseta Kitag.
1941. Pe. longiseta Moldenke (i)
1987. Pe. caespitosavar. longiseta
 Bristly lady's-thumb,
Creeping smartweed 		Introduced,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 60%[2]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Wikispecies
 (Huds.) Opiz
    Polygonum minus  Huds.
    Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz
Small water pepper ⓘ
Pygmy smartweed ⓘ
Introduced from
 Eurasia
OBL

NYFA: Xn
USDA-XX
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Persicaria sect. Persicaria (excluded taxa) Smartweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
    
    
    
Chinese knotweed ⓘ
Chinese smartweed
Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-00
CABI
Images
Wikispecies
(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
1825. Polygonum posumbu
Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don
1825. Po. cespitosum Blume
1913. Persicaria posumbu
(Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) H.Gross
1934. Pe. cespitosa (Blume) Nakai
Tufted knotweed
Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
Images
Wikispecies
ssp. amphibia
    Persicaria amphibia
    
    
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Persicaria amphibia ssp.
 laevimarginata × coccinea
  Persicaria amphibia
     ssp. laevimarginata ×
  Persicaria coccinea
    
    
    
 Hybrid of
 water smartweed &
 scarlet smartweed 		Native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ Daniel E. Atha, et. al. (2010) "Persicaria extremiorientalis (Polygonaceae) is established in the flora of the eastern United States of America." The Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137(4):333-338.
  2. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria longiseta: Moderate (60). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.
Persicaria sect. Tovara
[edit | edit source]
Persicaria virginiana (L.) Gaert.
jumpseed
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Tovara
Genus Persicaria sect. Tovara Smartweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Gaert.
1753. Polygonum virginianum L.
1790. Persicaria virginiana Gaertn.
1836. Tovara virginiana Raf.
1964. Antenoron virginianum
Roberty & Vautier
 Jumpseed,
Virginia knotweed
Renouée de Virginie 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon
[edit | edit source]
Persicaria perfoliata, mile-a-minute weed
Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon contains armed climbers known as tearthumbs. Two of these are New York natives, and one P. perfoliata (mile-a-minute weed) is a fairly recent introduction from Asia that is considered to be very highly-invasive in New York.
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon
Genus Persicaria sect. Echinocaulon Tearthumbs N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) H.Gross
1753. Polygonum sagittatum L.
1903. Tracaulon sagittatum Small
1919. Persicaria sagittata H.Gross
1974. Truellum sagittatum Soják
 Arrowleaf tearthumb,
Arrow-leaved tearthumb,
American tearthumb,
Arrow-vine,
Scratch-grass
Renouée sagittée 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 (L.) Haraldson
1753. Polygonum arifolium L.
1836. Tracaulon arifolium Raf.
1978. Persicaria arifolia Haraldson
 Halberdleaf tearthumb,
Halberd-leaved tearthumb
Renouée à feuilles d'arum 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 (L.) H. Gross
1759. Polygonum perfoliatum L.
1913. Persicaria perfoliata (L.) H. Gross
 Mile-a-minute weed,
Asiatic tearthumb,
Climbing tearthumb,
Devil's-tail climbing tearthumb,
Giant climbing tearthumb 		Introduced from
 Asia,
Very highly invasive,
 NYIS: 91%[1],
Prohibited[2],
CP-2[3] NE-1[4]

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria perfoliata: Very high (91). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.
  2. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species
  3. ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
  4. ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon
Genus Persicaria sect. Cephalophilon Smartweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
1825. Polygonum alatum Buch.-Ham.
ex D. Don
1826. Polygonum nepalense Meisn.
1886. Polygonum alatumvar. nepalense
1913. Persicaria nepalensis H.Gross
 Nepal smartweed,
Nepal knotweed
Renouée du Népal 		Introduced from
 Asia,
Potentially invasive,
 NYIS: 47%[1]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Persicaria longiseta: Unknown (47). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.
Persicaria sect. Rubrivena
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Persicarieae — Persicaria sect. Rubrivena
Genus Persicaria sect. Rubrivena (excluded taxa) Smartweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Greuter & Burdet
1832. Polygonum polystachyum
Wall. ex Meisn.
1941. Reynoutria polystachya Moldenke
1969. Aconogonon polystachyum M.Král
1985. Rubrivena polystachya M.Král
1989. P. wallichii Greuter & Burdet
Himalayan knotweed ⓘ
Giant smart-weed
Kashmir plume ⓘ
Garden smartweed ⓘ
Cultivated knotweed ⓘ
Introduced from
 Asia,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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Tribe Fagopyreae

[edit | edit source]
Fagopyrum
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Fagopyreae — Fagopyrum
Genus Fagopyrum Buckwheat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Moench
1753. Polygonum fagopyrum L.
1794. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
    F. sagittatum Gilib.
    F. vulgare Hill
    F. fagopyrum (L.) H.Karst.
 Buckwheat,
Common buckwheat
Sarrasin commun 		Introduced,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 (L.) Gaertn.
1753. Polygonum tataricum L.
1790. Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.
 Tartarian buckwheat,
Tartary buckwheat,
Green buckwheat,
Japanese buckwheat,
India-wheat 		Introduced,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies

Tribe Rumiceae

[edit | edit source]
Rumex
[edit | edit source]
Rumex subg. Axillares
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Rumex subg. Axillares
Genus Rumex subg. Axillares Dock N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Rech.f.
1926. R. salicifoliusssp. triangulivalvis
1936. R. triangulivalvis Rech.f.
1964. R. salicifoliusvar. triangulivalvis
1964. R. triangulivalvisvar. oreolapathum
 White dock,
White willow dock,
Triangular-valved dock 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure,
2n = 20

NYFA: 5
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 L.
1753. Rumex verticillatus L.
1856. R. floridanus Meisn.
1895. R. fascicularis Small
 Swamp dock,
Water dock 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure,
2n = 60

NYFA: 5
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 L.
1753. Rumex britannica L.
1856. R. hydrolapathumvar. americanum
1867. R. orbiculatus A.Gray
1937. R. britannicavar. borealis
 Water dock,
Greater water dock,
British dock 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
2n = 20

NYFA: 5
USDA-N0
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 Alph.Wood
1847. Rumex altissimus Alph.Wood
1856. R. britannicus Meisn. non L.
1856. R. britannica Meisn. non L.
Pale dock ⓘ
Tall dock ⓘ
Smooth dock
Patience élevée ⓘ
Native, CoC: 10,
Secure,
2n = 20

NYFA: 5
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 Bigelow
1840. Rumex pallidus Bigelow
    
    
Sea-beach dock ⓘ
Seaside dock ⓘ
Pale willow dock ⓘ
White dock ⓘ
Native, CoC: 10,
Unranked,
2n = 20

NYFA: U
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Genus Rumex subg. Axillares (excluded taxa) Dock N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Weinm.
1821. Rumex salicifolius Weinm.
    
    
Willow dock ⓘ
Willow-leaf dock ⓘ
N. America native
 s.w. N. America,
N.Y. excluded

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 Meisn.
1856. Rumex mexicanus Meisn.
1964. R. salicifolius  var. mexicanus  (Meisn.) C.L.Hitchc.
    
Mexican dock ⓘ
Mexican-willow ⓘ
White dock ⓘ
N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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FNA
Images
Wikispecies
Rumex pallidus × triangulivalvis
  Rumex pallidus ×
  Rumex triangulivalvis
    
    
    
 Hybrid of
 sea-beach dock &
 white dock
 N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
Images
Wikispecies
Rumex pallidus × mexicanus
  Rumex pallidus ×
  Rumex mexicanus
    
    
    
 Hybrid of
 sea-beach dock &
 Mexican dock
 N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
Images
Wikispecies
Rumex subg. Rumex
[edit | edit source]
Rumex fueginus
Plants of subg. Rumex are generally synoecious (have male and female organs in the same flower), but polygamodioecious or dioecious individuals occasionally occur in some species.
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Rumex subg. Rumex
Genus Rumex subg. Rumex Dock N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Phil.
1895. Rumex fueginus Phil.
1900. Rumex maritimus  var. fueginus  Dusén
1915. Rumex maritimus  var. athrix  H.St.John
1937. Rumex fueginus  var. athrix  (H.St.John) Rech.f.
1937. Rumex fueginus  var. typicus  Rech.f.
1968. Rumex maritimus  ssp. fueginus  Hultén
2010. Rumex persicarioides  var. fueginus  (Phil.) A.Haines[1]
American golden dock ⓘ
Tierra del Fuego dock ⓘ
Sea-side dock
Golden dock
Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
2n = 40

NYFA: 1
NYFA: 11 counties
iNat
GBIF
2 NRG observations
USDA-NN
COL
POWO
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 L.
1753. Rumex persicarioides L.
1794. Lapathum persicarioides (L.) Moench
1978. Rumex maritimus  var. persicarioides  (L.) R.S.Mitch.
Coastal dock ⓘ
Peach-leaved dock ⓘ
American golden dock
Golden dock
Seaside dock
Seashore dock
Rumex fausse-persicaire ⓘ
Patience fausse-persicaire ⓘ
Patience faux-persicaire ⓘ
Native, CoC: 10,
No recent reports,
2n = 40

NYFA: H
NYFA: Suffolk (1879-1926)
iNat
GBIF
No observations
USDA-NN
COL
WFO
POWO
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 L.
 ssp. crispus
    Rumex crispus L.
    
    
 Curly dock,
Sour dock,
Yellow dock 		Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: [2],
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized,
SNA, GNR
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 60

NYFA: Xn
NYFA: 45 counties
iNat
GBIF
54 counties
USDA-XX
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Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 ssp. obtusifolius
 Bitter dock,
Broad-leaved dock 		Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: [3],
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized,
SNA
FAC-FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 40

NYFA: Xn
NYFA: 48 counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-XX
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 Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
  Rumex crispus ×
  Rumex obtusifolius
1753. Rumex × acutus L. (pro sp.
1826. Rumex × pratensis Mert. & W.D.J.Koch
1855. Rumex × crispobtusifolius Meisn.
Field dock ⓘ
Meadow dock
Introduced

NYFA: X
NYFA: ? counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-XN
ITIS
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Images
Wikispecies
Dooryard dock,
Long-leaved dock,
Northern dock 		Introduced,
Naturalized,
2n = 60

NYFA: Xn
NYFA: 20 counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-XX
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Images
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 L.
 Patience dock Introduced,
Naturalized,
2n = 60

NYFA: Xn
NYFA: ? counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-XX
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 Simonkai
  Rumex crispus ×
  Rumex patientia
 Large curly dock,
Confused dock 		Introduced

NYFA: X
NYFA: ? counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-X0
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Rumex subg. Rumex (excluded taxa) Dock N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
    
    
    
Redvein dock ⓘ
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
NYFA: ? counties
iNat
? counties
USDA-XW
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Images
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  1. ↑ Rumex persicarioides L. var. fueginus (Phil.) A.Haines (2010). "New combinations for the New England tracheophyte flora." Stantec Botanical Notes No. 13.
Rumex subg. Acetosa
[edit | edit source]
Rumex acetosa
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Acetosa
Genus Rumex subg. Acetosa Sorrel N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Baldwin
1817. Rumex hastatulus Baldwin
1856. Rumex engelmannii Meisn.
1948. Acetosa hastatula Á.Löve
 Heartwing sorrel,
Heart-winged sorrel,
Wild sorrel,
Heartwing dock,
Wild dock 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
NYFA: Suffolk (1872-1987)
Suffolk (2020?)
USDA-N0
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 L.
1753. Rumex acetosa L.
1768. Acetosa pratensis Mill.
1903. R. acetosassp. pratensis
 Garden sorrel,
Green sorrel,
Common sorrel,
Common dock,
Sourdock
Oseille de prés,
Grande oseille 		Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: [4],
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized,
SNA, G5
UPL-FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
NYFA: 20 counties
iNat
GBIF
No RG observations
USDA-XM
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Rumex subg. Acetosella
[edit | edit source]
Rumex acetosella
Rumex acetosella (sheep sorrel) is the only Rumex species currently listed in the New York State Invasive Species Tiers Table. It is listed with an Ecological Invasiveness of Moderate but shown as untiered in all PRISMS except Finger Lakes, where it has been assigned Tier 4 (Local Control). [1]
  1. ↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers Table, Updated March 16, 2022, New York Natural Heritage Program
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Acetosella
Genus Rumex subg. Acetosella Sorrel N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. pyrenaicus (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) Akeroyd
1991. Rumex acetosella  ssp. pyrenaicus  (Pourr. ex Lapeyr.) Akeroyd
1818. Rumex pyrenaicus Pourr. ex Lapeyr.
 auct. Rumex acetosella  ssp. angiocarpus  (Murb.) Murb. misapplied
 Sheep sorrel,
Red sorrel,
Field sorrel
Oseille,
Petite oseille,
Sûrette 		Introduced,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 66%[1],
 NYIS Tier: Untiered (FL-4),
 Invasive.org: [5],
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized,
CP-4[2]

NYFA: X
NYFA: 48 counties
30 counties
USDA-XX
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 L.
 ssp. acetosella
1753. Rumex acetosella L.
1869. Acetosella vulgaris Fourr.
    
Sheep sorrel
Introduced from
 Europe,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-XX
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FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 ssp. multifidus (L.) Arcang.
1762. Rumex multifidus L.
1834. Rumex acetosellassp. multifidus
    
    
 Sheep sorrel,
Red sorrel,
Field sorrel
Oseille,
Petite oseille,
Sûrette 		Introduced from
 Europe,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
NYFA: ? counties
? counties
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Rumex acetosella: Moderate (66).
  2. ↑ Appendix 4. Plant species that are considered moderately invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
Rheum
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Rumiceae — Rheum
Genus Rheum L. Rhubarb N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Rheum rhabarbarum L.
1762. R. undulatum L.
1879. R. franzenbachii Münter
 Garden rhubarb,
Pie-plant,
Rhubarb,
Wine-plant
Rhubarbe ⓘ
Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Not naturalized
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 44

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Genus Rheum L. (excluded taxa) Rhubarb N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Rheum rhaponticum L.
    
    
European rhubarb ⓘ
False rhubarb ⓘ
Introduced,
N.Y. excluded,
2n = 22

NYFA-Excluded
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
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Tribe Polygoneae

[edit | edit source]
Polygonum
[edit | edit source]
The Flora of North America recognizes the two sections Duravia and Polygonum used here.[1]
  1. ↑ 30. Polygonum Flora of North America Editorial Committee, eds. 1993+. Flora of North America North of Mexico. 19+ vols. New York and Oxford.
Polygonum sect. Duravia
[edit | edit source]
Schuster, Reveal & Kron (2011)[1] transferred Polygonella articulata back to Polygonum articulatum.
  1. ↑ Tanja M. Schuster, James L. Reveal & Kathleen A. Kron (2011) "Phylogeny of Polygoneae (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae)." Taxon, 60(6), Dec. 2011, pp. 1653-1666.
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Polygonum sect. Duravia
Genus Polygonum sect. Duravia subsect. Polygonella Jointweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Polygonum articulatum L.
1841. Polygonella articulata (L.) Meisn.
1932. Delopyrum articulatum (L.) Small
 Coastal jointweed,
Northern jointweed,
Coast jointweed
Polygonelle articulée 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
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Genus Polygonum sect. Duravia subsect. Duravia Knotweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx. (1803)
P. tenue var. protrusum
 Pleatleaf knotweed,
Pleat-leaved knotweed,
Slender knotweed 		Native,
Rare

NYFA: 3
USDA-NN
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene
 Douglas knotweed Native,
Threatened

NYFA: 2
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
Polygonum sect. Polygonum
[edit | edit source]
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Polygonum
Genus Polygonum sect. Polygonum Knotweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 S.F.Blake
1917. Polygonum achoreum S.F.Blake
1982. Polygonum erectum  ssp. achoreum  Á & D.Löve
 Leathery knotweed,
Blake's knotweed,
Striate knotweed
Renouée coriace 		Native, CoC: 0,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
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 Michx.
ssp. prolificum (Small) Costea & Tardif
1894. Polygonum ramosissimum  var. prolificum  Small
1902. Polygonum prolificum (Small) B.L. Rob.
1948. Polygonum prolificum  var. autumnale  (Brenckle) Brenckle
1948. Polygonum prolificum  var. profusum  Brenckle
2003. Polygonum ramosissimum  ssp. prolificum  (Small) Costea & Tardif
Proliferous knotweed ⓘ
Bushy knotweed
Saltmarsh knotweed
Renouée prolifique
Native, CoC: 1,
Introduced

NYFA: NX
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 Michx.
ssp. ramosissimum
1803. Polygonum ramosissimum Michx.
1894. Polygonum exsertum Small
1894. Polygonum interior Small
1904. Polygonum leptocarpum B.L.Rob.
1909. Polygonum atlanticum (B.L.Rob.) E.P.Bicknell
1913. Polygonum triangulum E.P.Bicknell ex Small
1932. Polygonum latum Small ex Rydb.
1941. Polygonum stevensii Brenckle
 Bushy knotweed,
Slender knotgrass,
Renouée à fleurs jaunes 		Native, CoC: 1,
Introduced

NYFA: NX
USDA-NN
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 Nutt.
    
    Polygonum avicularevar. glaucum
 Seabeach knotweed,
Seaside knotweed 		Native, CoC: 8,
Rare

NYFA: 3
USDA-N0
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 L.
1753. Polygonum erectum L.
Erect knotweed ⓘ
Upright knotweed ⓘ
Devil's shoestring ⓘ
Leathery knotweed ⓘ
Striate knotweed ⓘ
Wireweed ⓘ
Renouée dressée ⓘ
Native, CoC: 10,
No recent reports,
Impersistent

NYFA: Zm
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 Small
1906. Polygonum buxiforme Small
1831. Polygonum aviculare  var. littorale  (Link) Mert. & W.D.J. Koch (i)
2003. Polygonum aviculare  ssp. buxiforme  (Small) Costea & Tardif
 Box knotweed,
Small's knotweed,
American knotweed
Renouée faux-buis
Native, CoC: 0,
Endangered

NYFA: 1
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 L.
ssp. aviculare
    
1753. Polygonum aviculare L.
1912. Polygonum heterophyllum Lindm.
 Common knotweed,
Dooryard knotweed,
Doorweed,
Prostrate knotweed 		Introduced,
N. America native

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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 L.
ssp. depressum (Meisn.) Arcang.
1856. Polygonum avicularevar. depressum
1857. Polygonum arenastrum Boreau
1882. Polygonum avicularessp. depressum
1912. Polygonum aequale Lindm.
1942. Polygonum montereyense Brenckle
 Common knotweed,
Oval-leaved knotweed,
Equal-leaved knotgrass
Renouée à petits fruits 		Introduced

NYFA: X
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 L.
 ssp. neglectum (Besser) Arcang.
1785. Polygonum bellardii All.
1822. Polygonum neglectum Besser
1882. Polygonum avicularessp. neglectum
 Narrowleaf knotweed,
Narrow-leaved knotweed 		Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XN
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 Jaubert & Spach
    
1844. Polygonum polycnemoides Jaub. & Spach
Himalayan knotweed ⓘ
Manyleg knotweed ⓘ
Introduced,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized

NYFA: Xm
USDA-X0
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Polygonum sect. Polygonum (excluded taxa) Knotweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 All.
1792. Polygonum procumbens Gilib.
1822. Polygonum neglectum Besser
1841. Polygonum nervosum Wallr.
1857. Polygonum agrestinum Jord. ex Boreau
1882. Polygonum bellardii All.
1959. Polygonum rectum (Chrtek) Scholz
 Bellard's knotweed,
Narrow-leaved knotweed 		Introduced from
 Europe,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-XN
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 L.
 ssp. rurivagum
    
 Narrow-leaved knotweed Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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 C.A.Mey. & Bunge ex Ledeb.
ssp. raii (Bab.) D.A.Webb & Chater
1836. Polygonum raii Bab.
1963. Polygonum oxyspermum  ssp. rali  (Bab.) D.A.Webb & Chater
    
Ray's knotweed ⓘ
Renouée de Ray ⓘ
N. America native
 eastern Canada
 Maine,
N.Y. excluded
Annual-perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-NN
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FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Polygonum maritimum L.
1849. Polygonum chilense K.Koch
1913. Polygonum maritimum  var. chilense  (K. Koch) Skottsb.
Introduced,
N.Y. excluded,
Missaplied to
 P. glaucum

NYFA-Excluded
Images
Wikispecies
Fallopia
[edit | edit source]
Fallopia sect. Fallopia
[edit | edit source]
Fallopia scandens from Wild Flowers of New York (1918)
False-buckwheat (Fallopia) contains vines similar to those of Convolvulaceae (in order Solanales), many of which are also known as bindweeds.
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Fallopia sect. Fallopia
Genus Fallopia Adanson sect. Fallopia False-buckwheat N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Michx.) Holub
1803. Polygonum cilinode Michx.
1903. Tiniaria cilinodis Small
1904. Bilderdykia cilinodis Greene
1967. Reynoutria cilinodis Shinners
1971. Fallopia cilinodis Holub
 Fringed black bindweed,
Fringed bindweed,
Blackfringe knotweed
Renouée à noeuds ciliés 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5
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 (L.) Holub
var. scandens
1753. Polygonum scandens L.
1867. Polygonum dumetorumvar. scandens A.Gray
1913. Bilderdykia scandens Greene
1913. Fagopyrum scandens H.Gross
1967. Reynoutria scandens Shinners
1971. Fallopia scandens Holub
 Climbing false-buckwheat
Renouée grimpante 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
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 (L.) Holub
var. cristatum (Engelm. & A.Gray) H.R.Hinds
1845. Polygonum cristatum Engelm. & A.Gray
1904. Bilderdykia cristata Greene
1952. P. scandensvar. cristatum Gleason
1971. Fallopia cristata Holub
2005. F. scandensvar. cristatum H.R.Hinds
 Climbing false-buckwheat,
Crested bindweed 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 4
USDA-N0
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 (L.) Á. Löve
1753. Polygonum convolvulus L.
1970. Fallopia convolvulus Á. Löve
 Black bindweed,
Wild buckwheat,
Eurasian black bindweed
Renouée liseron,
Renouée faux-liseron,
Chevrier 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
Potentially invasive,
 Invasive.org: [6],
 USGS: L48 invasive,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
NYFA: 53 counties
? counties
USDA-XX
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 (L.) Holub
1762. Polygonum dumetorum L.
1952. P. scandensvar. dumetorum Gleason
1971. Fallopia dumetorum Holub
 Climbing false buckwheat,
Thicket bindweed,
Copse-bindweed,
Desert knotgrass
Renouée des haies 		Introduced,
from Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XN
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 (Regel) Holub
1885. Polygonum baldschuanicum Regel
1907. Polygonum aubertii L.Henry
1941. Reynoutria baldschuanica Moldenke
1971. Fallopia baldschuanica Holub
1971. Fallopia aubertii Holub
 Bukhara fleeceflower,
China fleece vine,
Silver lace-vine,
Mile-a-minute-vine,
Russianvine 		Introduced,
Invasive,
 NYIS: 51%[1]
Kings (1992), Monroe, Orange(1990,96)
NYFA: X
USDA-X0
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  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Fallopia baldschuanica: Moderate (51%).
Reynoutria
[edit | edit source]
Reynoutria japonica
Knotweed (Reynoutria — syns. Polygonum and Fallopia) includes the very common Japanese knotweed (R. japonica var. japonica) and the less common giant knotweed (R. sachalinensis). The hybrid of the two (R. × bohemica or Bohemian knotweed), often occurs mixed in with Japanese knotweed. All three are considered to be very highly invasive in New York State.
Caryophyllales — Polygonaceae — Polygonoideae — Polygoneae — Reynoutria
Genus Reynoutria Knotweed N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Houtt.
var. japonica
1777. Reynoutria japonica Houtt.
1846. Polygonum cuspidatum in…
1901. Polygonum reynoutria Makino illeg.
1919. Pleuropterus cuspidatus in…
1926. Reynoutria henryi Nakai
1946. Tiniaria japonica (Houtt.) Hedberg
1988. Fallopia japonica Ronse Decr.
2008. Polygonum japonicum in…
Japanese knotweed ⓘ
Mexican bamboo ⓘ
Japanese bamboo
Fleeceflower
Japanese winged-knotweed ⓘ
Renouée du Japon
Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
Very highly invasive,
NYIS: 98%[1],
Prohibited[2],
CP-2[3] NE-1[4]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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(F.Schmidt) Nakai
1859. Polygonum sachalinense F.Schmidt
1919. Reynoutria sachalinensis in…
1950. Tiniaria sachalinensis Janchen
1988. Fallopia sachalinensis Ronse Decr.
Giant knotweed ⓘ
Sakhalin knotweed
Sachaline knotweed
Elephant-ear
Giant winged-knotweed ⓘ
Renouée de Sakhaline
Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
Very highly invasive,
 NYIS: 98%[1],
Prohibited[2],
CP-3[5]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Chrtek & Chrtková
  Reynoutria japonica ×
  Reynoutria sachalinensis
1983. Reynoutria × bohemica
Chrtek & Chrtková
1989. Fallopia × bohemica J.P.Bailey
2003. Polygonum × bohemicum
Zika & Jacobson
 Bohemian knotweed,
Hybrid Japanese
 & giant knotweed
Renouée de Bohème 		Introduced,
Very highly invasive,
NYIS: 98%[1],
Prohibited[2],
CP-2[3]
Tompkins (2004)
NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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  1. ↑ a b c New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Fallopia spp.: Very highly invasive (98%).
  2. ↑ a b c New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species
  3. ↑ a b Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
  4. ↑ Category 1 Plants - highly invasive - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service
  5. ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)
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