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This page is being restructured to contain a grammar points list for the first set of lessons. These are compiled from various sources to correspond roughly to the JLPT 4 exam.
See Japanese/Contents for existing pages (grammar overview, lessons, etc.). The sub-pages of this page are listed at Special:PrefixIndex/Japanese/Grammar/ but these do not represent where this book is going, and there are pages listed as "lessons" but hold little other than a grammatical overview and should therefore be moved here.
The following lists are in flux...
Phrases: Greetings (hajimemasite, konnichiwa, konbanwa, ...)
Phrases: Basic (gomen, onegaisimasu, ...)
Grammar: Copula use (past and present tense)
Suffixes: -go (language), -hito/jinn Grammar: Existence (iru/aru) (two lessons?)
Particles: ni, he
Particles: wo
Grammar: Questions (~ha Q, Q-ga~)
Particles: to, ya
Grammar: Subject and topic in same sentence (~ha ~ga...) Grammar: Possessive (N-no~, N-no-N)
Grammar: Requesting confirmation (~desho ... maybe ne and yo, too)
Particles: ne, yo, wa (Merge with "Requesting confirmation"?)
Grammar: Verbs (past and present tenses) (BIG MODULE)
Grammar: Counting Grammar: Requests (N-wo kudasai, N-wo/V-te kudasaimasenka)
Suffixes: Time (ji, funn, goro)
Grammar: Suggesting activities (-mashou, -masenka)
Suffixes: Time-periods (jikann, funn, kurai) Grammar: Verb te-form (-aru/-iru)
Suffixes: Calendar (tugi, nichi, youbi)
Phrases: Eating (itadakimasu and gochisosamadesita)
Grammar: Stating wishes (N-ga hosii, V-tai) Grammar: Adjectives (i- past and present)
Grammar: Adjectives (na- past and present)
Grammar: Requests (V-te kudasai, V-naide kudasai)
Phrases: Entering a house (gomenkudasai, situreisimasu, ... maybe ojamasimasu) Grammar: Adverbial clause (-toki) (chuu?)
Grammar: Adverbial clause (-maeni, -nagara)
Grammar: Adverbial clause (-atode, -ta atode) Grammar: Demonstratives (could be split into several lessons, improving vocabulary and reviewing grammar)
Grammar: Interrogatives (
Grammar: Interrogatives (itu, ikutu, ikura)
Grammar: Interrogatives (
Grammar: Quantifier (nanika, daremo, ...)
Grammar: Change (mada and mou) Unallocated content:
(Grammar: Stating needs (-hituyou))
Grammar: Verbs (transitivity)
Grammar: Verbs (conjugation for multiple actions)
Grammar: interjections (~ ga(but) ~)
Grammar: Becomes sth (~naru)
Grammar: Because (-te, -kara)
Grammar: Called (~to iu)
Grammar: Equating or making (suru) ???
Particles: de
Particles: kara, made
Particles: Combination of case markers and ha/mo
Particles: kurai
Particles: dake
Particles: sikasi
Suffixes: -chuu
Suffixes: -tachi/-gata
Suffixes: Counters (mai, sara, hon, ...)
Suffixes: -gara (to feel)
Suffixes: -gawa (side, to side)
Suffixes: -sugi (too much, over)
Suffixes: -zutu (apiece)
Suffixes: -ya (shop) Still unallocated:
[1.8 Relative clause]
[6.3 Unsorted]
ごめんなさい
Excuse me./I'm sorry.
すみません
Excuse me.
おねがいします
Please.
どうもありがとうございました
Thank you very much (very polite)
こちらこそ
No, thank you! (used when responding to someone saying "Thank you!")
いいえどういたしまして
no problem at all.
はい - yes (formal)
ええ - yes (slightly less formal)
いいえ - no (formal)
うん - yeah/uh-huh (casual)
ううん - no/uh-uh (casual)
いや - no (casual, indicates displeasure)
おじゃまします
I hope you don't mind me coming in.
しつれいしました
Excuse me. (used usually while leaving a room.)
しつれいします
Excuse me. (used usually while entering a room.)
いただきます
thanks for this meal! (before eating)
ごちそうさまでした
a thanks said after meals
はじめまして
nice to meet you. how do you do?
どうぞよろしく
pleased to meet you. please favor me with your friendship/kindness
ではおげんきで
well then, take care.
ではまた
See ya later.
こんにちは
Hello. (daytime greeting)
こんばんは
Good evening, Hello
さよなら
Goodbye
おはよう(ございます)
good morning
おやすみ(なさい)
good night
いらっしゃいませ
Welcome to the store! (merchant greeting)
N+をください
please give me N
V+てください
please do V. (polite request)
V+ないでください
please do not do V. (polite request-neg)
N+を/V+てくださいませんか
won't you please do
V+ましょう
"Let's do V." volitional, polite
V+ませんか
Why don't we do V?
N+がほしい
I want N
V+たい
"I want to V"
...とき
adverbial clause, when ... , ...
V+ながら
adverbial clause, While V, ...
V+てから
adverbial clause, After/Since V, ...
V+たあとで
ta instead of te, adverbial clause, After V, ...
V+まえに
adverbial clause, Before V
まだ implies no change (or that something is still under way):
まだ+Positive
still
まだ+Negative
not yet
もう implies a change has occurred (or that something has been completed):
もう+Positive
already
もう+Negative
no longer
[V/+Adj/+Adj-Na]+N
relative clause modifying a noun
N+だった
N+ではなかった
N+だ
N+ではない
N+でした
N+ではありませんでした
N+です
N+ではありません
N+で
te-form of desu
N+は+Place+にある/いる
existence of an item in a place using a topic marker
Place+に+N+がある/いる
existence of an item in a place using subject marker
Place+に+N+が+Q+ある/いる
existence of Q items in a place using subject marker
これ/それ/あれ/どれ
this / that / that over there / which?
この/その/あの/どの
this one / that one / that one over there / which one?
ここ/そこ/あそこ/どこ
this place / that place / that place over there/ where?
こちら/そちら/あちら/どちら (こっち/そっち/あっち/どっち)
this person / that person / that person over there / who
なに/なん
what
だれ/どなた
who
いつ
when or how soon
いくつ
how many?
いくら
how much?
どれ/どの/どこ/どちら
which / which one / where / who
どう/いかが
how, in what what, how about
どんな
what kind of
どのぐらい/どれぐらい
how far, how long, how much
なぜ/どうして/なんで
why
なにか/だれか/どこかへ/...
something, someone, somewhere, etc.,
なにも/だれも/どこへも/...
nothing, no one, nowhere, etc.,
[ edit | edit source ]
Past positive
Past negative
Present positive
Present negative
V + た
V + なかった
V
V + ない
V + ました
V + ませんでした
V + ます
V + ません
Adj
adjective without desu
<adjective>
( です )*
present positive
くない
present negative
かった
past positive
くなかった
past negative
Polite with copula, plain without .
<adjective>
<copula>
な <noun>
The copula determines tense and politeness, but is dropped for the plain present positive .
Adj + くて
i-adj, te-form
Adj + く + V
adverb
Adj + の
adj+pronoun/one/thing (e.g., white thing)
Adj + N + で
na-adj te-form
Adj + N + に + V
n-adj adverb
Adj + N + な + N
n-adj + noun
Adj + N + の
na-adj + pronoun
〜 + は + Q
topic particle using questions
Q + が + 〜
subject particle using WH-questions
〜 は 〜 が
using both subject and topic particle in the same sentence
N + の + N
noun modifying another noun or possessive.
N + の
possessive
〜 が 〜
〜 but 〜
〜でしょう
〜, eh? / 〜, right? (requesting confirmation)
一つ, 二つ, ..., １０
numbers
V+ たり ... V+たり
conjunction for multiple actions
{ Adj+く / Adj+N+に / N+に } なる
becomes { Adj / N }
する
equating or making, (e.g., I made A from B)
〜という
called this 〜
〜て
because 〜 / since 〜
〜から
because 〜 / since 〜
は
topic marker, contrast marker
が
subject marker
を
direct object marker, starting point of the action, place of the action
に
location marker, object marker for some verbs (e.g., to meet at), time marker, goal marker, intervals
へ
direction marker,
と
noun conjunction "and", "together" or "with"
や & など
list particle, but can be used to mean "and so forth" (e.g., AやBなど will mean A and B and so forth. など is optional.)
も
also/too
で
location marker for action verbs, by means marker (e.g., I went to the school by bus.), cause and effect marker, totals marker
から/まで
AからBまで - from A to B.
か
question marker
ね
sentence end marker, applies emphasis, or a quest for confirmation
よ
sentence end marker, applies certainty or request
わ
feminine form of ね
The following particles are not covered anywhere.
格助詞+は/も
combination of particles and は/も
ぐらい
about/almost/approx
だけ
only / just
しか
only or nothing but
〜中 - all/ entire / throughout (time)
〜たち/がた
makes the attached noun plural (plain/polite)
〜あまり〜ない
not very, negative sentences
〜枚/冊/本...
counters
〜月/〜日/〜曜日
calendar
〜時/〜時半/〜時〜/〜分/〜時〜分前/〜ごろ
time
〜時間/〜分/〜ぐらい
minutes, hours
〜がる
to feel (used with adj)
〜がわ
side of something, or taking someone's side
〜語 ( ご )
language
〜人 ( じん )
person
〜すぎ
too much, over
〜ずつ
apiece
〜屋 ( や )
〜 shop
おめでとう(ございます) - Congratulations.
よく出来ました。 - Good job. (You did well.) おねがいします - please (Slightly more polite)
どうぞ - please (Casual)
どうも - Thanks.
ありがとう - Thank you. (Casual)
どうもありがとう - Thank you very much. (Casual)
ありがとうございます - Thank you. (Polite)
どうもありがとうございます - Thank you very much. (Very Polite)
すみません - excuse me.
どうもすみません - Thanks a lot. (Usually when someone goes out of their way to help)
どういたしまして - You are welcome.
いいえ - Not at all/No problem. すみません - Excuse me.
あのうすみません - Ah, excuse me ...
すみませんが - Excuse me, but ...
おい - Hey (Somewhat rude) ごめん - Sorry.
ごめんなさい - I am really sorry. (more formal)
ごめんね - Sorry (soft/fem.).
ごめんな - Sorry (masc.).
ごめんよ - Sorry (masc. or Kansai dialect).
すみません - I'm sorry. しつれいします。- goodbye for use with social superiors
さようなら - Goodbye. (Primarily before a long absence.)
じゃまた - See you later.
じゃ - Bye! See you soon. (Mostly used by men )
じゃね - Bye! See you soon.(Mostly used by women)
また明日 (またあした) - See you tomorrow.
またね - Later.
また会いましょう (またあいましょう) See you again.
またどうぞ - Please come again.
バイバイ - Borrowed from English, Bye Bye.
いってきます - I'm leaving (said when leaving the house)
いってらっしゃい - Have a safe trip (response to いってきます)
ただいま - I'm home (said when returning home)
おかえりなさい - Welcome back
おかえり - Less formal than the above トイレ (といれ) - Toilet
お手洗い (おてあらい) - Restroom (variants are 御手洗い and 手洗い)
便所 (べんじょ) - Lavatory
化粧室 (けしょうしつ) - Powder room すみません。トイレはどこですか。 - Excuse me. Where is the bathroom?
すみません。お手洗 ( てあら ) Hesitation noises, or vocal pauses, are the "uh" and "um" of a language, filler sounds we produce when we pause to think while speaking. Using the correct hesitation noises can make the difference between natural sounding Japanese, and awkward foreign sounding speech.
They are:
あのう - Usually when you are about to say something.
ええと - When you are just thinking.
まぁ - "Well..." used for considering, reconsidering, etc...
さぁ - Another thinking sound) Used for when you're not sure of the information.
何だっけ (なんだっけ) - "What's it called..." used when trying to remember something specific.
そうですね - Acknowledges what was previously said. More of a staller than a hesitation noise. Somewhat more formal. Also used to show you care what the speaker is saying. 
