Proto-Turkic/Basics
Welcome to the second lesson of Proto-Turkic!
Basics
[edit | edit source]Clauses
[edit | edit source]Verb clauses
[edit | edit source]Verb clauses are formed by adding a tense to the end of the verb. Let's consider the aorist suffix *-ur, *-ür[1] and its opposite *-maŕ, *meŕ[2].
- I love horses. - Bẹ atïŕïg sebür.
- My mother doesn't love him. - Anam anï sebmeŕ.
However, in some Turkic languages like Turkish, Tatar, or even Old Turkic, this suffix was combined with another suffix *-aŕ or *-eŕ to form unpredictable choice of aorist form.
Noun clauses
[edit | edit source]There are no noun clauses in Proto-Turkic. The verb to stand or to be (auxiliary) takes the suffix *-ur, *-ür in the present tense, and noun phrases are provided in this way. If the sentence is positive, it may not take any verb or suffix.
- Hen is a bird - Takïgu kuĺ (turur/erür).
- Butter is not a fruit - Yāg yẹ̄miĺč turmaŕ/ermeŕ.
Family members
[edit | edit source]- mother - *ana
- father - *ata[3]
- girl, daughter - *kï̄ŕ[4]
- boy - *ēr[5]
- son - *ogul[6]
- elder sister - *eke
- elder brother - *ečey
- younger sister - *siŋil
- younger brother - *ini (unclear, perhaps Proto-Common-Turkic)
- bride - *kẹlin[7]
- son-in-law - *küdegü
- a man's wife's younger sister - *bāldïŕ
The reason why *ini is not clear is that it is not found in the Oghur group. Sometimes some words are reconstructed for (Pre-)Proto-Turkic even though they are not found in Lir Turkic. These configurations include Proto-Common-Turkic, non-Lir legacy configurations are not (Pre-)Proto-Turkic.
Next Lesson: Locative-ablative case and plurality
References
[edit | edit source]- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-%C3%BCr
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/-me%C5%95
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ata
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%C3%AF%CC%84%C5%95
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/%C4%93r
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/ogul
- ↑ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/k%E1%BA%B9lin