Flora of New York/Gentianales
← Ericales |
Flora of New York — Gentianales | → Solanales | |||
Table of contents |
Genus index |
Protected species index | Invasive species index | ||
Order Garryales
[edit | edit source]The order Garryales...[1]
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Family Eucommiaceae
[edit | edit source]The Eucommiaceae (hard rubber tree family) contains a single living species.[1]
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Eucommia
[edit | edit source]Although a number of extinct Eucommia species were native to North America, the only living species, Eucommia ulmoides, is native to central China but has been planted worldwide. It is known for being a very cold-tolerant rubber-producing tree. It has been reported as naturalized in Indiana and Ohio, but not in New York State.[1]
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Genus Eucommia | hard rubber tree | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
1890. Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. |
Hardy rubber tree
Hard rubber tree
Chinese rubber tree
Gutta-percha tree |
Introduced, Not naturalized Deciduous, Tree |
NYFA: Xm |
BONAP IUCN Red List: [1] Images Wikispecies | |
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Order Gentianales
[edit | edit source]The order Gentianales...[1]
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Order | Family | Subfamily | Tribe | Subtribe | Genera | G | T |
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Gentianales | Rubiaceae | Cinchonoideae | Naucleeae | — | Cephalanthus (button bush) | 1 | 1 |
Rubioideae | Morindeae | — | Mitchella (partridge berry) | 1 | 1 | ||
Spermacoceae | — | Diodia (buttonweed) Houstonia (bluet) Oldenlandia (clustered bluets) |
3 | 6 | |||
Rubieae | — | Rubia (madder) Sherardia (field-madder) Asperula (woodruff) Cruciata (bedstraw) Galium (bedstraw, wild-licorice, cleavers) |
5 | 29 | |||
Loganiaceae | — | — | — | Spigelia (Indian pink, pinkroot) | 1 | 1 | |
Gentianaceae | — | Chironieae | — | Centaurium (centaury) Sabatia (rose gentian, pink) |
2 | 6 | |
Gentianeae | Gentianinae | Gentiana (gentian) | 1 | 5 | |||
Swertiinae | Bartonia (screwstem) Frasera (green-gentian) Gentianella (dwarf gentian) Gentianopsis (fringed-gentian) Halenia (spurred-gentian) |
5 | 7 | ||||
Apocynaceae | Rauvolfioideae | Vinceae | Vincinae | Vinca (periwinkle) | 1 | 2 | |
Amsonieae | — | Amsonia (bluestar) | 1 | 3 | |||
Apocynoideae | Apocyneae | — | Apocynum (dogbane) | 1 | 3 | ||
Periplocoideae | — | — | Periploca (silk vine) | 1 | 1 | ||
Asclepiadoideae | Asclepiadeae | Asclepiadinae | Asclepias (milkweed) | 1 | 12 | ||
Cynanchinae | Cynanchum (honeyvine) | 1 | 1 | ||||
Tylophorinae | Vincetoxicum (swallow-wort) | 1 | 3 |
Family Rubiaceae
[edit | edit source]The Rubiaceae (coffee or madder family).[1][2]
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Subfamily Cinchonoideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Naucleeae
[edit | edit source]Cephalanthus
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Cephalanthus | Buttonbush | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. in…
1794. Cephalanthus oppositifolius Moench in…
1828. Cephalanthus occidentalis var. pubescens Raf. in…
1838. Cephalanthus acuminatus Raf. in…
1849. Cephalanthus occidentalis var. californicus Benth. in…
1889. Cephalanthus angustifolius Dippel in…
1917. Cephalanthus berlandieri Wernham in…
1917. Cephalanthus hansenii Wernham in…
1982. Cephalanthus occidentalis ssp. californicus (Benth.) A.E.Murray in… |
Buttonbush ⓘ
Common buttonbush ⓘ
Eastern buttonbush ⓘ
Button willow ⓘ
Honey bells ⓘ Céphalanthe occidental ⓘ
Céphalante occidental ⓘ
Bois-bouton ⓘ
Bois-noir ⓘ
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Native, CoC: 7, Secure OBL Perennial, Tree, shrub, Sun - part shade |
NYFA: 5 iNat |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Rubioideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Morindeae
[edit | edit source]Mitchella
[edit | edit source]Mitchella consists of just two species, one from eastern Asia and the other, Mitchella repens (partridgeberry), is native to eastern North America.
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Genus Mitchella | Mitchella | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Mitchella repens L. 1862. Perdicesca repens (L.) Prov. |
Partridgeberry, Partridge-berry, Two-eyed berry, Twinberry, Squaw vine Pain-de-perdrix |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Part shade - shade |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Tribe Spermacoceae
[edit | edit source]Hexasepalum
[edit | edit source]The only species of Hexasepalum Bartl. ex DC. (1830) known to be native to New York is rough buttonweed (Hexasepalum teres).[1]
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Genus Hexasepalum | Buttonweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Walter) J.H. Kirkbr. 1788. Diodia teres Walter
1913. Diodella teres (Walter) Small
2014. Hexasepalum teres (Walter) J.H.Kirkbr. |
Rough buttonweed
Buttonweed
Poorjoe
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Native, CoC: 0, Secure FACU-UPL Annual, Herb-forb |
10 counties NYFA: 5 iNat |
USDA-N0 WFO POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Diodia
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Diodia | Buttonweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. Diodia virginiana L. |
Virginia buttonweed ⓘ
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Introduced from southern US, N. America native, Not naturalized |
Bronx (2017) NYFA: x |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
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Houstonia
[edit | edit source]The genus Houstonia contains about 20 species, generally known as Bluets. All are North American natives. Three are considered to be native to New York State. The nativity of the two varieties of Houstonia purpurea is uncertain in New York, even though Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa is listed as "Endangered" and possibly extirpated (SH).[1]
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Genus Houstonia | Bluet | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Houstonia caerulea L.
1833. Hedyotis caerulea (L.) Hook.
1834. Anotis coerulea (L.) G.Don
1856. Oldenlandia caerulea (L.) A.Gray
1907. Houstonia caerulea var. faxonorum Pease & A.H.Moore |
Common bluets Quaker ladies Little bluet Azure bluet Bluets |
Native, CoC: 1, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Gaertn. |
Long-leaved bluets Longleaf summer bluet Houstonie à longues feuilles |
Native, CoC: 8, Secure 0 Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN ITIS Images Wikispecies | |
Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1818. Houstonia canadensis in…
1941. Hedyotis canadensis in… |
Canada bluets Canadian summer bluet |
Native, CoC: 7, Very vulnerable, S2, G4-5 Perennial, Herb-forb |
Erie (1930) 4 iNat counties NYFA: U iNat |
USDA-N0 Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. var. calycosa A.Gray1813. Hedyotis lanceolata Poir.
1830. Anotis lanceolata (Poir.) DC.
1884. Houstonia purpurea var. calycosa
1901. Houstonia calycosa (A. Gray) C. Mohr
1901. Houstonia lanceolata (Poir.) Britton
1954. Hedyotis purpurea var. calycosa (A.Gray) Fosberg |
Midwestern purple bluets, Purple bluet, Venus' pride |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, SH, G5-T5, NYNHP: H[1] Perennial, Herb-forb |
Essex, Tompkins, Washington (1892-1927) NYFA: Z1 |
USDA-N0 ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. var. purpurea1753. Hedyotis purpurea L. |
Large purple bluets
Purple bluet
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Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, SH, G5-T5 Perennial, Herb-forb |
Suffolk (1925), Washington NYFA: Z |
Images Wikispecies | |
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Oldenlandia
[edit | edit source]Genus Oldenlandia | Oldenlandia | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. |
Clustered bluets, Clustered mille graines |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
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Tribe Rubieae
[edit | edit source]Galium
[edit | edit source]Galium sect. Platygalium
[edit | edit source]Section Platygalium species generally have 3-veined leaves in whorls of 4, though the lateral veins are obscure in Galium pilosum.
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Genus Galium sect. Platygalium | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Galium boreale L. 1800. Galium hyssopifolium Hoffm. 1818. Galium septentrionale Roem.& Schult. 1819. Galium strictum Torr. 1830. Galium borealevar. hyssopifolium 1830. Galium borealevar. intermedium |
Northern bedstraw, Boreal bedstraw, Crosswort Gaillet boréal |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies | |
(Torr.) Torr. 1819. Galium circaezansvar. lanceolatum 1824. Galium lanceolatum (Torr.) Torr. |
Lanceleaf wild licorice, Lanceleaf licorice bedstraw, Torrey's wild licorice, Spear wild licorice Gaillet lancéolé |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. var. circaezans Galium bermudense Galium circaeoides Galium rotundifoliumvar. circaezans |
Licorice bedstraw, Wild licorice |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA- Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: IWF | |
Michx. var. hypomalacum |
Licorice bedstraw, Forest bedstraw, Wild licorice |
Native, CoC: 7, Vulnerable |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA- Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Aiton ssp. pilosum |
Hairy bedstraw | Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Aiton ssp. puncticulosum (Michx.) Torr. & A.Gray 1788. Galium purpureum Walter
1791. Galium walteri J.F.Gmel.
1803. Galium puncticulosum Michx.
1805. Galium punctatum Pers.
1841. Galium pilosum var. puncticulosum Torr.& A.Gray |
Hairy bedstraw | Native, No records |
NYFA: D |
USDA-N0 Go Botany Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Steller ex Schult. & Schult.f |
Boreal bedstraw | Native, CoC: 10?, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Torrey & A.Gray |
Shining bedstraw | Native, CoC: 10?, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[1] |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN Go Botany-0 NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Galium sect. Aparinoides
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Galium sect. Aparinoides | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Galium palustre L.
1782. Galium diffusum Gilib.
1782. Galium incarnatum Gilib.
1796. Galium montanum With.
1818. Galium glomeratum Vill. ex Roem. & Schult.
1851. Galium fontinale K.Koch
1880. Rubia palustris (L.) Baill.
1898. Galium rumelicum Formánek
1928. Galium masferreri Sennen |
Common marsh bedstraw, Marsh bedstraw |
Native, CoC: 3, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Galium tinctorium L.
1803. Galium claytonii Michx.
1841. Galium trifidum var. tinctorium (L.) Torr. & A.Gray
1897. Galium tinctorium var. floridanum Wiegand
1939. Galium trifidum ssp. tinctorium (L.) H.Hara |
Stiff marsh bedstraw, Stiff three-petal bedstraw |
Native, CoC: 5, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Michx. 1803. Galium asprellum Michx.
1814. Galium micranthum Pursh |
Rough bedstraw, Kidney-vine, Pointed cleavers |
Native, CoC: 6, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. ssp. trifidum1753. Galium trifidum L.
1877. Galium brandegeei A.Gray
1880. Rubia linnaeana Baill.
1921. Galium trifidum ssp. distentum Printz
1949. Galium trifidum ssp. typicum R.T.Clausen
1958. Galium baicalense Pobed.
1958. Galium ruprechtii Pobed. |
Three-petal bedstraw | Native, CoC: 7, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Bigelow ssp. obtusum1824. Galium obtusum Bigelow
1824. Galium trifidum var. latifolium Torr.
1952. Galium obtusum var. ramosum Gleason |
Bluntleaf bedstraw, Blunt-leaved bedstraw |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN POWO Go Botany ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(Wiegand) Wiegand 1897. Galium tinctorium var. labradoricum Wiegand
1904. Galium labradoricum (Wiegand) Wiegand |
Bog bedstraw, Northern bog bedstraw |
Native, CoC: 8, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Fernald & Wiegand 1910. Galium brevipes Fernald & Wiegand
1982. Galium trifidum ssp. brevipes (Fernald & Wiegand) Á.Löve & D.Löve |
Limestone swamp bedstraw | Native, CoC: 10?, Likely extirpated |
NYFA: Z iNat GBIF |
USDA-NN COL WFO POWO Go Botany NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Galium sect. Aparine
[edit | edit source]Galium aparine (cleavers or stickywilly) was previously included in sect. Kolgyda but has been segregated along with similar Galium spurium into sect. Aparine, which appears to be a sister to the clade formed by sects. Kolgyda and Hylaea.
Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium aparine as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species. The native status of Galium aparine is inconsistent. It is generally treated as native but noxious weed in North America.[1] |
Genus Galium sect. Aparine | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Galium aparine L.
1794. Aparine hispida Moench
1880. Rubia aparine (L.) Baill. |
Cleavers ⓘ
Catchweed bedstraw ⓘ
Stickywilly ⓘ
Scratch bedstraw
Bedstraw ⓘ
Goose-grass ⓘ Gaillet gratteron ⓘ
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Native, CoC: 0, Secure, G5 FACU Annual, Vine, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 5 iNat GBIF |
USDA-NX? COL WFO Kew WCSP POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP CABI Images Wikispecies | |
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Galium sect. Kolgyda
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Galium sect. Kolgyda | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Dandy Galium tricorne Stokes p.p. |
Rough-fruited corn bedstraw, Roughfruit corn bedstraw |
Introduced, Not naturalized |
NYFA: X NYFA: Oneida (1888) No NY observations |
USDA-XX NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Galium sect. Hylaea
[edit | edit source]Note that BONAP lists most Galium species, including Galium triflorum as noxious weeds in New York, Pennsylvania and New England. This is likely based on prohibited-seed lists that don't distinguish between Galium species.
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Genus Galium sect. Hylaea | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Michx. 1803. Galium triflorum Michx.
1803. Galium jalapense Schltdl.
1935. Galium triflorum var. asprelliforme Fernald |
Sweet-scented bedstraw Three-flowered bedstraw Fragrant bedstraw Gaillet à trois fleurs Gaillet odorant |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure FACU Perennial, Herb-vine |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Scop. 1753. Asperula odorata L.
1771. Galium odoratum (L.) Scop.
1829. Asterophyllum asperula K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.
1829. Asterophyllum sylvaticum K.F.Schimp. & Spenn.
1868. Chlorostemma odoratum (L.) Fourr.
1888. Asperula eugeniae K.Richt. |
Sweet woodruff ⓘ
Sweet-scented bedstraw ⓘ
Sweet bedstraw ⓘ
Woodruff ⓘ
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Introduced from temperate Asia, Europe, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 48%[1], iMapInvasives, USGS: L48 established, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: X GBIF |
USDA-XX POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Galium sect. Leiogalium
[edit | edit source]Although most sources show the hedge bedstraw species Galium mollugo as being widepread in the Northeast and the similar Galium album being less common, if not rare,[1] the New York Flora Atlas now excludes Galium mollugo from New York State and shows Galium album as common, having moved its Galium mollugo records to Galium album. Other sources, such as VASCAN[2] show G. album as a synonym of G. molluglo. See D. Mersereau and A. DiTommaso (2001).[3]
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Genus Galium sect. Leiogalium | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Galium mollugo L.
1762. Galium erectum Huds. in…
1764. Galium album Garsault
1796. Galium flaccidum Salisb. (Ambiguous)
1822. Galium vulgare Gray
1880. Rubia mollugo (L.) Baill.
1880. Galion molluginum St.-Lag. |
False baby's breath ⓘ
Smooth bedstraw ⓘ
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Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: 9, USGS: L48 invasive, NYFA excluded |
NYFA-Excluded NYFA: Excluded iNat GBIF 50+ counties |
USDA-XX COL POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies | |
Mill. 1768. Galium album Mill.
1771. Galium sylvestre Scop.
1778. Galium erectum Huds. (i)
1833. Galium sylvestre ssp. mollugo Gaudin
1864. Galium mollugo var. erectum Asch.
1865. Galium mollugo ssp. erectum Syme
1887. Galium elatum ssp. erectum Berher
1921. Galium mixtum Stranski
1926. Galium mollugo var. erectum (Huds.) Domin
2000. Galium mollugo ssp. album (Mill.) Tzvelev in… |
Hedge bedstraw ⓘ
White bedstraw ⓘ
False baby's breath ⓘ
Whorled bedstraw ⓘ
Wild madder
Gaillet mollugine, Caille-lait blanc |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, USGS: L48 established, Naturalized |
NYFA: X NYFA: 49 counties GBIF 15 counties |
USDA-XX COL Kew WCSP POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1762. Galium sylvaticum L. |
Scotch-mist, Wood bedstraw, Baby's breath Gaillet des bois, Gaillet des forêts |
Introduced | NYFA: X NYFA: 4 counties ? counties |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1762. Galium aristatum L. |
Awned bedstraw | Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, N.Y. excluded |
NYFA-Excluded |
USDA- Go Botany-0 ITIS BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies | |
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Galium sect. Galium
[edit | edit source]Genus Galium sect. Galium | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. ssp. verum1753. Galium verum L. 1879. Galium verumvar. verum 1885. Galium verumssp. verum |
Lady's bedstraw, Yellow bedstraw, Yellow Spring bedstraw |
Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, iMapInvasives |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
L. ssp. wirtgenii (F.W. Schultz) Oborný1854. Galium wirtgenii F.W.Schultz 1879. Galium verumvar. wirtgenii 1885. Galium verumssp. wirtgenii |
Wirtgen's bedstraw | Introduced | NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Retz. Galium mollugo × Galium verum 1795. Galium × pomeranicum Retz. 1804. Galium × ochroleucum Wolf ex Schweigg. 1850. Galium × ambiguum Gren. & Godr. 1903. Galium × ochroleucumvar. ambiguum |
Pale yellow bedstraw | Introduced, N. America native |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
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Galium sect. Asperula
[edit | edit source]Galium arvense (blue woodruff) is still often listed in the genus Asperula.
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Genus Galium sect. Asperula | Woodruff | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | n NPT |
(L.) F. Herm. 1753. Asperula arvensis L.
1844. Asperula setosa Jaub. & Spach
1904. Galium sherardiiflorum (L.) E.H.L.Krause
1844. Asperula arvensis var. setosa (Jaub. & Spach) J.Thiébaut
1956. Galium arvense (L.) F. Herm. |
Blue woodruff | Introduced | NYFA: X |
USDA-XW ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Galium sect. Cruciata
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Galium sect. Cruciata | Bedstraw | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | n NPT |
(Bellardi) Ehrend. 1789. Galium pedemontanum (Bellardi) All. 1788. Vaillantia pedemontana Bellardi 1961. Cruciata pedemontana (Bellardi) Ehrend. |
Piedmont bedstraw, Yellow bedstraw, Piedmont Crosswort |
Introduced | Tompkins (1989) NYFA: X |
USDA- Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
Opiz 1771. Galium cruciata (L.) Scop. 1852. Cruciata laevipes Opiz 1958. Cruciata chersonensis Ehrend. |
Smooth bedstraw | Introduced | Ontario (1918) NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
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Sherardia
[edit | edit source]Genus Sherardia | Field madder | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. |
Blue field madder, Blue fieldmadder, Cultivated field madder |
Introduced | NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Images Wikispecies | |
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Rubia
[edit | edit source]Genus Rubia | Rubia | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. Rubia tinctoria L. orth. var. |
Dyer's madder, Indian madder, Madder |
Introduced, Impersistent |
NYFA: Xm NYFA: Washington (1892, 1934) No NY observations |
USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies | |
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Family Loganiaceae
[edit | edit source]The Loganiaceae is a mostly-tropical family with no members that are native to or reported to have naturalized in New York.
Spigelia
[edit | edit source]Spigelia marilandica, a native of the southeastern U.S., has been propagated in New York and sold in the "native" plant trade. According to the Agriculture Research Service, it is only considered native as far north as southern Indiana and Maryland.
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Genus Spigelia | Pinkroot | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) L. 1753. Lonicera marilandica L. 1767. Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. |
Indian pink, Woodland pinkroot |
N. America native southern US, No specimens, Cultivated Perennial, Forb-herb |
NYFA: 0 |
USDA-N0 ARS-GRIN NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Family Gentianaceae
[edit | edit source]The Gentianaceae (gentian family).[1][2]
Tribe Chironieae
[edit | edit source]Centaurium
[edit | edit source]
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Genus Centaurium | Centaury | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Rafn ssp. erythraea1794. Centaurium minus Moench in Methodus:449 |
Common centaury, European centaury |
Introduced FAC |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
(Sw.) Hayek ex Hand.-Mazz., Stadlm., Janch. & Faltis ssp. pulchellum 1783. Gentiana pulchella Sw. in Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 4:84 |
Branched centaury, Branching centaury-plant, Lesser centaury |
Introduced FAC |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies | |
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Sabatia
[edit | edit source]Genus Sabatia | Rose-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Pursh S. maculata (Benth.) Benth. & Hook.f.
S. palmeri A.Gray
S. purpusii Brandegee
S. simulata Britton |
Sea pink, Marsh pink, Rose of Plymouth, Saltmarsh rosegentian |
Native, Threatened, NYNHP: 2[1] |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Pursh 1753. Chironia angularis L. 1814. Sabatia angularis (L.) Pursh |
Square-stemmed rose pink, Rose pink, Bitterbloom |
Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[2] |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) Torr. Sabatia gracilis (Michx.) Salisb. |
Slender marsh pink, Slender rose gentian |
Native, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[3] |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
(L.) BSP. var. dodecandra Chironia dodecandra L. Sabatia chloroides (Michx.) Pursh |
Large marsh pink, Marsh rose gentian |
Native, Extirpated |
NYFA: Z |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
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Tribe Gentianeae
[edit | edit source]Subtribe Gentianinae
[edit | edit source]Gentiana
[edit | edit source]Genus Gentiana | Gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Griseb. |
Fringe-topped bottle gentian | Native, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Raf. |
Bottle gentian, Closed gentian |
Native, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Froel. |
Narrow-leaved gentian | Native, Vulnerable |
NYFA: 3-4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. |
Soapwort gentian, Soap gentian, Harvestbells |
Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N0 Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Pringle |
Downy gentian | Native, Likely extirpated |
NYFA: Z |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Subtribe Swertiinae
[edit | edit source]Bartonia
[edit | edit source]Genus Bartonia | Screwstem | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. 1753. Sagina virginica L. 1801. Bartonia tenella Willd. 1888. Bartonia virginica (L.) BSP 1895. Bartonia moseri B.L.Rob. |
Yellow screwstem, Virginia screwstem, Yellow bartonia Bartonie de Virginie |
Native, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN Tropicos IPN Images Wikispecies | |
ssp. paniculata |
Twining screwstem | Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
Images Wikispecies | |
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Frasera
[edit | edit source]Genus Frasera | Green-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Frasera officinalis
Frasera verticillata
Frasera walteri
Swertia caroliniensis |
Columbo
American columbo
Green gentian
Yellow gentian
Carolina gentian
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Native, Threatened |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-NN Images Wikispecies | |
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Gentianella
[edit | edit source]Genus Gentianella | Dwarf-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Small ssp. quinquefolia |
Agueweed, Gall-of-the-earth, Stiff gentian |
Native, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Gentianopsis
[edit | edit source]Genus Gentianopsis | Fringed-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Froel.) Ma |
Greater fringed gentian | Native, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
(Raf.) Holub |
Lesser fringed gentian | Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN Go Botany LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
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Halenia
[edit | edit source]Genus Halenia | Spurred-gentian | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Sm.) Griseb. |
Spurred gentian | Native, Endangered |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-NN Images Wikispecies | |
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Family Apocynaceae
[edit | edit source]The Apocynaceae (dogbane or periwinkle family).[1][2][3]
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Subfamily Rauvolfioideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Vinceae
[edit | edit source]A very common New York ground cover, both cultivated and naturalized is Vinca minor, known commonly as periwinkle or myrtle. It is often found in wooded areas were old homesteads once stood and along ditches and stream banks where floodwaters have carried the rhizomes downstream from their previous location.
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Vinca
[edit | edit source]Of the two periwinkles, Vinca minor is very common outside of cultivation and is considered to be moderately invasive. Vinca major is not known to naturalize in New York State.
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Genus Vinca | Periwinkle | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Vinca minor L. |
Lesser periwinkle, Common periwinkle, Myrtle, Running-myrtle Petite pervenche, Pervenche mineure |
Introduced from Eurasia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 57%[1], CP-3[2] |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Vinca major L. |
Greater periwinkle, Bigleaf periwinkle, Large-leaved periwinkle Grande pervenche |
Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized |
NYFA: X |
USDA- Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
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Tribe Amsonieae
[edit | edit source]Amsonia
[edit | edit source]Amsonia or bluestar species are native to southern North America and are sold in the "native" wildflower trade but are not native to New York. It's uncertain whether they have truly naturalized the state.
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Genus Amsonia | Bluestar | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
Walter 1762. Tabernaemontana amsonia L.
1788. Amsonia tabernaemontana Walter
1814. Amsonia salicifolia Pursh
1838. Ansonia salicifolia (Pursh) Raf.
1894. Amsonia amsonia (L.) Britton
1928. A. tabernaemontana var. salicifolia (Pursh) Woodson |
Common bluestar ⓘ
Eastern bluestar
Texas-star
Willowleaf Bluestar
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Introduced from southern US, N. America native |
NYFA: X |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Woodson |
Shining bluestar, Ozark bluestar |
Introduced, N. America native |
NYFA: X |
USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Apocynoideae
[edit | edit source]Tribe Apocyneae
[edit | edit source]Apocynum
[edit | edit source]Apocynum, or dogbane, is generally considered to be a weedy native genus.
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Genus Apocynum | Dogbane | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Apocynum cannabinum L. 1770. Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. 1789. Apocynum hypericifolium Aiton 1902. Apocynum suksdorfii Greene 1912. Apocynum ithacense Greene |
Hemp dogbane, Clasping-leaved dogbane, Indian hemp, American-hemp Apocyn chanvrin, Apocyn à feuilles de millepertuis |
Native, CoC: 2, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
1753. Apocynum androsaemifolium L. 1894. Apocynum pumilum (A.Gray) Greene 1901. Apocynum ambigens Greene 1906. Apocynum scopulorum Greene |
Spreading dogbane, Bitter-root, Common dogbane, Creeping dogbane Apocyn à feuilles d'androsème, Herbe à la puce |
Native, CoC: 2, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Greene (pro sp.) Apocynum androsaemifolium × Apocynum cannabinum 1893. Apocynum × floribundum Greene 1897. Apocynum × medium Greene 1901. Apocynum × milleri Britton 1930. Apocynum × jonesii Woodson |
Intermediate dogbane, Jones' dogbane, Hybrid of hemp dogbane & spreading dogbane Apocyn moyen |
Native, CoC: x, Secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-N VASCAN Tropicos Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Periplocoideae
[edit | edit source]Periploca
[edit | edit source]Silkvine (Periploca graeca) is native to eastern Europe and is listed as invasive in Northeastern Spain. It is capable of rooting vegetatively from small pieces of stem.[1]
Vouchered plant specimens have been collected from Erie and Monroe counties, but it is not thought to have naturalized there.[2] It has also been reported along roadsides in Suffolk County, NY, and Fairfield County, CT, but it is uncertain whether those plants were cultivated or naturalized.[3]
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Periploca Tourn. ex. L. | Silk-vine | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1753. Periploca graeca L. 1820. Periploca graeca Schult. |
Silkvine, Silk vine, Grecian silkvine Bourreau des arbres |
Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive Perennial, Woody vine |
NYFA: X |
USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies | |
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Subfamily Asclepiadoideae
[edit | edit source]The New York Flora Atlas includes Asclepias, Cynanchum, and Periploca in Asclepiadaceae. It includes the three Vincetoxicum species as Cynanchum.[1]
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Tribe Asclepiadeae
[edit | edit source]Subtribe Asclepiadinae
[edit | edit source]Asclepias
[edit | edit source]The milkweed genus Asclepias is here separated into two clades according to Fishbein, et. al. (2011).[1] Each of these clades contains milkweeds that support monarch butterfly developmemt. In New York, these are:
Showy milkweed (Asclepias speciosa) also supports monarchs west of the Mississippi, where it is native, but the benefit of planting it in New York for this purpose could be questioned. |
Asclepias clade incarnata/verticillata
[edit | edit source]Genus Asclepias | Milkweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. ssp. incarnata1753. Asclepias incarnata L. in Sp. Pl.:215 |
Western swamp milkweed, Swamp milkweed, Rose milkweed Asclépiade incarnate, Asclépiade rouge |
Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. ssp. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Woodson 1798. Asclepias pulchra Ehrh. ex Willd. 1840. Asclepias maritima Raf. non Jacq. 1921. A. incarnatavar. neoscotica 1954. A. incarnatavar. pulchra |
Eastern swamp milkweed, Swamp milkweed |
Native, CoC: 4, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 3? |
USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Asclepias verticillata L. |
Whorled milkweed, Eastern whorled milkweed, Horsetail milkweed |
Native, CoC: 9, Threatened, NYNHP: S2[1] FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 3 |
USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Asclepias curassavica L. |
Madagascar cottonbush
Tropical milkweed
Bloodflower
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Introduced from Neotropics, Highly invasive, Invasive.org: [2], GRIIS-US: Invasive, Not listed NYFA |
NYFA: ? counties GBIF ? counties |
Images Wikispecies | |
Asclepias clade syriaca/speciosa
[edit | edit source]Genus Asclepias | Milkweed | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
L. 1762. Asclepias syriaca L. 1840. A. serica Raf. 1844. A. cornuti Decne. 1904. A. kansana Vail 1935. A. syriacavar. kansana |
Common milkweed, Kansas milkweed, Silkweed, Virginia silk Asclépiade commune, Cochons de lait, Herbe à coton |
Native, CoC: 0, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-N Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Jacq. 1767. Asclepias quadrifolia Jacq. 1818. A. vanilla Raf. 1840. A. quadrifoliavar. oppositifolia |
Fourleaf milkweed, Four-leaved milkweed, Whorled milkweed Asclépiade à quatre feuilles |
Native, CoC: 7, Secure |
NYFA: 5 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Asclepias tuberosa L. 1753. Asclepias decumbens L. |
Butterfly-weed, Butterfly milkweed, Orange milkweed, Pleurisy root Asclépiade tubéreuse, Asclépiade de l'intérieur |
Native, CoC: 2, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Sm. 1797. A. amplexicaulis Sm. 1803. A. obtusifolia Michx. 1832. A. rotundifolia Raf. 1930. A. gladewitzii Farw. |
Clasping milkweed, Blunt-leaved milkweed |
Native, CoC: 2, Likely secure |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-N Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1756. Asclepias exaltata L. 1762. A. syriacavar. exaltata 1788. A. polystachya Walter 1814. A. phytolaccoides G.F. Lyon ex Pursh 1904. A. bicknellii Vail |
Poke milkweed, Tall milkweed Asclépiade très grande, Grande asclépiade |
Native, CoC: 6, Likely secure FACU-UPL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade |
NYFA: 4 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
L. 1753. Asclepias purpurascens L. 1753. A. amoena L. 1794. A. compressa Moench 1832. A. dasypus Raf. 1840. A. gonalis Raf. |
Purple milkweed, Eastern purple milkweed Asclépiade pourprée |
Native, CoC: 2, Threatened, USFS-CA, NYNHP: 2[1] FACU Perennial, Herb-forb |
NYFA: 2-3 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Raf. 1808. Asclepias viridiflora Raf. 1819. As. lanceolata E.Ives (i) 1824. As. viridifloravar. lanceolata 1829. Acerates viridiflora (Raf.) Pursh ex Eaton 1841. Acerates lanceolata Steud. 1946. As. viridifloravar. linearis |
Green milkweed, Green comet milkweed, Short green milkweed, Green-flowered milkweed Asclépiade à fleurs vertes |
Native, CoC: 10, Threatened, NYNHP: 2[2] |
NYFA: 2 |
USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
White milkweed, Redring milkweed |
Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, NYNHP: 1[3] |
NYFA: 1 |
USDA-N Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies | ||
L. 1753. Asclepias rubra L. 1788. A. cordata Walter (i) 1803. A. laurifolia Michx. 1814. A. acuminata Pursh 1818. A. periplocaefolia Nutt. 1903. A. rubravar. laurifolia |
Red milkweed, Tall pink bog milkweed |
Native, CoC: 10, No recent reports OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade |
NYFA: Z |
USDA-N Go Botany-0 VASCAN-0 ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies | |
Vail Asclepias amplexicaulis × Asclepias syriaca 1904. Asclepias intermedia Vail |
Intermediate milkweed, Hybrid of clasping milkweed & common milkweed |
Native, Unranked |
NYFA: ? |
USDA-NN BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Torr. 1827. Asclepias speciosa Torr. 1837. Asclepias douglasii Hook. 1931. Asclepias giffordii Eastw. |
Showy milkweed, Greek milkweed Belle asclépiade |
Introduced from w. North America, N. America native, No reports |
NYFA: P |
USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
A. speciosa × syriaca Asclepias speciosa × Asclepias syriaca |
Hybrid Showy milkweed & Common milkweed |
Native, Introduced, No reports |
BONAP Images Wikispecies Note: [4] | ||
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Subtribe Cynanchinae
[edit | edit source]Many sources, including the New York Flora Atlas still include the Vincetoxicum species in Cynanchum.
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Cynanchum
[edit | edit source]Genus Cynanchum L. | Swallow-wort | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(Michx.) Pers. 1803. Gonolobus laevis Michx. 1805. Cynanchum laeve Pers. 1818. Enslenia albida Nutt. 1894. Ampelamus albidus Britton 2001. Ampelamus laevis Krings |
Honeyvine, Smooth swallowwort, Climbing milkweed Dompte-venin glabre |
Introduced, US South native |
NYFA: X |
USDA-NX VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Subtribe Tylophorinae
[edit | edit source]Vincetoxicum
[edit | edit source]Vincetoxicum includes the two very highly invasive alien vines black swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum nigrum) and pale swallow-wort (Vincetoxicum rossicum), also known as dog-strangling vines, which are both well-established in parts of New York State. Aside from their general invasiveness and the subsequent loss of habitat for native plants, these milkweed relatives have been implicated in luring monarch butterflies away from native milkweed as a place to lay eggs. Because only milkweed can supprort monarch larvae, those that hatch from eggs laid on the swallow-wort cannot survive.
As with some other invasive plants, when swallow-wort is first introduced in an area, its rate of spread is fairly slow, so the rate of future spread and the difficulty of controlling it is often underestimated. A phenomenon called the Allee effect is responsible for increasing the growth rate of individual swallow-wort plants as their population increases and the population of competing plants declines, up to a limit of course.[1] The root cause of this effect is not certain, but a likely contributor is allelopathy on the part of the invasive swallow-worts, which both produce the phytotoxin -(-) antofine. |
Genus Vincetoxicum | Swallow-wort | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NY NPT |
(L.) Moench 1753. Asclepias nigra L.
1802. Vincetoxicum nigrum Moench
1805. Cynanchum nigrum Pers. nom. illeg.
1991. Cynanchum louiseae Kartesz & Gandhi |
Black swallow-wort, Black dog-strangling vine, Climbing poison, Louise's swallow-wort Dompte-venin noir, Cynaque noir, Cynanche noire |
Introduced from southern Europe, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 90%[1], Prohibited[2], CP-2[3] Perennial, Forb-herb, vine |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
(Kleopow) Barbar. 1929. Cynanchum rossicum Kleopow 1950. Vincetoxicum rossicum Barbar. 1952. Antitoxicum rossicum Pobed. auct. Cynanchum medium non R.Br. auct. Vincetoxicum medium non Dcne. |
Pale swallow-wort, European swallow-wort, Dog-strangling vine (DSV) Dompte-venin de Russie |
Introduced from eastern Europe, Very highly invasive, NYIS: 88%[4], Prohibited[2], CP-3[5] Perennial, Forb-herb, vine |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
Medik. 1753. Asclepias vincetoxicum L. 1790. Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik. 1794. Vincetoxicum officinale Moench 1805. Cynanchum vincetoxicum (L.) Pers. 1883. Vincetoxicum vincetoxicum H.Karst. 1961. Alexitoxicon vincetoxicum H.P.Fuchs |
White swallow-wort, Pale swallow-wort, White dog-strangling vine, Poison-rope swallowwort Dompte-venin officinal |
Introduced, Questionable[6] Perennial, Forb-herb, vine |
NYFA: X |
USDA-XX VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies | |
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Subtribe Oxypetalinae
[edit | edit source]Araujia
[edit | edit source]South American bladderflower (Araujia) species have not been reported in New York. White bladderflower (Araujia sericifera) is widely naturalized and of concern in regions with Mediterranean-type climates.[1] It is listed as highly invasive, tier 1b in New York State.[2]
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Genus Araujia | Bladderflower | N.Y. Status | Images | Distribution | NPT |
Brot. 1817. Araujia sericifera Brot.
1829. Apocynum volubine Vell.
1885. Araujia hortorum E.Fourn. |
White bladderflower ⓘ
Cape-dandelion ⓘ |
Introduced from South America, Potentially invasive, Not listed in NY |
NYFA: Not listed iNat GBIF 0 counties |
POWO Images Wikispecies | |
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