Spanish by Choice/Novelas Cortas 11/Print version

Novelas Cortas: El Libro Talonario

Introduction

The short story “El Libro Talonario”^[67-1] appears in the book “Novelas Cortas” by Pedro Antonio de Alarcón with notes by W.F. Giese. LibriVox recording read by Karen Savage.

Text

HISTORIETA RURAL

I

La acción comienza en Rota.—Rota es la menor de aquellas encantadoras poblaciones hermanas que forman el amplio semicírculo de la bahia de Cádiz;^[67-2] pero, con ser la menor,^[67-3] no ha faltado quien ponga los ojos en ella.—El Duque de Osuna, a título de Duque de Arcos,^[67-4] la ostenta entre las perlas de su corona hace muchísimo tiempo, y tiene allí su correspondiente castillo señorial, que yo pudiera describir piedra por piedra....

Mas no se trata aquí de castillos, ni de duques, sino de los célebres campos que rodean a Rota y de un humildísimo hortelano, a quien llamaremos el tío Buscabeatas,^[67-5] aunque no era éste su verdadero nombre, según parece.

Los campos de Rota (particularmente las huertas) son tan productivos que, además de tributarle al Duque de Osuna muchos miles de fanegas de grano y de abastecer de vino a toda la población (poco amante del agua potable y malísimamente dotada de ella), surten de frutas y legumbres a Cádiz, y muchas veces a Huelva,^[67-6] y en ocasiones a la misma Sevilla,^[67-7] sobre todo en los ramos de tomates y calabazas, cuya excelente calidad, suma abundancia y consiguiente baratura exceden a toda ponderación;—por lo que^[67-8] en Andalucía la Baja^[67-9] se da a los roteños^[67-10] el dictado de calabaceros y de tomateros,^[67-11] que ellos aceptan con noble orgullo.

Y, a la verdad, motivo tienen para enorgullecerse de semejantes motes; pues es el caso que aquella tierra de Rota que tanto produce (me refiero a la de las huertas); aquella tierra que da para el consumo y para la exportación; aquella tierra que rinde tres o cuatro cosechas al año, ni es tal tierra,^[68-1] ni Cristo que lo fundó,^[68-2] sino arena pura y limpia, expelida sin cesar por el turbulento Océano, arrebatada por los furiosos vientos del Oeste y esparcida sobre toda la comarca roteña, como las lluvias de ceniza que caen en las inmediaciones del Vesubio.^[68-3]

Pero la ingratitud de la Naturaleza está allí más que compensada por la constante laboriosidad del hombre.—Yo no conozco, ni creo que haya en el mundo, labrador que trabaje tanto como el roteño.—Ni^[68-4] un leve hilo de agua dulce fluye por aquellos melancólicos campos.... ¿Qué importa? ¡El calabacero los ha acribillado materialmente de pozos, de donde saca, ora^[68-5] a pulso, ora por medio de norias, el precioso humor que sirve de⁽¹⁶⁷⁾ sangre a los vegetales!—La arena carece de fecundos principios, del asimilable humus^[68-6].... ¿Qué importa? ¡El tomatero pasa la mitad de su vida buscando y allegando sustancias que puedan servir de abono, y convirtiendo en estiércol hasta las algas del mar!—Ya poseedor de ambos preciosos elementos, el hijo de Rota va estercolando pacientemente, no su heredad entera (pues le faltarla abono para tanto), sino redondeles de terreno del vuelo de un plato chico,^[68-7] y en cada uno de estos redondeles estercolados siembra un grano de simiente de tomate o una pepita de calabaza, que riega luego a mano con un jarro muy diminuto, como quien da de beber a un niño.

Desde entonces hasta la recolección cuida diariamente una por una las plantas que nacen en aquellos redondeles, tratándolas con un mimo y un esmero sólo comparables a la solicitud con que las solteronas cuidan sus macetas. Un día le añade a tal mata^[68-8] un puñadillo de estiércol; otro le echa una chorreadita de agua; ora las limpia a todas de orugas y demás insectos dañinos; ora cura a las enfermas, entablilla a las fracturadas, y pone parapetos de caña y hojas secas a las que no pueden resistir los rayos del sol o están demasiado expuestas a los vientos del mar; ora, en fin, cuenta los tallos, las hojas, las flores o los frutos de las más adelantadas y precoces, y les habla, las acaricia, las besa, las bendice y hasta les pone expresivos nombres para distinguirlas e individualizarlas en su imaginación.—Sin exagerar: es ya un proverbio (y yo lo he oído repetir muchas veces en Rota) que el hortelano de aquel país toca por lo menos cuarenta veces con su propia mano a cada mata de tomates que nace en su huerta.—Y así se explica que los hortelanos viejos de aquella localidad lleguen a quedarse encorvados, hasta tal punto que casi se dan^[69-1] con las rodillas en la barba^[69-2]....

¡Es la postura en que han pasado toda su noble y meritoria vida!

II

Pues bien: el tío Buscabeatas pertenecía al gremio de estos hortelanos.

Ya principiaba a encorvarse en la época del suceso que voy a referir: y era que^[69-3] ya tenía⁽¹⁶⁸⁾ sesenta años... y llevaba^[69-4] cuarenta de labrar una huerta lindante con la playa de la Costilla.

Aquel año había criado allí unas estupendas calabazas, tamañas^[69-5] como bolas decorativas de pretil de puente monumental, y que ya principiaban a ponerse por dentro y por fuera de color de naranja, lo cual quería decir que había mediado el mes de Junio. Conocíalas perfectamente el tío Buscabeatas por la forma, por su grado de madurez y hasta de⁽¹⁶⁹⁾ nombre, sobre todo a los cuarenta ejemplares más gordos y lucidos, que ya estaban diciendo guisadme, y pasábase^[69-6] los días mirándolos con ternura y exclamando melancólicamente:

—¡Pronto tendremos que separarnos!

Al fin, una tarde se resolvió al sacrificio; y señalando a los mejores frutos de aquellas amadísimas cucurbitáceas que tantos afanes le habían costado, pronunció la terrible sentencia. —Mañana (dijo) cortaré estas cuarenta, y las llevaré al mercado de Cádiz.—¡Feliz quien se las coma!^[70-1]

Y se marchó a su casa con paso lento, y pasó la noche con las angustias del padre que va a casar una hija al día siguiente.

—¡Lástima^[70-2] de mis calabazas!—suspiraba a veces sin poder conciliar el sueño.—Pero luego reflexionaba, y concluía por decir:—Y ¿qué he de hacer,^[70-3] sino salir de ellas?^[70-4] ¡Para eso las he criado!—Lo menos van a valerme quince duros....

Gradúese, pues, cuánto sería^[70-5] su asombro, cuánta su furia y cuál su desesperación, cuando, al ir a la mañana siguiente a la huerta, halló que, durante la noche, le habían robado las cuarenta calabazas....—Para ahorrarme de razones,^[70-6] diré que, como el judío de Shakespeare, llegó al más sublime paroxismo trágico, repitiendo frenéticamente aquellas terribles palabras de Shylock, en que tan admirable dicen que estaba el actor Kemble:^[70-7]

—¡Oh! ¡Si te encuentro!^[70-8] ¡Si te encuentro!

Púsose luego el tío Buscabeatas a recapacitar fríamente, y comprendió que sus amadas prendas no podían estar en Rota, donde sería imposible ponerlas a la venta sin riesgo de que él las reconociese, y donde, por otra parte,^[70-9] las calabazas tienen muy bajo precio.

—¡Como si lo viera, están en Cádiz! (dedujo de sus cavilaciones.) El infame, pícaro, ladrón, debió de robármelas^[70-10] anoche a las nueve o las diez y se escaparía con ellas a las doce en el barco de la carga^[70-11].... ¡Yo saldré para Cádiz hoy por la mañana en el barco de la hora,^[70-12] y maravilla será que no atrape al ratero y recupere a las hijas de mi trabajo!

Así diciendo, permaneció todavía cosa de veinte minutos en el lugar de la catástrofe, como acariciando las mutiladas calabaceras, o contando las calabazas que faltaban, o extendiendo una especie de fe de livores^[70-13] para algún proceso que pensara incoar hasta que, a eso de las ocho, partió con dirección al muelle.

Ya estaba dispuesto para hacerse a la vela^[70-14] el barco de la hora, humilde falucho que sale todas las mañanas para Cádiz a las nueve en punto, conduciendo pasajeros, así como el barco de la carga sale todas las noches á las doce, conduciendo frutas y legumbres....

Llámase barco de la hora el primero, porque en este espacio de tiempo, y hasta en cuarenta minutos algunos días, si el viento es de popa, cruza las tres leguas que median entre la antigua villa del Duque de Arcos y la antigua ciudad de Hércules^[71-1]....

III

Eran, pues, las diez y media de la mañana cuando aquel día se paraba el tío Buscabeatas delante de un puesto de verduras del mercado de Cádiz, y le decía a un aburrido polizonte que iba con él:

—¡Estas son mis calabazas!—¡Prenda V. a ese hombre!

Y señalaba al revendedor.

—¡Prenderme a mí! (contestó el revendedor, lleno de sorpresa y de cólera.)—Estas calabazas son mías; yo las he comprado....

—Eso podrá V. contárselo al Alcalde—repuso el tío Buscabeatas.

—¡Que no!^[71-2]

—¡Que sí!

—¡Tío ladrón!^[71-3]

—¡Tío tunante!

—¡Hablen Vds. con más educación,^[71-4] so indecentes!^[71-5] ¡Los hombres no deben faltarse^[71-6] de esa manera!—dijo con mucha calma el polizonte, dando un puñetazo^[71-7] en el pecho a cada interlocutor.

En esto ya había acudido alguna gente, no tardando en presentarse también allí el Regidor encargado de la policía de los mercados públicos, o sea^[71-8] el Juez de abastos, que es su verdadero nombre. Resignó^[72-1] la jurisdicción el polizonte en Su Señoría, y enterada esta digna autoridad de todo lo que pasaba, preguntó al revendedor con majestuoso acento:

—¿A quién^[72-2] le ha comprado V. esas calabazas?

—Al tío Fulano,^[72-3] vecino^[72-4] de Rota....—respondió el interrogado.

—¡Ése había de ser! (gritó el tío Buscabeatas.) ¡Muy abonado^[72-5] es para el caso! ¡Cuando su huerta, que es muy mala, le produce poco, se mete a robar en la del vecino!

—Pero, admitida la hipótesis de que a V. le han robado anoche cuarenta calabazas (siguió interrogando el Regidor, volviéndose al viejo hortelano), ¿quién le asegura a V. que éstas, y no otras, son las suyas?

—¡Toma! (replicó el tío Buscabeatas.) ¡Porque las conozco como V. conocerá a sus hijas, si las tiene!—¿No ve V. que las he criado?—Mire V.: ésta se llama rebolonda;^[72-6] ésta, cachigordeta;^[72-7] ésta, barrigona;^[72-8] ésta, coloradilla; ^[72-9] ésta Manuela..., porque se parecía mucho a mi hija la menor....

Y el pobre viejo se echó a llorar amarguísimamente.

—Todo eso está muy bien... (repuso el Juez de abastos); pero la ley no se contenta con que usted reconozca sus calabazas. Es menester que la autoridad se convenza al mismo tiempo de la preexistencia de la cosa, y que V. la identifique con pruebas fehacientes....—Señores, no hay que sonreírse....—¡Yo soy abogado!

¡Pues verá V. qué pronto le pruebo yo a todo el mundo, sin moverme de aquí, que esas calabazas se han criado en mi huerta!—dijo el tío Buscabeatas, no sin grande asombro de los circunstantes.

Y soltando en el suelo un lío que llevaba en la mano, agachóse, arrodillándose hasta sentarse sobre los pies, y se puso a desatar tranquilamente las anudadas puntas del pañuelo que lo envolvía. La admiración del Concejal, del revendedor y del corro subió de punto.^[73-1]

—¿Qué va a sacar de ahí?—se preguntaban todos.

Al mismo tiempo llegó un nuevo curioso a ver qué ocurría en aquel grupo, y habiéndole divisado el revendedor, exclamó:

—¡Me alegro de que llegue V., tío Fulano! Este hombre dice que las calabazas que me vendió usted anoche, y que están aquí oyendo la conversación, son robadas....—Conteste V....

El recién llegado^[73-2] se puso más amarillo que la cera, y trató de irse; pero los circunstantes se lo^[73-3] impidieron materialmente,^[73-4] y el mismo^[73-5] Regidor le mandó quedarse.

En cuanto al tío Buscabeatas, ya se había encarado con el presunto ladrón, diciéndole:

—¡Ahora verá V. lo que es bueno!

El tío Fulano recobró su sangre fría, y expuso:

—Usted es quien ha de ver^[73-6] lo que habla; porque si no prueba, y no podrá probar, su denuncia, lo llevaré a la cárcel por calumniador.—Estas calabazas eran mías; yo las he criado, como todas las que he traído este año a Cádiz, en mi huerta del Egido,^[73-7] y nadie podrá probarme lo contrario.

—¡Ahora verá V.!—repitió el tío Buscabeatas acabando de desatar el pañuelo y tirando de él.^[73-8]

Y entonces se desparramaron por el suelo una multitud de trozos de tallo de calabacera, todavía verdes y chorreando jugo, mientras que el viejo hortelano, sentado sobre sus piernas y muerto de risa, dirigía el siguiente discurso al Concejal y a los curiosos:

—Caballeros: ¿no han pagado Vds. nunca contribución? Y ¿no han visto aquel libraco^[73-9] verde que tiene el recaudador, de donde va cortando recibos, dejando allí pegado un tocón o pezuelo,^[73-10] para que luego pueda comprobarse si tal o cual^[73-11] recibo es falso o no lo es? —Lo que V. dice se llama el libro talonario—observó gravemente el Regidor.

—Pues eso es lo que yo traigo aqui: el libro talonario de mi huerta, o sea^[74-1] los cabos a que estaban unidas estas calabazas antes de que me las robasen.—Y, si no, miren Vds.—Este cabo era de esta calabaza.... Nadie puede dudarlo....

—Este otro..., ya lo están Vds. viendo..., era de esta otra.—Este más ancho..., debe de ser de aquélla.... ¡Justamente!—Y éste es de ésta.... Ése es de ésa.... Ésta es de aquél....

Y en tanto que^[74-2] así decía, iba adaptando un cabo o pedúnculo a la excavación que había quedado en cada calabaza al ser arrancada, y los espectadores^[74-3] veían con asombro que, efectivamente, la base irregular y caprichosa de los pedúnculos convenía del modo más exacto con la figura blanquecina y leve concavidad que presentaban las que pudiéramos llamar cicatrices de las calabazas.

Pusiéronse, pues, en cuclillas los circunstantes, inclusos los polizontes y el mismo Concejal,^[74-4] y comenzaron a ayudarle al tío Buscabeatas en aquella singular comprobación, diciendo todos a un mismo tiempo con pueril regocijo:

—¡Nada! ¡Nada! ¡Es indudable! ¡Miren Vds.!—Éste es de aquí.... Ése es de ahí.... Aquélla es de éste.... Ésta es de aquél....

Y las carcajadas de los grandes se unían a los silbidos de los chicos, a las imprecaciones de las mujeres, a las lágrimas de triunfo y alegría del viejo hortelano y a los empellones que los guindillas daban ya al convicto ladrón, como impacientes por llevárselo^[74-5] a la cárcel.

Excusado es decir que los guindillas tuvieron este gusto; que el tío Fulano vióse obligado desde luego a devolver al revendedor los quince duros que de él había percibido; que el revendedor se los entregó en el acto al tío Buscabeatas, y que éste se marchó a Rota sumamente contento, bien que fuese diciendo^[75-1] por el camino:

—¡Qué hermosas estaban en el mercado! ¡He debido traerme^[75-2] a Manuela, para comérmela^[75-3] esta noche y guardar las pepitas!

Noviembre de 1877.

Notes

(The first figures refer to the original pages of text, and second figures to the reference figures in text).

67-1: El Libro Talonario: a book of checks, receipts, etc., in which duplicate stubs remain as records of transactions.

67-2: bahía de Cádiz: Cádiz, the ancient Gades, reputed 300 years older than Rome itself, a large seaport of southwestern Spain, on the Atlantic, a little northwest of Gibraltar. It is situated on a narrow promontory forming the outer wall of the bay (bahía) of Cádiz.

67-3: con ser la menor: in spite of being the smallest.

67-4: a título de Duque de Arcos: in his right as Duke of Arcos.

67-5: el tío Buscabeatas: tío is familiarly used as a generic term applied to old men. Cf. note on papá abuelo, p. 15, 5.

67-6: Huelva: a seaport a little northwest of Cádiz.

67-7: Sevilla: the most brilliant and characteristic city of southern Spain, situated in Andalucía, toward the mouth of the Guadalquivir.

67-8: por lo que: (for which) wherefore. For relative use of lo que cf. note por el que, p. 49, 1.

67-9: Andalucía la Baja: lower Andalusia, the southwest portion bordering on the Atlantic.

67-10: roteños: natives of Rota.

67-11: calabaceros... tomateros: retailers of pumpkins and tomatoes.

68-1: ni es tal tierra: nor is this (soil) really soil. For tal neuter cf. note tal, p. 64, 6.

68-2: ni Cristo que lo fundó: render freely far from it.

68-3: Vesubio: Mt. Vesuvius.

68-4: ni: not even.

68-5: ora... ora: now... now. Cf. p. 64, line 16, and note 8, for a variant usage.

68-6: humus: (Latin) soil.

68-7: del vuelo de un plato chico: of the size of a small plate.

68-8: a tal mata: to this or that plant.

69-1: se dan: they strike.

69-2: la barba: their chins. For the article cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.

69-3: y era que: and (the fact) was that.

69-4: llevaba: cf. note llevarían, p. 6, 2.

69-5: tamañas como: as big as. The usual tan of comparisons of equality is implicit in the first syllable of tamaños (from the Latin tam magnas).

69-6: pasábase: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7. 5.

70-1: se las coma: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7. 5.

70-2: ¡Lástima: it's a pity!

70-3: ¿Qué he de hacer?: what am I to do? Cf. note no había de conocer, p. 3, 4.

70-4: salir de ellas: sell them.

70-5: cuánto sería: how great must have been. Cf. note no habría andado, p. 8, 6. Cf. also line 25 below.

70-6: Para ahorrarme de razones: to save words, i.e. to be brief.

70-7: Kemble: (John Philip) a great English tragedian (1757-1823).

70-8: ¡si te encuentro!: vide Merchant of Venice, Act I, sc. 3, line 47 (Globe edition).

70-9: por otra parte: (on the other hand) moreover.

70-10: debió de robármelas: cf. note debió de probar, p. 65, 5.

70-11: barco de la carga: freight boat.

70-12: barco de la hora: (lit. hour boat) passenger boat.

70-13: fe de livores: (legal phrase) declaration of injuries suffered.

70-14 hacerse a la vela: to set sail.

71-1: ciudad de Hércules: Hercules is claimed as the founder of Cádiz. Cf. note bahía de Cádiz, p. 67, 2.

71-2: ¡que no!: cf. note ¿Cómo que no? p. 14, 1.

71-3: ¡Tío ladrón!: you old thief! Cf. note el tío Buscabeatas, p. 67, 5.

71-4: educación: often loosely used for cortesía, its supposed fruit.

71-5: so indecentes: so, expletive, is often coupled with certain depreciative epithets like indecente, etc.

71-6: faltarse: fail to respect, i.e. insult each other.

71-7: puñetazo: cf. note pistoletazo, p. 18, 3.

71-8: o sea: cf. note o sean, p. 39, 4.

72-1: Resignó... en: resigned to.

72-2: A quién: cf. note compraros, p. 29, 2.

72-3: Al tío Fulano: from old So-and-so. Fulano is used as substitute for a real name when the latter is forgotten or avoided.

72-4: vecino: cf. note vecinos, p. 37, 2.

72-5: abonado: fit, adapted, disposed (often in a bad sense).

72-6: rebolonda: thick-set, stout.

72-7: cachigordeta: small and fat.

72-8: barrigona: big-bellied.

72-9: coloradilla: ruddy.

73-1: subió de punto: increased.

73-2: recién llegado: recién is used instead of recientemente before a past participle.

73-3: se lo: cf. note se la, p. 4, 6.

73-4: materialmente: by bodily force.

73-5: el mismo Regidor: usually mismo intervening between article and noun means same. Occasionally it corresponds to the emphatic pronoun himself, etc.

73-6: ha de ver: must look to it, must beware.

73-7: Egido: apparently the name of his garden.

73-8: tirando de él: pulling at it (so as to empty it).

73-9: libraco: (big, ugly) book. The suffix aco is depreciative.

73-10: tocón o pezuelo: a stub. Cf. note libro talonario, p. 67, 1.

73-11: tal o cual: such and such.

74-1: o sea: cf. note ó sean, p. 39, 4.

74-2: en tanto que: while. Cf. note mientras tanto que, p. 82, 9.

74-3: espectadores: cf. note estupefacto, p. 9, 1.

74-4: el mismo Concejal: cf. note el mismo Regidor, p. 73, 5.

74-5: llevárselo: cf. note lo que me digo, p. 7, 5.

75-1: fuese diciendo: observe that the preterit (and its derived tenses) of ser and ir are identical.

75-2: He debido traerme: I should have brought back.

75-3: comérmela: me, ethical dative (like traerme).

Idiomatic Commentary

(Review 65, 122, 162, 61).

167. Me sirve de cocinero. — He serves me as cook.

(Review 76, 137, 9, 32, 5, 42, 66).

168. Tiene tres años. — He is three years old.

169. Lo conozco de nombre. — I know him by name.

(Review 32, 70, 53, 31, 15, 59, 39).

(Review 117, 160, 68, 18, 30, 133).

(Review 98, 47, 8, 104, 31).

(Review 32, 99, 79, 30, 81).

(Review 160, 16, 59, 150, 58, 30).

(Review 166, 47).

 

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The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the public.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.

3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.

4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

1. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
2. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you from this requirement.
3. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
4. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
5. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
6. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
7. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
8. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
9. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
10. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
11. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
12. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
13. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified version.
14. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
15. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements".

6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.

7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.

8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual title.

9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does not give you any rights to use it.

10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:

Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU

Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the

Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.