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The latest reviewed version was checked on 16 May 2024. There are 2 pending changes awaiting review.
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The order Fagales is part of the nitrogen-fixing clade:

nitrogen‑fixing clade 

Fabales




Rosales




Cucurbitales


 Fagales 

Fagaceae (beech family: oak, chestnut, and beech)





Myricaceae (bayberry family: sweet-fern and bayberry)



Juglandaceae (walnut family: walnut and hickory)




Betulaceae (birch family: alder, birch, hornbeam, and hazelnut)







However, the vast majority of species able to form nitrogen-fixing root nodules are in the Fabaceae (legume family). In the Fagales, only the Myricaceae (bayberry family) and Alnus (alder) species are able to fix nitrogen.

Fagales species primarily take the form of trees. They have also been placed in the Juglandales.

Clades Order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Common names #
angiosperms:
  eudicots:
    rosids:
     fabids 		Fagales Fagaceae Quercoideae Querceae Quercus oak white oak 15
red oak 16
Castaneeae Castanea chestnut 4
Fagoideae — Fagus beech 2
Myricaceae — — Comptonia sweetfern 1
Myrica sweetgale 1
Morella bayberry 2
Juglandaceae Juglandoideae Juglandeae Juglans walnut, butternut 3
Caryeae Carya hickory 8
Betulaceae Betuloideae — Alnus alder 5
Betula birch 15
Coryloideae Carpineae Carpinus hornbeam 3
Ostrya hop hornbean 1
Coryleae Corylus hazelnut 3

Family Fagaceae

[edit | edit source]
The Fagaceae (beech family) contains the oaks (Quercus), chestnuts (Castanea), and beeches (Fagus).[1][2]
  1. ↑ Fagaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Paul S. Manos, Zhe-Kun Zhou, and Charles H. Cannon (2001). "Systematics of Fagaceae: Phylogenic Test of Reproductive Trait Evolution" (PDF). International Journal of Plant Sciences. 162(6): 1361–1379.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Subfamily Quercoideae

[edit | edit source]

The Quercoideae, as organized here, includes the oaks and the chestnuts.

Tribe Querceae

[edit | edit source]
Querceae currently comprises only genus Quercus. In previous schemes, the tribe also included upgraded Quercus subgenera, including Macrobalanus (large-fruited white oaks) and Erythrobalanus (red and black oaks).[1][2]
  1. ↑ Thomas Denk et al. (2017) "An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks: review of previous taxonomic schemes and synthesis of evolutionary patterns"
  2. ↑ Hui-Lin Li & Ju-Ying Hsiao (1973) "A Preliminary Study of the Chemosystematics of American Oaks: Phenolic Characters of Leaves." Bartonia 42:5-13, 1973. www.jstor.org/stable/41610363.
Quercus
[edit | edit source]
The genus Quercus contains the oaks, which comprise about 30 taxa of trees and shrubs in New York. Two sections of oaks in the subgenus Quercus are found in the state: sect. Quercus (white oaks) and sect. Lobate (red oaks). They commonly hybridized only within their own section.[1]
  1. ↑ Steven D. Glenn (2013). Quercus. New York Metropolitan Flora Project.
Quercus sect. Quercus
[edit | edit source]
Quercus montana
chestnut oak
The Quercus section Quercus contains the white-oak group, most members of which have leaves with rounded lobes. White oaks produce acorns that mature in a single season and are relatively sweet.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus White oak group N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753.  Quercus alba  L.
1803.  Quercus alba  var. pinnatifida  Michx.
1803.  Quercus alba  var. repanda  Michx.
1838.  Quercus repanda  (Michx.) Raf. (nom. illeg.)
1838.  Quercus nigrescens  Raf.
1838.  Quercus retusa  Raf.
1841.  Quercus candida  Steud.
1891.  Quercus ramosa  Dippel
1918.  Quercus alba  var. latiloba  Sarg.
1924.  Quercus alba  var. longigemma  Trel.
1924.  Quercus alba  var. ryderi  Trel.
1960.  Quercus alba  var. subcaerulea  Pickens & M.Pickens
1960.  Quercus alba  var. subflavea  Pickens & M.Pickens
 White oak,
Eastern white oak,
Stave oak
Chêne blanc 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5, G5
FACU
Perennial,
Tree,
Sun - shade

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
POWO
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 Willd.
1783.  Quercus prinus  var. platanoides  Lam.
1785.  Quercus alba  var. palustris  Marshall
1790.  Quercus alba  var. palustris  Castigl. (nom. illeg.)
1801.  Quercus bicolor  Willd.
1818.  Quercus bicolor  var. mollis  Nutt.
1842.  Quercus prinus  var. bicolor  Spach
1864.  Quercus velutina  L'Hér. ex A.DC. (nom. illeg.)
1864.  Quercus filiformis  Muhl. ex A.DC (pro syn.)
1864.  Quercus bicolor  var. platanoides  A.DC.
1886.  Quercus discolor  var. bicolor  Hampton
1891.  Quercus bicolor  var. angustifolia  Dippel
1891.  Quercus bicolor  var. cuneiformis  Dippel
1892.  Quercus platanoides  (Lam.) Sudw.
 Swamp white oak
Chêne bicolore,
Chêne bleu 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5, G5
OBL-FACW
Perennial,
Tree,
Part shade

NYFA: 5
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 Willd.
1789.  Quercus prinus  var. lata  Aiton
1789.  Quercus prinus  var. oblongata  Aiton
1789.  Quercus rubra  var. montana  Aiton (nom. illeg.)
1801.  Quercus prinus  var. monticola  Michx.
1801.  Quercus prinus  var. palustris  Michx.
1803.  Quercus pumila  Michx. (nom. illeg.)
1805.  Quercus montana  Willd.
1838.  Quercus carpinifolia  Raf.
1838.  Quercus granulata  Raf.
1838.  Quercus longifolia  Raf.
1838.  Quercus versicolor  Raf.
1864.  Quercus monticola  G.Kirchn.
1891.  Quercus carolineana  Dippel
Chestnut oak ⓘ
Mountain chestnut oak ⓘ
Rock chestnut oak ⓘ
Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
UPL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 5
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COL
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 Willd.
1785.  Quercus prinus  var. humilis  Marshall
1801.  Quercus prinus  var. pumila  Michx.
1801.  Quercus prinoides  Willd.
1811.  Quercus prinus  var. chincapin  F.Michx.
1814.  Quercus chinquapin  Pursh
1838.  Quercus prinoides  Raf. (nom. illeg.)
1838.  Quercus chincapin  (F.Michx.) Raf.
1877.  Quercus castanea  var. prinoides  (Willd.) Muhl. ex Engelm.
1886.  Quercus muehlenbergii  var. humilis  (Marshall) Britton
1907.  Quercus prinoides  var. rufescens  Rehder
1918.  Quercus rufescens  (Rehder) E.P.Bicknell
 Dwarf chinquapin oak,
Scrub chestnut oak 		Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Tree-shrub

NYFA: 5
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 Michx.
1801. Quercus macrocarpa Michx.
1812. Quercus olivaeformis F.Michx.
1838. Cerris macrocarpa (Michx.) Raf.
1838. Cerris oliviformis (F.Michx.) Raf.
1856. Quercus macrocarpa  var. oliviformis  (F.Michx.) A.Gray
1876. Quercus macrocarpa  var. depressa  (Nutt.) Engelm.
1924. Quercus macrocarpa  f. oliviformis  (F.Michx.) Trel
1931. Quercus mandanensis Rydb.
1935. Quercus macrocarpa  ssp. oliviformis  (F.Michx.) A.Camus
 Bur oak,
Burr oak,
Mossy-cup oak,
Blue oak
Chêne à gros fruits 		Native, CoC: 6,
Likely secure
FAC-FACU
Perennial,
Tree-shrub

NYFA: 4
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 Engelm.
1803. Quercus prinus  var. acuminata  Michx.
1877. Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm.
1884. Quercus rubra  var. muehlenbergii  (Engelm.) Wenz.
1895. Quercus acuminata Sarg. (i)
1901. Quercus brayi Small
 Chinkapin oak,
Chinquapin oak,
Yellow chestnut oak
Chêne jaune,
Chêne de Mühlenberg 		Native, CoC: 8,
Likely secure
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 4
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 Wangenh.
1787. Quercus stellata Wangenh.
1803. Quercus obtusiloba Michx.
1918. Quercus minor (Marshall) Sarg.
1918. Quercus stellata  var. attenuata  
1918. Quercus stellata  var. parviloba  
 Post oak
Chêne étoilé,
Chêne à étoilé 		Native, CoC: 9,
Likely secure
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 4
USDA-N0
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 L.
1753. Quercus robur L.
1790. Quercus pedunculata Ehrh.
 English oak,
Pedunculate oak,
European oak
Chêne pédonculé 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Cultivated,
Rarely naturalizes
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Genus Quercus sect. Quercus (excluded taxa) White oak group N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Nutt.
1818. Quercus michauxii Nutt.
 Swamp chestnut oak,
Basket oak,
Cow oak 		N. America native
 southeastern U.S.,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
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 (Ashe) Small
1894. Quercus minor  var. margarettae  Ashe
1903. Quercus margaretta (Ashe) Small
1913. Quercus stellata  var. margarettae  (Ashe) Sarg.
1983. Quercus stellata  ssp. margarettae  (Ashe) A.E.Murray
 Sand post oak,
Runner oak,
Dwarf post oak 		N. America native
 southeastern U.S.,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
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Quercus sect. Quercus hybrids
[edit | edit source]
These are the naturally-occurring white oak hybrids found in New York State.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Quercus
Genus Quercus sect. Quercus White oak group N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 C.K.Schneid.
  Quercus alba ×
  Quercus montana
 Saul's oak,
Hybrid of
 white oak &
 chestnut oak 		Native,
Vulnerable

NYFA: 3?
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 Schneid.
  Quercus alba ×
  Quercus bicolor
 Jack's oak,
Hybrid of
 white oak &
 swamp-white oak
Chêne de Jack 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
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 Trel.
  Quercus alba ×
  Quercus prinoides
 Faxon's oak,
Hybrid of
 white oak &
 dwarf chinkapin oak 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
USDA-N0
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 Trel.
  Quercus alba ×
  Quercus stellata
 Fernow's oak,
Hybrid of
 white oak &
 post oak 		Native,
Endangered,
Impersistent

NYFA: 1?
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 Trel.
  Quercus bicolor ×
  Quercus macrocarpa
Quercus × hillii Trel.
 Schuette's oak,
Hybrid of
 swamp white oak &
 burr oak
Chêne de Schuette 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
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 C.K.Schneid.
  Quercus alba ×
  Quercus macrocarpa
 Bebb's oak,
Hybrid of
 white oak &
 burr oak
Chêne de Bebb 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
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 Trel.
  Quercus macrocarpa ×
  Quercus muehlenbergii[1]
1917. Quercus × deamii Trel.
1948. Quercus × fallax E.J.Palmer
 Deam's oak,
Hybrid of
 burr oak &
 chinkapin oak
Chêne de Deam 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
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  1. ↑ Trelease (1924) considered Q.× deamii to be Q.alba × Q.muehlenbergii. Bartlett (1951) showed that Q.macrocarpa × Q.muehlenbergii were more likely to have been the real parents of Q.× deamii. Meanwhile E.J.Palmer (1948) published the name Q.× fallax for oaks with that parentage. So now Q.× fallax is considered to be a synonym of Q.× deamii.
Quercus sect. Lobatae
[edit | edit source]
Red oak

The Quercus section Lobatae (similar to sect. Erythrobalanus) contains the red oak group, most members of which have leaves with pointed or spiny lobes. Red oaks produce acorns that require two seasons (18 months) to mature and are relatively bitter.

Note that Quercus lobata (a California native) is a member of sect. Querca, not sect. Lobatae, as might be inferred from its name.

The oaks of this group are especially susceptible to the oak wilt fungus (Bretziella fagacearum. formerly Ceratocystis fagacearum).[1]

  1. ↑ Oak Wilt in the Northeastern and Midwestern States. A Story Map by the USDA Forest Service Eastern Region
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae Red oak group N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Quercus rubra L.
1817. Quercus borealis Michx.
1916. Quercus maxima (Marshall) Ashe
1916. Quercus borealis  var. maxima  (Marshall) Ashe (i)
1916. Quercus borealis  var. maxima  (Marshall) Sarg.
 Red oak,
Northern red oak
Chêne rouge 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree,
Sun - part shade

NYFA: 5
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 Lam.
1785. Quercus velutina Lam.
1908. Quercus velutinavar. missouriensis
1917. Quercus missouriensis Ashe
 Black oak,
Eastern black oak 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
UPL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 5
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 Wangenh.
1785. Quercus rubravar. nana Marshall
1787. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.
1895. Quercus nana (Marshall) Sarg. (i)
 Scrub oak,
Bear oak
Chêne à feuilles de houx,
Chêne de Banister 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
UPL
Perennial,
Tree, shrub

NYFA: 5
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 Münchh.
1770. Quercus coccinea Münchh.
1789. Quercus rubravar. coccinea
1918. Quercus coccineavar. tuberculata
 Scarlet oak Native, CoC: 8,
Secure
UPL
Perennial,
Tree,
Sun

NYFA: 5
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 Münchh.
1770. Quercus palustris Münchh.
 Pin oak Native, CoC: 7,
Likely secure
FACW
Perennial,
Tree,
Sun - shade

NYFA: 4
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 Münchh.
var. marilandica
1753. Quercus nigravar. marilandica
1770. Quercus marilandica Münchh.
 Blackjack oak Native, CoC: 7,
Rare
UPL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 3
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
LBJ
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Wikispecies
 L.
1753. Quercus phellos L.
 Willow oak Native, CoC: 8,
Endangered
FACW-FAC
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 1
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
LBJ
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 Buckley
1860. Quercus shumardii Buckley
 Shumard('s) oak,
Shumard red oak,
Southern red oak,
Swamp red oak 		Native, CoC: 8,
Endangered
FACW-FAC
Perennial,
Tree, shrub

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
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 Michx.
1801. Quercus imbricaria Michx.
1842. Quercus phellosvar. imbricaria
1936. Erythrobalanus imbricaria
(Michx.) O.Schwarz
 Shingle oak,
Laurel oak 		Introduced from
 midwestern US,
Midwest native,
Not naturalized
FAC-FACU
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: X
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Genus Quercus sect. Lobatae (excluded taxa) Red oak group N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx.
1801. Quercus falcata Michx.
 Southern red oak,
Spanish oak 		N. America native
 southern U.S.,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
FNA
Tropicos
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Note: [1]
 Raf.
1824. Quercus falcata  var. pagodifolia  Elliott
1838. Quercus pagoda Raf.
1896. Quercus pagodifolia (Elliott) Ashe
1917. Quercus rubra  var. leucophylla  Ashe
1918. Quercus rubra  var. pagodifolia  (Elliott) Ashe ex Sarg.
1935. Quercus falcata  var. leucophylla  (Ashe) Palmer & Steyerm.
 Cherrybark oak,
Cherry-bark oak 		N. America native
 southern U.S.,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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  1. ↑ New York Metropolitan Flora Project (BBG) shows Quercus falcata in northeastern New Jersey, within then New York City metropolitan area.
Quercus sect. Lobatae hybrids
[edit | edit source]
These are the naturally-occurring red oak hybrids found in New York State.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Lobatae Red oak hybrids N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Sarg.
  Quercus marilandica ×
  Quercus velutina
 Bush's oak,
Hybrid of
 blackjack oak &
 black oak 		Native,
Threatened,
Impersistent

NYFA: 2
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
W.T. Davis (pro sp.)
  Quercus ilicifolia ×
  Quercus marilandica
 Britton's oak,
Hybrid of
 scrub oak &
 blackjack oak 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
Images
Wikispecies
 Trel.
  Quercus ilicifolia ×
  Quercus velutina
 Rehder's oak,
Hybrid of
 scrub oak &
 black oak 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
 Sudw.
  Quercus rubra ×
  Quercus velutina
    Quercus × hawkinsi Sudw.
    Quercus × hawkinsii Sudw.
    Quercus × porteri Trelease illeg.
 Hawkins' oak,
Hybrid of
 red oak &
 black oak
Chêne de Hawkins 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
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 Britton (pro sp.)
  Quercus marilandica ×
  Quercus phellos
Quercus × dubia Ashe
 Rudkin's oak,
Hybrid of
 blackjack oak &
 willow oak 		Native,
Endangered

ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 Little
  Quercus phellos ×
  Quercus velutina
 Varileaf oak,
Hybrid of
 willow oak &
 black oak 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
 Michx.f.
  Quercus phellos ×
  Quercus rubra
Quercus × hollickii Schneid.
 Variable-leaved oak,
Hybrid of
 willow oak &
 red oak 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
Quercus sect. Cerris
[edit | edit source]
Quercus acutissima
The potentially invasive Asian sawtooth oak has not been listed as naturalized in New York, but it has been until recently distributed as a "conservation" tree in the state, and has been listed as naturalized in Pennsylvania. It is reported as invasive in Wisconsin, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Quercoideae — Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris
Genus Quercus subg. Quercus sect. Cerris Turkish oak group N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
    Quercus cerris L.
European turkey oak ⓘ
Turkey oak ⓘ
Introduced,
Potentially invasive,
 iMapInvasives,
 Invasive.org: [1],
 GRIIS-US: Present,
SNA

NYFA: Xm
NYFA: New York (2013)
GBIF
5 SE counties
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 Carruth.
    
    
    
Sawtooth oak ⓘ
Sawhorn oak ⓘ
Introduced from
 Asia,
Potentially invasive,
 iMapInvasives,
 Invasive.org: [2],
 GRIIS-US: Invasive,
Cultivated,
Not naturalized,
NPS

NYFA: 0
NYFA: Not listed
iNat
11 counties
USDA-X0
ARS-GRIN
BONAP
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Tribe Castaneeae

[edit | edit source]
Castanea
[edit | edit source]
Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
American chestnut
Native American chestnut trees (Castanea dentata) were a major component of many New York forests until the introduction of the exotic chestnut blight fungus (Cryphonectria parasitica) in the late 19th century. Mature American chestnuts are now rare, but stump sprouts are keeping the chestnut genome alive.
Fagales — Fagaceae — Castanoideae — Castanea
Genus Castanea Chestnut N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
(Marsh.) Borkh.
1785. Fagus dentata Marshall (i)
1800. C. dentata (Marshall) Borkh.
1803. C. vescavar. americana
1817. C. americana (Michx.) Raf.
 American chestnut,
Chestnut
Châtaignier d'Amérique 		Native, CoC: 6,
Likely secure
UPL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 4
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Note: [1]
 (L.) Mill.
1768. Fagus pumila L.
1768. Castanea pumila (L.) Mill.
1818. Castanea alnifolia Nutt
Chinquapin
Chinkapin
Dwarf chestnut ⓘ
Allegheny chinquapin
N. America native,
Unranked
UPL

NYFA: X
USDA-N0
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BONAP
LBJ
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Siebold & Zucc.
    
    
    
Japanese chestnut ⓘ
Korean chestnut ⓘ
Introduced,
Unk. naturalization

NYFA: Xu
USDA-X0
BBG Images
Wikispecies
 Mill.
    Castanea vesca
    Castanea vulgaris
 European chestnut Introduced from
 Europe,
Impersistent,
Not naturalized

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
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Genus Castanea (excluded taxa) Chestnut N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Blume
    
    
    
Chinese chestnut ⓘ
Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-X0
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  1. ↑ Castanea dentata status is misleading because although the species is not rare and will likely persist, chestnut blight prevents the trees from maturing. Most grow from root suckers.

Subfamily Fagoideae

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Fagus

[edit | edit source]
American beech (Fagus grandifolia)
The American beech, Fagus grandifolia, is a widespread hardwood tree in New York, and historically associated with Acer saccharum (sugar maple) in beech-maple climax forests. The American beech, however, is susceptible to beech bark disease, which is now common in New York. The disease is made possible by the non-native beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, which pierces the bark to feed on the sap. The resulting holes allow Nectria fungus spores to enter. Eventually the exotic fungus kills portions of inner bark and induces cankers that often girdle and kill the tree.[1] Given these facts, the "secure" status for American beech may be counter-intuitive, but the loss of larger infected trees increases the number of root suckers and stump sprouts, causing dense beech thickets, which have little benefit for wildlife or timber harvesters. So, as with other disease-prone trees such as American elm and American chestnut, the threat of extirpation is low, even though the health of the existing population remains poor. In fact, foresters in New York often consider the American beech to be a native invasive or interfering species and treat beech tree stumps with glyphosate immediately after cutting to prevent such resprouts.[2]
  1. ↑ David R. Houston & James T. O'Brien (1985), "Beech Bark Disease", USDA Forest Service Forest Insect & Disease Leaflet 75.
  2. ↑ "Woodland Guidelines for the Control and Management of American Beech", Cornell University Cooperative Extension, Department of Natural Resources, Ithaca, NY (www.ForestConnect.info)
Fagales — Fagaceae — Fagoideae — Fagus
Fagus Beech N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Ehrh.
1788. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
1789. Fagus ferruginea Aiton
1826. Fagus americana Sweet
1907. Fagus grandifolia  var. caroliniana  (Loudon) Fernald & Rehder
1940. Fagus grandifolia  ssp. heterophylla  Camp
 American beech
Hêtre américain 		Native,
Secure

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 L.
1753. Fagus sylvatica L.
 European beech Introduced from
 Eurasia

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
ARS-GRIN
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Family Myricaceae

[edit | edit source]
The Myricaceae Blume 1829 (bayberry family) contains the bayberry, sweetgale, and sweet-fern species.[1]

Robert L. Wilbur (1994) recommended splitting Myrica (bayberry and sweetgale), moving most of the bayberry species to Morella and leaving sweetgale in Myrica. He also expressed doubt about whether the two eastern North American bayberry species, M. pensylvanica and M. caroliniensis, were distinct enough to be considered separate species.[2] In 2002, Wilbur made the recommendation that the two eastern North American bayberry species should be treated as a single species, Morella caroliniensis.[3]

  1. ↑ Myricaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
  2. ↑ Robert L. Wilbur (1994). "The Myricaceae of the United States and Canada: genera, subgenera, and series." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 16(1):93-107.
  3. ↑ R.L. Wilbur (2002). "The identity and history of Myrica caroliniensis (Myricaceae)." Rhodora 104:39.

Comptonia

[edit | edit source]
Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Comptonia
Genus Comptonia L’Hér. 1789 Sweet-fern N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) J.M.Coult.
1753. Liquidambar peregrina L.
1753. Myrica aspleniifolia L.
1763. Liquidambar aspleniifolia (L.) L.
1789. Comptonia aspleniifolia (L.) L’Hér.
1891. Myrica peregrina (L.) Kuntze
1894. Comptonia peregrina (L.) J.M.Coult.
 Sweet fern,
Fern gale
Comptonie voyageuse,
Comptonie à
  feuilles d'asplénie 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
Perennial,
Shrub, subshrub

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Myrica

[edit | edit source]
Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Myrica
Genus Myrica L. 1754 Sweetgale N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Myrica gale L.
1889. Gale palustris Chev.
 Sweet bayberry,
Bog-myrtle,
Sweet gale,
Meadow-fern
Myrique baumier,
Bois-sent-bon 		Native,
Secure,
Circumoreal
OBL
Perennial,
Shrub

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
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Morella

[edit | edit source]
Some sources, including the New York Flora Atlas, treat northern and southern bayberry as a single species. Other sources treat them separately. If treated as two distinct species, only northern bayberry (Morella pensylvanica) is thought to be native or naturalized in New York. But, if treated as as single species, Morella caroliniensis would have priority as the species name.
Fagales — Myricaceae — Myriceae — Morella
Genus Morella Lour. 1790 Bayberry N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Mirb.) Kartesz
1804. Myrica pensylvanica Mirb.
1919. Myrica macfarlanei Youngken
1937. Cerothamnus pensylvanicus Moldenke
1999. Morella pensylvanica (Mirb.) Kartesz[1]
 Northern bayberry,
Candleberry, Waxberry,
Tallow bayberry,
Tallowshrub,
Swamp candleberry,
Candlewood
Cirier de Pennsylvanie,
Myrique de Pennsylvanie 		Native, CoC: 7,
Likely secure,
S4, G5
FAC
Perennial,
Shrub

NYFA: 4
USDA-NN
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 (Mill.) Small
1768. Myrica caroliniensis Mill.
1838. Myrica heterophylla Raf.
1903. Morella caroliniensis Small
1910. Cerothamnus caroliniensis Tidestr.
 Southern bayberry,
Evergreen bayberry,
Wax-myrtle,
Small bayberry 		N. America native

NYFA: 4
USDA-N0
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  1. ↑ NYFA lists Morella pensylvanica as Morella caroliniensis (Mill.) Small, with Myrica pensylvanica as a synonym. However, the other sources listed here (except for Flora Novae Angliae @Go Botany) do not treat northern and southern bayberry as the same species. Flora of North America lists southern bayberry as Myrica heterophylla, and after discussing the minor differences between northern and southern bayberry, states "Whether these differences are sufficient to warrant the recognition of distinct species is yet to be satisfactorily resolved."

Family Juglandaceae

[edit | edit source]
The New York members of the Juglandaceae (walnut family) include about ten reported native walnut and hickory species, and a single non-native walnut species.[1] These trees are valuable both for their timber and nut production.
  1. ↑ Juglandaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Juglandoideae

[edit | edit source]
Both of the New York Juglandaceae tribes are placed in the Juglandoideae. Their fruits are similar in that they are composed of a nut surrounded by a fleshy outer covering so that they somewhat resemble a drupe such as a peach or plum.

Tribe Juglandeae

[edit | edit source]
The Juglandeae in New York consist of the relatively common native black walnut and butternut (or white walnut) trees.
Juglans
[edit | edit source]
Black walnut (Juglans nigra) may not be native to all parts of New York. It was once a dominant tree in the midwest and southeast, and was probably cultivated by Native Americans in parts of the state where it didn't occur naturally.

Most butternut (Juglans cinerea) trees in the state appear to have been infected by the butternut canker (the fungus Sirococcus clavigignenti-juglandacearum) . Some naturalized "English" and possibly "Japanese" walnut trees have also been found in the southeastern part of the state.

Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Juglandeae — Juglans
Genus Juglans sect. Rhysocaryon Black walnuts N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Juglans nigra L.
1861. Wallia nigra (L.) Alef.
 Black walnut,
American walnut
Noyer noir,
Noyer noir d'Amérique 		Native,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree

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Genus Juglans sect. Trachycaryon White walnuts N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1759. Juglans cinerea L.
1861. Wallia cinerea (L.) Alef.
 Butternut,
White walnut
Noyer cendré,
Arbre à noix longues,
Noix tendre 		Native,
Likely secure
FACU

NYFA: 4
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Genus Juglans sect. Cardiocaryon Asian walnuts N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Carrière
1872. Juglans sieboldiana Maxim.
1878. Juglans ailantifolia Carrière
 Japanese walnut,
Siebold walnut,
Onigurumi,
Heartnut
Noyer du Japon 		Introduced from
 temperate Asia,
Naturalized

NYFA: X0
NYFA: Suffolk (2012)
cultivated only
USDA-X
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Genus Juglans Hybrid walnuts N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Rehder
  Juglans ailantifolia ×
  Juglans cinerea
1921. Juglans × bixbyi Rehder
 Bixby's walnut,
Buart,
Buartnut,
Hybrid of
 butternut &
 Japanese walnut 		Introduced,
No specimens

NYFA: X0
USDA-X0
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Genus Juglans sect. Juglans (excluded taxa) Eurasian walnuts N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Juglans regia L.
1906. Juglans duclouxiana Dode
1906. Juglans falax Dode
1906. Juglans sinensis (C.DC.) Dode
1906. Juglans kamaonica (C.DC.) Dode
1906. Juglans orientis Dode
 English walnut,
Persian walnut,
Common walnut,
Black sea walnut,
Madeira-nut
Noyer commun 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
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Tribe Caryeae

[edit | edit source]
Carya
[edit | edit source]
Carya cordiformis
North American hickories (Carya) are often divided into two groups: the true hickories (sect. Carya) and the pecan hickories (sect. Apocarya). Section Apocarya contains the pecan hickories, including pecan (Carya illinoinensis), water hickory (C. aquatica), and nutmeg hickory (C. myristiciformis). The wood of the trees in this section is generally considered to be a bit less dense and softer than that of the true hickories.[1] The only member of sect. Apocarya found in New York is bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis). Section Carya contains the true hickories.

Recent molecular data does not strictly support using those two groups.[2]

  1. ↑ Eric Meier (2008-2015). "True Hickory and Pecan Hickory." The Wood Database
  2. ↑ J.B.Zhang, R.Q.Li, X.G.Xiang, S.R.Manchester, L.Lin, W.Wang, J.Wen, Z.D.Chen (2013). "Integrated fossil and molecular data reveal the biogeographic diversification of the eastern Asian-eastern North American disjunct hickory genus (Carya Nutt.)." PLoS One. 2013-Jul-16, 8(7): e70449. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070449.
Fagales — Juglandaceae — Juglandoideae — Caryeae — Apocarya
Genus Carya sect. Apocarya Pecan hickories N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Wangenh.) K. Koch (1869)
1787. Juglans cordiformis
1869. Carya cordiformis
    Hicoria cordiformis
    Hicoria minima
 Bitternut hickory,
Swamp hickory
Caryer cordiforme,
Caryer amer 		Native,
Secure
FAC-FACU

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Genus Carya sect. Carya True hickories N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Mill.) K.Koch
 var. ovata

1768. Juglans ovata Mill. in Gard. Dict., ed. 8.: n.°6
1869. Carya ovata (Mill.) K.Koch in Dendrologie 1:598
1888. Hicorius ovata (Mill.) Britton in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 15:283

Shagbark hickory,
Shellbark hickory,
Upland hickory
Caryer ovale 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5
FACU-FACU
Perennial,
Tree,
Heliophily: 5
Sun - shade

NYFA: 5
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POWO
FSUS
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 (Mill.) Sweet
1768. Juglans glabra Mill.
1787. Juglans ovalis Wangenh.
1813. Juglans pyriformis Muhl., nom. nud.
1826. Carya glabra (Mill.) Sweet
1913. Carya ovalis (Wangenh.) Sarg.
1969. Carya glabra  var. odorata  (Marshall) Little
Pignut hickory
Sweet pignut
Red hickory
False shagbark
Small pignut
Native,
Secure
FACU-FACU

NYFA: 5
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 (Poir.) Nutt.
1753. Juglans alba L. p.p.
1798. Juglans tomentosa Poir. in Lam.
1818. Carya tomentosa (Poir.) Nutt.
1818. Carya alba (L.) Nutt
1838. Hicoria tomentosa (Lam.) Raf.
1869. Carya alba (L.) K. Koch
1888. Hicorius alba Britton
 Mockernut hickory,
Big-bud hickory,
White-heart hickory,
White hickory,
Square-nut hickory 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5
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Go Botany
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Note: [1]
 (Michx. f.) G. Don
Hicoria laciniosa
 Shellbark hickory,
Kingnut,
Big shellbark hickory,
Shagbark hickory 		Native,
Threatened
FACW-FAC

NYFA: 2
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Sarg.
  Carya laciniosa ×
  Carya ovata
1922. Carya × dunbarii Sarg.
 Dunbar's hickory,
Hybrid of
 Shellbark hickory &
 Shagbark hickory 		Native,
Unranked
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
 Sarg.
  Carya cordiformis ×
  Carya ovata
1913. Carya × Laneyi Sarg.
 Laney's hickory,
Hybrid of
 Bitternut hickory &
 Shagbark hickory 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
Carya cordiformis × laciniosa
  Carya cordiformis ×
  Carya laciniosa
 Hybrid of
 Bitternut hickory &
 Shellbark hickory 		N. America native,
No reports

Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ NYFA and NRCS list Carya tomentosa as Carya alba. ARS, ITIS, and FNA all list the accepted species name as Carya tomentosa.

Family Betulaceae

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The Betulaceae (birch family) contains the alder (Alnus), birch (Betula), hornbeam (Carpinus), hop-hornbeam (Ostrya), and hazel (Corylus) trees and shrubs.[1]
  1. ↑ Betulaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

Subfamily Betuloideae

[edit | edit source]
The Betuloideae contains the alders and birches.

Alnus

[edit | edit source]
Alnus incana
speckled alder
The genus Alnus contains trees generally referred to as alders.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Alnus
Genus Alnus Alder N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Moench
ssp. rugosa (Du Roi) R.T.Clausen
1771. Betula alnusvar. rugosa Du Roi
1784. Betula rugosa (Du Roi) Ehrh.
1826. Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.
1861. Alnus incanavar. americana
1945. Alnus rugosavar. americana
1949. Alnus incanassp. rugosa
1955. Alnus americana (Regel) Czerep.
 Speckled alder,
Tag alder,
Swamp alder
Aulne blanchâtre 		Native, CoC: 5,
Secure
FACW-FACU
Perennial,
Shrub-tree

NYFA: 5
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 (Aiton) Willd.
1789. Betula serrulata Aiton
1805. Alnus serrulata (Aiton) Willd.
1904. Alnus noveboracensis Britton
1945. Alnus serrulatavar. subelliptica
1967. Alnus incanavar. serrulata
 auct. Alnus rubra non (DuRoi) Spreng
 Smooth alder,
Hazel alder,
Brookside alder,
Brook-side alder
Aulne tendre,
Aulne blanc,
Aulne serrulé 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Shrub-tree

NYFA: 5
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 (Ehrh.) K. Koch
ssp. crispa (Aiton) Raus
1789. Betula crispa Aiton
1813. Alnus crispa (Aiton) Pursh
1904. Alnus alnobetula  var. crispa  H.J.P.Winkl.
1962. Alnus viridis  ssp. crispa  (Aiton) Turrill
1964. Duschekia crispa (Aiton) Pouzar
2011. Alnus alnobetula  ssp. crispa  (Aiton) Raus
 Green alder,
Mountain alder,
American green alder
Aulne vert crispé,
Aulne crispé,
Aulne tardif 		Native, CoC: 9,
Vulnerable
FAC
Perennial,
Shrub-tree

NYFA: 3
USDA-NN
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 Callier
  Alnus incana ssp. rungosa ×
  Alnus serrulata
1911. Alnus × fallacina Callier
 Deceptive alder,
Hybrid of
 speckled alder &
 smooth alder 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
USDA-N0
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 (L.) Gaertn.
1753. Betula alnus L.
1753. Betula alnusvar. glutinosa L.
1757. Alnus vulgaris Hill
1790. Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
1913. Alnus alnus (L.) Britton nom. illeg.
 European alder,
Black alder,
European black alder
Aulne glutineux,
Aulne noir 		Introduced from
 Eurasia, n. Africa,
Moderately invasive,
 NYIS: 64%[1],
CP-3[2]

NYFA: X
USDA-XX
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Genus Alnus (potential hybrids) Alder N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
Alnus glutinosa × serrulata
 Hybrid of
 European alder &
 smooth alder 		Introduced,
No specimens

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Wikispecies
Genus Alnus (excluded taxa) Alder N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (L.) Moench
ssp. incana
    
1794. Alnus incana (L.) Moench p.p.
 Gray alder Introduced from
 Eurasia,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-EXCLD
ARS-GRIN
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Alnus glutinosa: Moderate (64).
  2. ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

Betula

[edit | edit source]
Betula papyrifera
Betula (ˈbech-ə-lə) in New York consists of about nine native species of birch trees, at least two native hybrids, and a single naturalized non-native species (though others have likely been planted). Here they are segregated into four subgenera:
  • Subg. Betulenta: B. alleghaniensis & B. lenta
  • Subg. Betula: B. populifolia, B. papyrifera, B. cordifolia, & B. pendula
  • Subg. Neurobetula: B. nigra
  • Subg. Chamaebetula: B. pumila, B. glandulosa, & B. minor
Betula subg. Betulenta
[edit | edit source]
Palustrine forest of hemlocks, sweet birches (Betula lenta), and yellow birches (Betula alleghaniensis) along Fall Creek, Monroe County, Pennsylvania.
Subgenus Betulenta contains the wintergreen-oil birches, which in New York consist of yellow and black birch. These contain a noticeable amount of methyl salicylate in their twig bark, giving the twigs a minty odor when broken.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betulenta Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Britton
1811. Betula lutea F.Michx. nom. illeg.
1904. Betula alleghaniensis Britton
1922. B. luteavar. macrolepis
1949. B. luteavar. alleghaniensis
1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. fallax
1966. B. alleghaniensisvar. macrolepis
 Yellow birch
Bouleau jaune,
Bouleau des Alléghanys,
Merisier 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
FAC
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 5
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 L.
1753. Betula lenta L.
 Black birch,
Sweet birch,
Cherry birch
Bouleau flexible,
Merisier rouge 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree

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Betula subg. Betula
[edit | edit source]
Betula populifolia
gray birch
Subgenus Betula contains the typical birches, which do not have methyl salicylate in their bark.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Betulenta
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Betula Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Marshall
1785. Betula populifolia Marshall
 Gray birch,
White birch,
Fire birch
Bouleau à
  feuilles de peuplier,
Bouleau gris 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure
Perennial,
Tree

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 Marshall
1785. Betula papyrifera Marshall
1789. B. papyracea Aiton
1841. B. albavar. papyrifera
1919. B. papyriferavar. elobata
1945. B. papyriferavar. commutata
1945. B. papyriferavar. pensilis
 Paper birch,
Canoe birch,
White birch 		Native, CoC: 5,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree

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 Regel
1861. Betula cordifolia Regel
1901. B. papyriferavar. cordifolia
[1]
1902. B. albavar. cordifolia
1982. B. papyriferassp. cordifolia
 Mountain paper birch,
Mountain white birch,
Heart-leaved birch,
Heart-leaved paper birch 		Native, CoC: 7,
Vulnerable
FACU
Perennial,
Tree

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Blanch. (pro sp.)
  Betula cordifolia ×
  Betula populifolia
1904. Betula caerulea-grandis
Blanch.
1904. Betula caerulea Blanch.
 Blue birch,
Hybrid of
 Mountain paper birch &
 Gray birch
Bouleau bleu 		Native,
Endangered

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Note: [2]
 Roth
1788. Betula pendula Roth
1789. Betula albavar. pendula
1790. Betula verrucosa Ehrh.
    
 Weeping birch,
Silver birch,
European white birch,
European weeping birch
Bouleau verruqueux,
Bouleau pendant,
Bouleau pleureur,
Bouleau blanc d'Europe 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
 Canada & Alaska??,
Naturalized
FACU
Perennial,
Tree

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Genus Betula subg. Betula (excluded taxa) Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Betula nana L.
 Alpine birch,
Dwarf birch,
Arctic dwarf birch 		N. America native
 Canada & Alaska,
N.Y. excluded

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 Ehrh.
ssp. pubescens
Betula alba
 Downy birch Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

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 Sukaczev
Betula latifolia
 Asian white birch Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

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  1. ↑ Betula cordifolia is often treated as a variety of Betula papyrifera. According to Flora of North America, "…perhaps it should be considered an ecological race of that species."
  2. ↑ Betula × caerulea (blue birch) is listed by NRCS as a cross between papyrifera & populifolia, but FNA agrees with NYFA in stating that it as more likey [cordifolia × populifolia]
Betula subg. Neurobetula
[edit | edit source]
Betula nigra
Although somewhat rare in New York and native to bottomlands, especially in the Hudson Valley, river birch is also planted as a popular landscape tree in other parts of the state.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Neurobetula
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Neurobetula Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Betula nigra L.
1812. Betula rubra F.Michx.
 River birch,
Red birch,
Black birch 		Native, CoC: 8,
Rare,
S4, G5
FACW
Perennial,
Tree

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Betula subg. Chamaebetula
[edit | edit source]
Betula pumila
bog birch
Subgenus Chamaebetula contains the dwarf birches.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula subg. Chamaebetula
Genus Betula L. 1753 subg. Chamaebetula Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1767. Betula pumila L.
1902. B. hallii Howell
1909. B. glandulifera
(Regel) E. J. Butler
 Bog birch,
Dwarf birch,
Low birch,
Swamp birch 		Native, CoC: 9,
Threatened,
NYNHP: 2[1]
OBL
Perennial,
Tree

NYFA: 2
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 Michx.
1803. Betula glandulosa Michx.
1911. B. exilis Sukaczev
    
 Alpine birch,
Tundra dwarf birch,
Dwarf birch,
Resin birch
Bouleau glanduleux 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[2]
OBL
Perennial,
Tree

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 (Tuck.) Fernald
1843. Betula papyraceavar. minor
1890. B. papyriferavar. minor
1902. B. albavar. minor
1945. B. minor Fernald
1966. B. pubescensssp. minor
1976. B. saxophila Lepage
 Dwarf white birch,
Dwarf birch
Bouleau mineur 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[3]
Perennial,
Tree

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  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula pumila. Threatened, S2/G5.
  2. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula glandulosa. Endangered, S1/G5.
  3. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Betula minor. Endangered, S1/G4Q.
Betula inter-subgeneric hybrids
[edit | edit source]
Betula × sandbergii
The only known hybrid of birches from separate subgenera collected in New York is Sandberg's birch (Betula × sandbergii, of parents B. papyrifera × B. pumila).
Fagales — Betulaceae — Betuloideae — Betula
Genus Betula L. 1753 Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Britton (pro sp.)
  Betula papyrifera ×
  Betula pumila
1904. Betula sandbergii Britton
1957. Betula × neoborealis Lepage
 Sandberg's birch,
Northern birch,
Hybrid of
 Paper birch &
 Bog birch
Bouleau de Sandberg 		Native,
Unranked

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Genus Betula L. 1753 (excluded taxa) Birch N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 C.K.Schneid.
  Betula alleghaniensis ×
  Betula pumila
1904. Betula purpusii C.K.Schneid.
1904. Betula purpusiivar. typica nom. inval.
 Purpus' birch,
Hybrid of
 Yellow birch &
 Bog birch
Bouleau de Purpus 		Native,
Unranked

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 Lepage
  Betula glandulosa ×
  Betula minor
1952. Betula × dutillyi Lepage
 Dutilly's birch,
Hybrid of
 Tundra dwarf birch &
 Dwarf white birch
Bouleau de Dutilly 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: D
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 Lepage
  Betula populifolia ×
  Betula pumila
1957. Betula × raymundii Lepage
 Raymund's birch,
Hybrid of
 Gray birch &
 Bog birch
Bouleau de Raymund 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: D
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Betula alleghaniensis × papyrifera
  Betula alleghaniensis ×
  Betula papyrifera
 Un-named,
Hybrid of
 Yellow brirch &
 Paper birch 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: D
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Subfamily Coryloideae

[edit | edit source]
The Coryloideae subfamily of the birch family generally includes the hornbeam (Carpineae) and hazel (Coryleae) tribes.

Tribe Carpineae

[edit | edit source]
The Carpineae comprise the hornbeams (Carpinus) and hop-hornbeams (Ostrya). A single species of each is native to New York.
Ostrya
[edit | edit source]
Ostrya virginiana
American hophornbeam
The genus Ostyra is generally known as hop-hornbeam, or ironwood. Of the approximately nine Ostyra species worldwide, only the Eastern hop-hornbeam species is known to grow outside of cultivation in New York. Because of its small size, shade tolerance, low timber value, and high reproductive rate, hop-hornbeam is often considered to be an undesirable understory species in forests being used for commercial timber production.[1][2]
  1. ↑ Peter Smallidge & Kristi Sullivan (2014). "Evaluating Forest Regeneration Methods for the Northeastern United States." eXtension 1-Nov-2014
  2. ↑ S. E. Ritz (2012). "Plant guide for hop hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)." USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Appalachian Plant Materials Center. Alderson, WV
Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Ostrya
Genus Ostrya Hop-hornbean N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Mill.) K.Koch
1768. Carpinus virginiana Mill.
1873. Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch
 Eastern hop-hornbeam,
American hophornbeam,
Ironwood
Ostryer de Virginie,
Bois de fer 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 5
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Carpinus
[edit | edit source]
Carpinus caroliniana
American Hornbeam
The only species of hornbeam native in New York goes by the name American hornbeam, blue beech, or muscle-wood. It also goes by the name ironwood, but as that name is also commonly used for the related hop-hornbeam tree, perhaps it should be used for neither.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Carpineae — Carpinus
Genus Carpinus Hornbeam N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Walter
 ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow

1785. Carpinus betulus var virginiana Marshall in Arbust. Amer.: 25
1893. Carpinus virginiana Sudw., non Miller (1768)
1935. Carpinus caroliniana var. virginiana (Marshall) Fernald in Rhodora 37: 425
1987. Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow in Syst. Bot. 12:429

American hornbeam,
Musclewood,
Blue beech,
Muscle tree,
Ironwood
Charme de Virginie,
Bois de fer 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure,
S5, G5-T5
FAC
Perennial,
Tree, shrub,
Heliophily: 3

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 L.
1753. C. betulus L.
1940. C. caucasica Grossh.
 European hornbeam Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Unk. naturalization

NYFA: X
USDA-X0
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Genus Carpinus (excluded taxa) Hornbeam N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Walter
ssp. caroliniana
1788. C. caroliniana Walter
1803. C. americana Michx.
 American hornbeam,
Blue beech,
Musclewood,
Ironwood
Charme de Caroline 		N. America native
 southern US,
N.Y. excluded

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Tribe Coryleae

[edit | edit source]
Corylus
[edit | edit source]
Corylus contains the hazelnut shrubs and trees, which are not closely related to witchhazel.
Fagales — Betulaceae — Coryloideae — Coryleae — Corylus
Genus Corylus Hazelnut N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Marshall
 ssp. cornuta
1785. Corylus cornuta Marshall
1789. Corylus rostrata Aiton
1940. C. cornutavar. megaphylla
 Beaked hazelnut,
Beaked hazel,
Beaked filbert
Noisetier à long bec,
Coudrier à long bec 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Tree, shrub,
Sun - part shade

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 Walter
1788. Corylus americana Walter
1864. C. americanavar. missouriensis
1916. C. americanavar. altior
1935. C. americanavar. indehiscens
 American hazelnut,
American hazel,
American filbert
Noisetier d'Amérique 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Shrub,
Sun - shade

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Genus Corylus (excluded taxa) Hazelnut N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Corylus avellana L.
 European hazelnut,
European hazel,
Common filbert
Noisetier commun,
Coudrier,
Avelline 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
N.Y. excluded
FACU
Perennial,
Shrub

NYFA-Excluded
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