Flora of New York/Lamiales 1

← Solanales	Flora of New York — Lamiales 1: Oleaceae, Tetrachondraceae, Plantaginaceae, Scrophulariaceae				→ Lamiales 2: Lamiaceae
	Table of contents	Genus index	Protected species index	Invasive species index

The Lamiales ^[1]

↑ P. F. Stevens, (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, September 2013. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

Family Oleaceae

The Oleaceae (olive family) in New York consists of a handful of native and introduced ash trees, along with a number of non-native shrubs, some of which, primarily the privets, are extremely invasive and create dense thickets. Interestingly, the olive family does not include Elaeagnus species (Russian olive and autumn olive), which are also common alien invasives but are categorized in the Elaeagnaceae (oleaster family) in the Rhamnales.^[1]^[2]

↑ Oleaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Oleaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Tribe Forsythieae

Forsythia

Forsythia is a popular non-native ornamental shrub, planted at least in part for its bright yellow early spring flowers. In New York, the degree of this popularity is tempered in much of the state where local weather doesn't consistently allow much flowering. The two species listed as having to some extent naturalized in New York are F. viridissima (greenstem forsythia) and F. suspensa (weeping forsythia). It's likely that in recent times the hybrid of the two, Forsythia × intermedia, has been planted at least as much as either of its parents, but it is sterile and also may not reproduce vegetatively as well as F. suspensa, whose arching branches root where they touch the ground, allowing it to do a slow walk into adjacent natural areas.^[1]

↑ Paul M. Catling (2007) "Weeping forsythia, another shrub naturalized in Canada." Botanical Electronic News No. 378 April 25, 2007. Victoria, B.C.

Forsythia species	Common name	Stem Center	Stem Habit	Leaf type
Forsythia suspensa	weeping forsythia	Hollow except at nodes	Arching
Forsythia viridissima	greenstem forsythia	Pith except at nodes	Upright	Simple
Forsythia × intermedia	hybrid forsythia	Pith except at nodes	Upright or arching	Simple or 3-lobed

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Forsythieae — Forsythia
Genus Forsythia	Forsythia	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Forsythia suspensa (Thunb.) Vahl 1780. Ligustrum suspensum Thunb. in… 1784. Syringa suspensa Thunb. ex Murray in… 1792. Lilac perpensa Lam. in… 1804. Forsythia suspensa Vahl in… 1864. Forsythia fortunei Lindl. in… 1889. Forsythia sieboldii (Zabel) Dippel in… 1901. Forsythia suspensa variegata Butz in… 1932. Rangium suspensum Ohwi in… 1990. Forsythia giraldiana f. pubescens (Rehder) C.S.Niu ...	Forsythia, Weeping forsythia, Golden-bells	Introduced from China, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Forsythia viridissima Lindl. 1846. Forsythia viridissima Lindl. in… 1932. Rangium viridissimum (Lindl.) Ohwi in… 1942. Rangium koreanum var. fertile Uyeki in… 1947. Forsythia viridissima var. bronxensis Everett in… 2004. Forsythia viridissima var. incisa Geerinck in…	Greenstem forsythia, Green-stemmed forsythia, Golden-bells Forsythia vert	Introduced from China & Korea, Not naturalized		NYFA: X iNat GBIF	USDA-XX COL WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Forsythia × intermedia Zabel Forsythia suspensa × Forsythia viridissima 1885. Forsythia × intermedia Zabel in… 1899. Forsythia × intermedia var. densiflora Koehne in… 1899. Forsythia × intermedia var. divaricata Koehne in… 1899. Forsythia × intermedia var. vitellina Koehne in… 1903. Forsythia × intermedia f. densiflora (Koehne) Schelle ... 1906. Forsythia × vitellina (Koehne) Koehne in… 1906. Forsythia × spectabilis Koehne in… 1906. Forsythia × densiflora (Koehne) Koehne in…	Border forsythia, Showy forsythia, Hybrid forsythia	Introduced, Not naturalized, Artificial hybrid		NYFA: Xm NYFA: Suffolk (2008) iNat GBIF 21 counties	USDA-X0 COL WFO POWO ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Oleeae

Subtribe Fraxininae

Fraxinus

The genus Fraxinus is represented in New York primarily by the three native and economically important ash trees: white ash, black ash, and green ash. All are susceptible to infestation by the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) which has already infested a number of areas in the state and is expected to decimate ash tree populations in the near future.

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Fraxininae — Fraxinus
Genus Fraxinus sect. Melioides	Ash	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fraxinus americana L. 1753. Fraxinus americana L. 1878. Fraxinus americana var. microcarpa A.Gray 1898. Fraxinus biltmoreana Beadle 1947. Fraxinus americana var. biltmoreana (Beadle) J.Wright ex Fernald 1983. Fraxinus americana ssp. biltmoreana (Beadle) A.E.Murray	White ash, American ash Frêne blanc, Franc frêne, Frêne d'Amérique	Native, CoC: 3, Secure FACU Perennial, Tree		NYFA: N	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 1785. Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. 1788. F. pubescens Lam. 1800. F. lanceolata Borkh. 1865. F. juglandifoliavar. aucubifolia 1894. F. pennsylvanicavar. lanceolata 1947. F. pennsylvanicavar. subintegerrima 1949. F. pennsylvanicafo. aucubifolia	Green ash, Downy ash, Northern red ash Frêne de Pennsylvanie, Frêne rouge	Native, CoC: 4, Secure FACW-FAC Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies
Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush 1813. Fraxinus tomentosa F.Michx. superfl. 1894. Fraxinus americanavar. profunda 1897. Fraxinus profunda (Bush) Bush 1897. Fraxinus pennsylvanicavar. profunda 1914. Calycomelia profunda (Bush) Nieuwl.	Pumpkin ash Frêne pubescent	Native, CoC: 8, Impersistent OBL Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Genus Fraxinus sect. Fraxinus	Ash	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Fraxinus nigra Marshall 1785. Fraxinus nigra Marshall 1788. F. sambucifolia Lam. 1790. F. nigravar. sambucifolia 1846. F. americanavar. sambucifolia	Black ash, Brown ash, Hoop ash, Swamp ash, Water ash Frêne noir, Frêne de grève, Frêne gras	Native, CoC: 8, Secure FACW Perennial, Tree		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Fraxinus excelsior L. 1753. Fraxinus excelsior L.	European ash, Black ash Frêne commun, Frêne d'Europe	Introduced from Eurasia, Impersistent Perennial, Tree		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BONAP Images Wikispecies

Subtribe Ligustrinae

The subtribe Ligustrinae contains the non-native lilacs and privets.

Syringa

The common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) has been grown in the state as an ornamental shrub for centuries and appears to persist only where it has been cultivated, and so it is found to have naturalized mainly around abandoned farmsteads and such.

The more recently introduced Japanese tree lilac (Syringa reticulata) however is considered to be potentially invasive, and although it is not yet widespread outside of cultivation in New York, it may be of concern.

GBIF shows hundreds of human observations of Syringa reticulata from the 2015 New York City Street Tree Census, giving the appearance on the map that the New York metro area has the highest density of Japanese tree lilacs in the world.^[1]

The 2010 Syringa reticulata New York Invasiveness Ranking Form showed its invasiveness as unranked.^[2]

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Ligustrinae — Syringa
Genus Syringa L.	Lilac	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Syringa vulgaris L. 1753. Syringa vulgaris L. in… 1768. Syringa caerulea Jonst. in… 1770. Syringa vulgaris var. alba Weston in… 1779. Lilac vulgaris (L.) Lam. in… 1796. Syringa latifolia Salisb. in… 1800. Liliacum album (Weston) Renault in… 1800. Liliacum vulgare (L.) Renault in… 1813. Syringa lilac Thouin in… 1830. Syringa cordifolia Stokes in… 1857. Lilac vulgaris var. alba (Weston) Jacques & Hérincq in… 1889. Syringa alba (Weston) A.Dietr. ex Dippel in… 1916. Lilac caerulea (Jonst.) Lunell in…	Common lilac, Purple lilac Lilas commun, Lilas vulgaire	Introduced from southeastern Europe, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: [1], GRIIS-US: category E, Naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 16 counties iNat GBIF 55 counties	USDA-XX COL POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies Note: WI, CA
Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara ssp. reticulata 1851. Ligustrum reticulatum Blume in… 1875. Ligustrina amurensis var. japonica Maxim. in… 1879. Syringa japonica (Maxim.) Decne. in… 1894. Ligustrina japonica (Maxim.) L.Henry in… 1941. Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara in… 1952. Ligustrina reticulata (Blume) Nakai in…	Japanese tree lilac Lilas japonais	Introduced from temperate Asia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 31%^[1], iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [2], GRIIS-US: C3, SNA Tree, shrub		NYFA: Xn NYFA: Columbia, Livingson iNat 14 NY counties	USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN BBG Images Wikispecies Note: NYFA blog
Genus Syringa (excluded taxa)	Lilac	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Syringa reticulata (Blume) H. Hara ssp. amurensis (Rupr.) P.S. Greene & M.C. Chang 1856. Syringa amurensis Rupr. 1995. S. reticulata ssp. amurensis (Rupr.) P.S.Green & M.C.Chang	Amur lilac	Introduced from temperate Asia, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN BBG Images Wikispecies
Syringa villosa Vahl 1804. Syringa villosa Vahl 1895. Syringa bretschneideri Lemoine	Villous lilac, Late lilac, Japanese lilac	Introduced from China, No NY reports		NYFA: 0	USDA-X0 Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies Note: ^[2]
Syringa josikaea J. Jacq. ex Rchb. 1830. Syringa josikaea Rchb.	Hungarian lilac	Introduced from southeastern Europe, No NY reports		NYFA: 0	USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies Note: ^[3]
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Syringa reticulata: 31% (Capital/Mohawk). ↑ USDA-NRCS Plants database showed Syringa villosa in Westchester County, apparently based on Glenn, S.D. (ed.). 2013. New York Metropolitan Flora database. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. The New York Metropolitan Flora Project entry for genus Syringa at http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/195, only shows S. reticulata and S. vulgaris present in the New York metro area. ↑ https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/syringa/josikaea/ shows Syringa josikaea appearing to be naturalized in adjacent Berkshire County, MA.

Ligustrum

In general, the several privet species, none of which are native to the western hemisphere, have been found to be invasive, and some are quite difficult to control where they have naturalized. The New York Flora Atlas reports that Ligustrum obtusifolium (border privet) is by far the most common and invasive of the naturalized privets, but that Ligustrum vulgare (European privet) can be locally quite aggressive as well.

Although some sources continue to treat Amur privet as a separate subspecies (Ligustrum obtusifolium ssp. suave),^[1] others treat it as a synonym of border privet (Ligustrum obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium).^[2]

Ligustrum sp.	young twigs & stalks of floral panicles	floral-panicle length	corolla lobe to tube length ratio	tube length
L. vulgare	hairless or minutely pubescent	longer than 2"	~1/1	2.5 - 3 mm
L. obtusifolium	conspicuously hairy	1" to 2" long	1/3 - 2/3	5 - 8 mm

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Ligustrinae — Ligustrum
Genus Ligustrum	Privet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ligustrum vulgare L. 1753. Ligustrum vulgare L. 1877. L. insulense Decne. 1879. L. insulare Decne.	European privet, Common privet, Wild privet, Prim Troène commun, Troène	Introduced from Europe, western Asia, northern Africa, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 68%^[1] FACU Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. ssp. obtusifolium 1846. Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. 1846. Ligustrum obtusifolium var. obtusifolium 1846. Ligustrum obtusifolium ssp. obtusifolium 1899. Ligustrum obtusifolium var. regelianum Rehder 1900. Ligustrum ibota var. regelianum Rehder 1904. Ligustrum regelianum Koehne 1926. Ligustrum ibota var. obtusifolium (Siebold & Zucc.) Koidz.	Border privet	Introduced from Japan, Korea, Highly invasive, NYIS: 77%^[2], GRIIS-US: Invasive, Prohibited^[3], CP-2^[4] NE-4^[5], IPA VT Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-X0 POWO Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Ligustrum obtusifolium Siebold & Zucc. ssp. suave (Kitag.) Kitag. 1861. Ligustrum amurense Carrière 1924. Ligustrum ibota var. amurense (Carrière) Mansf. 1934. Ligustrum ibota var. suave Kitag. 1944. Ligustrum obtusifolium var. suave (Kitag.) H.Hara. 1946. Ligustrum obtusifolium var. amurense (Carrière) Mansf. 1965. Ligustrum obtusifolium ssp. suave (Kitag. )Kitag. 1979. Ligustrum suave (Kitag.) Kitag.	Amur privet, Amur river privet^[5]	Introduced from China, Potentially invasive, NYIS: NA^[6] Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: Schenectady (1950) NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 1844. Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. 1850. L. japonicumvar. ovalifolium Blume 1877. L. californicum Decne. 1878. L. medium Franch. & Sav.	California privet, Oval-leaf privet, Garden privet Troène des haies	Introduced from Japan, South Korea, Invasive, NYIS: 45%^[7], CP-3^[8], CT-FL Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Ligustrum (excluded taxa)	Privet	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Ligustrum sinense Lour. 1790. Ligustrum sinense Lour. 1874. L. villosum May 1931. L. microcarpum Kaneh. & Sasaki	Chinese privet, Small-leaf privet	Introduced from China, Taiwan, Laos, Vietnam, Potentially invasive, NYIS: NA^[9]		NYFA: U	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum vulgare: Moderate (68). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: High (77). ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species ↑ Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ ^a ^b Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: Not assessed (NA). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum ovalifolium: Moderate (45). ↑ Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018) ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum sinense: Not assessed (NA).

Subtribe Oleinae

Chionanthus

White fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus) is a usually-dioecious tree that is native to the southeastern US, possiibly as far north as southern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, but it has been reported to have naturalized in a few New York counties. It is becoming popular as a small ornamental tree in residential landscapes. There is some evidence that white fringetree in an acceptable host for the emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis).^[1]

↑ Don Cipollini & Chad M. Rigsby (2015) "Incidence of Infestation and Larval Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) on White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), Chinese Fringetree (Chionanthus retusus), and Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)" Environ Entomol 44(5):1375-1383, 22 July 2015.

Lamiales — Oleaceae — Oleeae — Oleinae — Chionanthus
Genus Chionanthus	Fringetree	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chionanthus virginicus L. 1753. Chionanthus virginica L. 1814. C. virginicusvar. maritimus 1830. C. maritimus (Pursh) Sweet	White fringetree, White fringe-tree, White fringe tree, American fringetree, Old-man's-beard	Introduced from southeast US, N. America native, SNA, G5 FAC Perennial, Tree, shrub, Part shade		NYFA: 6 counties NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos NatureServe BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton 1852. Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton	Tassel Tree ⓘ Chinese fringetree ⓘ	Introduced from temperate Asia, Cultivated^[1]		iNat: 3 counties iNat	ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ Edward F. Gilman & Dennis G. Watson (1993). "Chionanthus retusus, Chinese Fringetree, Fact Sheet ST-160, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

Family Tetrachondraceae

The Tetrachondraceae is a very small family containing only two species of the genus Tetrachondra and a single species of the genus Polypremum. Of these three species, only Polypremum procumbens, juniper leaf, has been reported to have been collected in New York, but it has since been excluded from the New York Flora Atlas.^[1]^[2]

↑ Tetrachondraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Tetrachondraceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Polypremum

Juniper leaf appears to be native from southern New Jersey to Florida and Texas. It is not known to have naturalized in New York State.

Lamiales — Tetrachondraceae — Polypremum
Genus Polypremum (excluded taxa)	Juniper leaf	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Polypremum procumbens L.	Juniper leaf	N. America native southeastern US, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded iNat	USDA-NN BONAP Images Wikispecies

Family Plantaginaceae

The Plantaginaceae (plantain family)^[1]^[2]

↑ Plantaginaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.
↑ Plantaginaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Tribe Gratioleae

Gratiola

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Gratioleae — Gratiola
Genus Gratiola	Hedge-hyssop	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Gratiola neglecta Torr. 1819. Gratiola neglecta Torr.	Northern clammy hedge-hyssop, Clammy hedge-hyssop, American hedge-hyssop Gratiole négligée	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Gratiola aurea Muhl. 1811. Gratiola lutea Raf. 1813. Gratiola aurea Muhl. 1920. Gratiola aureavar. obtusa 1935. Gratiola luteavar. obtusa	Golden hedge-hyssop, Golden hedgehyssop, Golden pert Gratiole dorée	Native, CoC: 9, Likely secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Gratiola virginiana L. Gratiola virginiana L.	Virginia hedge hyssop ⓘ Roundfruit hedgehyssop ⓘ	Native, CoC: ?, Endangered OBL Annual-biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-N0 Images Wikispecies

Leucospora

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Gratioleae — Leucospora
Genus Leucospora	Leucospora	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. 1803. Capraria multifida Michx. 1825. Stemodia multifida (Michx.) Spreng. 1834. Leucospora multifida (Michx.) Nutt. 1844. Sutera multifida (Michx.) Walp. 1846. Conobea multifida (Michx.) Benth.	Narrow-leaved paleseed, Narrow-leaf paleseed, Obe-Wan-Conobea, Cliff conobea	Introduced from southern Midwest, N. America native, Naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Cheloneae

Chelone

Turtleheads are all native to eastern North America, but only the white turtlehead is native to New York State. Although common in New York wetlands and listed as secure, it is also listed as exploitably vulnerable by the state.^[1]

↑ 6 CRR-NY 193.3(d) Exploitably vulnerable native plants.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Chelone
Chelone	Turtlehead	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chelone glabra L. 1753. Chelone glabra L. 1840. Chlonanthes glabra (L.) Raf. 1929. Chelone chlorantha Pennell & Wherry	White turtlehead, White turtle-head, Snakehead, Smooth balmony Galane glabre	Native, CoC: 6, Secure, Vulnerable OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - shade		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Chelone lyonii Pursh 1814. Chelone Lyonii Pursh	Pink turtlehead	Introduced, US South native, No NY reports FACW Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies
Chelone obliqua L. 1767. Chelone obliqua L. 1935. Chelone obliqua ssp. typica (L.) Pennell nom. inval.	Red turtlehead	Introduced, US South native, No NY reports OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 0	USDA-N0 Go Botany ITIS NatureServe BONAP Images Wikispecies

Penstemon

Penstemon or beardtongue is a large genus of about 250 species of primarily North American herbaceous perennials. The genus name was derived from the Greek penta (five) and stemon (stamen), referring to the flowers, which have five stamens (one sterile and four fertile).

Some Penstemon species have been hybridized and selected for horticultural trade. A popular example is Penstemon 'Dark Towers' (2004), which is a cross between an eastern U.S. cultivar: Penstemon digitalis Nutt. 'Husker Red' (Lindgren, 1984) and south-central U.S. hybrid pollen parent: Penstemon 'Prairie Splendor' (Penstemon cobaea Nutt. × Penstemon triflorus A.Heller) (Lindgren, 1993).^[1]

↑ Dale T. Lindgren and Daniel M. Schaaf (2009). "Penstemon 'Dark Towers'." HortScience June 2009 vol. 44 no. 3 852-853

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Penstemon
Genus Penstemon subg. Penstemon sect. Penstemon	Beardtongue	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. 1753. Chelone hirsuta L. (i) 1800. Penstemon hirsutus (L.) Willd. (i)	Hairy beardtongue, Hairy beard-tongue, Northeastern beard-tongue	Native, CoC: 7, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Penstemon pallidus Small 1903. Penstemon pallidus Small 1922. P. arkansanusvar. pubescens 1933. P. brevisepalus Pennell	Pale beardtongue, Eastern white beardtongue Penstémon pâle	Native, CoC: 10, Secure FACU-UPL		NYFA: 5	USDA-NX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims Penstemon digitalis Nutt. ex Sims P. laevigatusssp. digitalis P. laevigatusvar. angulatus	Foxglove beardtongue, Fox-glove beard-tongue, Talus-slope beard-tongue	Introduced, US South native, Naturalized FAC		NYFA: 5	USDA-NX Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies
Penstemon calycosus Small Penstemon calycosus Small P. laevigatusssp. calycosus	Longsepal beardtongue, Long-sepal beard-tongue	Introduced, N. America native, Unk. naturalizaiton		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany BONAP Images Wikispecies
Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. 1837. Penstemon tubaeflorus Nutt. (i) 1837. Penstemon tubiflorus Nutt. (i) 1949. P. tubaeflorusvar. achoreus Fernald	Funnel-form beardtongue, White-wand beardtongue, Tube beardtongue	Introduced, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-NX Go Botany VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies

Collinsia

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Cheloneae — Collinsia
Genus Collinsia Nutt. (1817)	Blue-eyed-Mary	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Collinsia verna Nutt. 1817. Collinsia verna Nutt. 1824. Collinsia bicolor Raf.	Blue-eyed Mary, Spring blue-eyed Mary, Eastern blue-eyed Mary, Broad-leaved collinsia, Innocence Collinsie printanière	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, No recent reports, DEC-A^[1] FAC-FACU Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: Z 0 iNat	USDA-NN Go Botany-0 VASCAN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
Collinsia parviflora Lindl. 1813. Antirrhinum tenellum Pursh nom. illeg. 1827. Collinsia parviflora Lindl. 1846. Collinsia parviflora var. parviflora {{{5}}} 1906. Collinsia tenella Piper nom. illeg.	Small-flowered blue-eyed Mary ⓘ Maiden blue-eyed Mary ⓘ Few-flowered blue-eyed Mary ⓘ Blue-lips ⓘ Small blue-eyed Mary ⓘ Small-flowered collinsia ⓘ Collinsie à petites fleurs ⓘ	Introduced, N. America native, Not naturalized		NYFA: X 0 iNat	USDA-NN VASCAN ARS-GRIN Tropicos BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Tribe Antirrhineae

Of the dozen or so species of Antirrhineae (snap-dragon tribe) known to grow in the wild in New York, only oldfield toadflax is considered to be native to the state.

Nuttallanthus

The genus Nuttallanthus contains a small number of American toad-flaxes, which are still often included in the much larger Linaria genus.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Nuttallanthus
Genus Nuttallanthus	Toadflax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A.Sutton 1753. Antirrhinum canadense L. 1802. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Cours. 1988. Nuttallanthus canadensis (L.) D.A. Sutton	Old-field toadflax, Canada toadflax, Blue toadflax, Field toadflax Linaire du Canada	Native, CoC: 3, Likely secure Biennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies

Linaria

Linaria (toadflax) has also been placed in the Scrophulariaceae (figwort family). Note that the New York Flora Atlas includes the native Nuttallanthus canadensis (blue toadflax, above) in Linaria.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — — Antirrhineae — — Linaria
Genus Linaria	Toadflax	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Linaria vulgaris Mill. Linaria linaria (L.) Karst.	Butter-and-eggs, Yellow toadflax, Flax-weed, Wild snapdragon, Eggs-and-bacon	Introduced from Eurasia, Potentially invasive, Refs.^[1]^[2]		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Linaria dalmatica (L.) Mill. ssp. dalmatica L. genistifoliassp. dalmatica Antirrhinum dalmaticum L.	Balkan toadflax, Dalmatian toadflax	Introduced from Mediterranean, Very highly invasive, Refs.^[3]^[4]^[5], Invasive.org		NYFA: 3 counties NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Linaria maroccana Hook. f.	Moroccan toadflax, Morocco toadflax	Introduced from Mediterranean, Impersistent, Not naturalized, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 2 counties NYFA: Xm	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill. ssp. genistifolia 1753. Antirrhinum genistifolium L. 1768. Linaria genistifolia (L.) Mill.	Broom-leaved toad-flax	Introduced from Eurasia, Not naturalized		NYFA: Xm	USDA-X0 Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Linaria striata DC.	Pale toad-flax, Striped toadflax	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Linaria supina (L.) Chaz. ssp. supina Linaria repens (L.) Mill. Linaria striata DC.	Prostrate toad flax, Lesser butter and eggs	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies
↑ National Invasive Species Information Center lists Linaria vulgaris as invasive in the US. ↑ Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States lists Linaria vulgaris as invasive in adjacent states CT & NJ and ten other states. ↑ National Invasive Species Information Center lists Linaria dalmatica as invasive in the US. ↑ Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States lists Linaria dalmatica as invasive in four western states. ↑ New York State Invasive Species Tiers: Linaria dalmatica Ecological Invasiveness Rank: Very High.

Chaenorhinum

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Chaenorhinum
Genus Chaenorhinum	Dwarf-snapdragon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange Linaria minus (L.) Desf. Chaenorhinum minus (L.) Lange	Dwarf snapdragon Small toadflax	Introduced from continental Europe, Potentially invasive, IPA-US, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies

Cymbalaria

The genus Cymbalaria

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Cymbalaria
Genus Cymbalaria	Cymbalaria	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Cymbalaria muralis Gaertn., Meyer & Sherb. Linaria cymbalaria	Kenilworth ivy	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Cymbalaria pallida Wettst.	White coliseum-ivy, Italian toadflax	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-00 Images Wikispecies

Kickxia

The genus Kickxia contains species known as cancerwort or fluellin.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Kickxia
Genus Kickxia	Cancerwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. 1753. Antirrhinum elatine L. 1768. Linaria elatine (L.) Mill. 1827. Kickxia elatine (L.) Dumort. 1840. Tursitis elatine (L.) Raf. 1891. Elatinoides elatine (L.) Wettst. 1891. Anarrhinum elatum (L.) Kuntze	Sharp-pointed fluellin ⓘ Sharp-leaved fluellen ⓘ Sharp-point toadflax	Introduced from Eurasia, northern Africa, Naturalzed		NYFA: X NYFA: 3 counties GBIF 2 counties	USDA-XX WFO POWO Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. 1753. Antirrhinum spurium L. 1768. Linaria spuria (L.) Mill. 1800. Cymbalaria spuria (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. 1827. Kickxia spuria (L.) Dumort. 1891. Elatinoides spuria (L.) Wettst.	Round-leaved fluellin ⓘ Round-leaved cancerwort Female fluellin ⓘ	Introduced		NYFA: X NYFA: Queens (1879) GBIF No NY observations	USDA-XX WFO POWO Images Wikispecies

Antirrhinum

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Antirrhinum
Genus Antirrhinum	Snapdragon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Antirrhinum majus	Garden snapdragon	Introduced, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies

Misopates

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Antirrhineae — Misopates
Genus Misopates	Snapdragon	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Misopates orontium (L.) Raf. Antirrhinum orontium L.	Lesser snapdragon	Introduced, Impersistent		NYFA: Xm	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies

Tribe Callitricheae

Callitriche

The Callitriche found in New York are aquatic plants known as water-starworts.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — — Callitricheae — — Callitriche
Genus Callitriche	Water-starwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Callitriche heterophylla Pursh ssp. heterophylla Callitriche anceps Fernald	Diverseleaf water-starwort, Twoheaded water-starwort	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Callitriche palustris L. Callitriche verna L.	Vernal water-starwort	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Callitriche terrestris Raf. Callitriche austinii Engelm. Callitriche deflexa A.Braun	Terrestrial water-starwort	Native, Threatened, DEC-B^[1]		NYFA: 2-3	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Callitriche hermaphroditica L.	Autumnal water-starwort, Northern water-starwort	Native, Endangered, DEC-A^[2]		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Callitriche stagnalis Scop.	Pond water-starwort	Introduced, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 49%^[3], iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [3], GRIIS-US: Invasive, Naturalized, SNA OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (b) Threatened. ↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered. ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Callitriche stagnalis: Moderate (49).

Hippuris

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Callitricheae — Hippuris
Genus Hippuris	Mare's-tail	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Hippuris vulgaris L. 1953. Hippuris vulgaris L.	Common mare's-tail Hippuride vulgaire, Queue de cheval, Pesse vulgaire	Native, Endangered, DEC-A^[1]		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) Regulation §193.3, Protected Native Plants, (a) Endangered.

Tribe Digitalideae

Digitalis

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Digitalideae — Digitalis
Genus Digitalis sect. Digitalis	Foxglove	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Digitalis purpurea L. 1753. Digitalis purpurea L.	Purple foxglove, Common foxglove, Digitalis, Fairy cap Digitale pourpre, Grande digitale	Introduced from Europe, Morocco, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 53%^[1], Naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Digitalis sect. Globiflorae	Foxglove	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Digitalis lanata Ehrh. 1792. Digitalis lanata Ehrh.	Grecian foxglove, Woolly foxglove, Woolly digitalis Digitale laineuse	Introduced from Europe, Turkey, Somewhat invasive, NYIS: 37%^[2], Unknown naturalization		NYFA: X iNat	USDA-XX Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Genus Digitalis sect. Macranthae	Foxglove	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Digitalis grandiflora Mill. 1773. Digitalis ochroleuca Jacq. 1768. Digitalis grandiflora Mill. 1768. Digitalis magniflora Mill. 1768. Digitalis orientalis Mill. 1770. Digitalis ambigua Murray 1775. Digitalis flava Georgi 1782. Digitalis lutea-majar Gilib. 1825. Digitalis ambigua var. grandiflora Wender. 1838. Digitalis milleri G.Don	Yellow foxglove, Large yellow foxglove Digitale à grandes fleurs	Introduced from Eurasia, Highly invasive, NYIS Tier: 2, iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [4], Naturalized		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Digitalis lutea L. 1753. Digitalis lutea L. 1773. Digitalis parviflora All. 1907. Digitalis ornata Porta ex Huter	Straw foxglove, Small yellow foxglove Digitale jaune, Digitale à petites fleurs, Petite digitale	Introduced from Europe, Not naturalized		NYFA: X NYFA: 4 counties iNat GBIF 4 counties	USDA-XX POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Digitalis purpurea: Moderate (53). ↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Digitalis lanata: Low (37).

Tribe Veroniceae

Veronica

Veronica subg. Veronica

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Veronica
Genus Veronica subg. Veronica	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica scutellata L.	Marsh speedwell, Skullcap speedwell	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Veronica officinalis L. 1753. Veronica officinalis L. 1862. Veronica officinalis L. in…	Common speedwell, Gypsy-weed, Common gypsy-weed	Introduced from Eurasia, Macaronesia, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 52%^[1], iMapInvasives, Invasive.org: [5], Naturalized, SNA FACU Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: X iNat GBIF	USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Veronica officinalis: Moderate (52). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

Veronica subg. Beccabunga

Subg. Beccabunga (Hill) M. M. Martínez Ortega, Albach & M. A. Fischer (species 11–17, type V. beccabunga).

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Beccabunga
Genus Veronica subg. Beccabunga	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica americana Schwein. ex Benth. 1846	American speedwell, American brooklime	Native, CoC: 4, Secure OBL Perennial, Herb-forb, 2n = 36		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS FNA Images Wikispecies
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. peregrina 1753. Veronica peregrina L. in Sp. Pl.: 14 1935. Veronica peregrina ssp. typica Pennell in Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci.	Common Purslane Speedwell Necklace-weed Neckweed	Native, CoC: 0, Secure, S5, G5-T5 FAC Annual, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 52		NYFA: 5 iNat:	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Veronica peregrina L. ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell 1818. Veronica xalapensis Kunth in Nov. Gen. Sp. 2:389 1919. Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell in Torreya 19:167 1928. Veronica sherwoodii Peck in Torreya 28:56 1928. Veronica peregrina var. xalapensis (Kunth) H.St.John & Warren in N.W. Sci. 1935. Veronica peregrina ssp. xalapensis (Kunth) Pennell in Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1979. Veronica peregrina f. xalapensis (Kunth) Kitag. in Neolin. Fl. Manshur.	Western Purslane Speedwell Bird's-eye Speedwell ⓘ Glandular speedwell ⓘ Hairy purslane speedwell Neckweed	Native, CoC: 3, Rare, S3, G5-T5 FAC Annual, Herb-forb, Heliophily: 7, 2n = 52		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN POWO FSUS Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Veronica catenata Pennell 1921. Veronica catenata Pennell Veronica comosa Richt. Veronica connata Raf. Veronica salina Schur. misapplied auct. V. anagallis-aquatica	Chained speedwell, Pink water speedwell, Water speedwell, Pennell's speedwell	Native, CoC: 10, Vulnerable, 2n = 36		NYFA: 3-5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA Images Wikispecies
Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. humifusa (Dicks.) Vahl Veronica tenella All. Veronica humifusa Dicks.	Bright blue speedwell	Native, Likely extirpated, 2n = 14		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia	Thyme-leaved speedwell	Introduced, 2n = 14		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
Veronica anagallis-aquatica L. 1753. V. anagallis-aquatica L. V. brittonii Porter ex Pennell V. glandifera Pennell auct. V. catenata	Water speedwell, Blue speedwell, Water pimpernel, Brook pimpernel, Blue water speedwell Mouron d'eau	Introduced, 2n = 36		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN FNA BONAP Images Wikispecies
Veronica beccabunga L.	Brooklime, European speedwell	Introduced, Moderately invasive, NYIS: 62%^[1], 2n = 18, 36		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany FNA Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Veronica beccabunga: Moderate (62).

Veronica subg. Chamaedrys

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Chamaedrys
Genus Veronica subg. Chamaedrys	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica arvensis L.	Corn speedwell	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: 5, USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Veronica chamaedrys L.	Germander speedwell	Introduced, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: 3, USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Veronica verna L.	Spring speedwell	Introduced, Naturalized, USGS: L48 established		NYFA: X NYFA: 2 counties GBIF Lewis (1994)	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies
Veronica dillenii Crantz	Dillen's speedwell	Introduced, Not naturalized, USGS: L48 established		NYFA: X GBIF	USDA-X0 Images Wikispecies

Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma
Genus Veronica subg. Cochlidiosperma	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica hederifolia L. 1753. Veronica hederifolia L. 1839. Cochlidiosperma hederifolium (L.) Opiz 1869. Pocilla hederifolia (L.) Fourr.	Ivy-leaved speedwell ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia,, northern Africa, Potentially invasive, Invasive.org: 7, USGS: L48 invasive, Naturalized, SNA, GNR Annual, Herb-forb, 2n=56		NYFA: X NYFA: 8 counties GBIF 9 counties	USDA-XX WFO POWO Go Botany Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Veronica sublobata M.A.Fisch. 1830. Veronica hederifolia var. lucorum Klett & Richt. 1966. Veronica hederifolia ssp. lucorum (Klett & Richt.) Hartl 1967. Veronica sublobata M.A.Fisch.	Pink ivy-leaved speedwell ⓘ False ivy-leaved speedwell ⓘ	Introduced		NYFA: Not listed iNat GBIF 8? counties	POWO ITIS Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Veronica subg. Orientales

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Orientales
Genus Veronica subg. Orientales	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica austriaca L. ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A. Webb 1762. Veronica teucrium L. 1939. V. krylovii Schischk. 1972. V. austriaca ssp. teucrium (L.) D.A. Webb	Broad-leaved speedwell ⓘ Broadleaf speedwell ⓘ Large speedwell	Introduced from Eurasia, Unknown naturalization		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Veronica subg. Pocilla

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pocilla
Genus Veronica subg. Pocilla	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica agrestis L.	Field speedwell, Green field speedwell	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Veronica biloba L. Pocilla biloba (L.) W.A. Weber	Two-lobe speedwell	Introduced, Rare		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Veronica filiformis Sm.	Slender speedwell	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Veronica persica Poir. Pocilla persica	Bird-eye speedwell	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Veronica polita Fries Pocilla polita (Fr.) Fourr. Veronica didyma Ten. p.p.	Wayside speedwell	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies

Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachion

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachion
Genus Veronica subg. Pseudolysimachion	Speedwell	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronica longifolia L. 1753. Veronica longifolia L. 1852. Pseudolysimachion longifolium (L.) Opiz	Longleaf speedwell, Long-leaf speedwell, Long-leaved speedwell, Garden speedwell	Introduced, Eurasia native		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Veronica spicata L. 1753. Veronica spicata L. 1769. Veronica orchidea Crantz 1817. Veronica barrelieri Schult. 1852. Pseudolysimachion spicatum (L.) Opiz 1950. Veronica hololeuca Juz.	Spike speedwell	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Veronica bachofenii Heuff. 1821. Veronica grandis Fisch. ex Spreng. misapplied 1835. Veronica bachofenii Heuff. 1967. Pseudolysimachion bachofenii	Heartleaf speedwell, Heart-leaved speedwell	Introduced from eastern Europe, Impersistent, Not naturalized		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies

Veronicastrum

Culver's root (Veronicastrum virginicum) is the only species of Veronicastrum (false Veronica) reported in New York. It is listed a threatened (S2) in the state, but is widely planted.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Veroniceae — Veronicastrum
Genus Veronicastrum	Veronicastrum	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw. 1753. Veronica virginica L. 1818. Leptandra virginica (L.) Nutt. 1917. Veronicastrum virginicum (L.) Farw.	Culver's root, Blackroot, Bowman's root, Tall speedwell	Native, CoC: 5, Threatened, S2, G4, NYNHP: 2^[1] FAC-FACU Perennial, Herb-forb, Sun - part shade		NYFA: 2	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS BONAP LBJ Images Wikispecies
↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2021. Online Conservation Guide for Veronicastrum virginicum.

Tribe Plantagineae

Littorella

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Littorella
Genus Littorella	Shore grass	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Littorella americana Fernald 1753. Plantago uniflora L. 1859. Littorella uniflora (L.) Asch. 1918. Littorella americana Fernald 1952. Littorella uniflora var. americana Gleason 1996. Plantago americana Rahn	American shore-grass, American shore plantain, American shore weed	Native, CoC: 10, Endangered, No recent reports, SH, G5 OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 1	USDA-NN Go Botany VASCAN ARS-GRIN ITIS Tropicos NatureServe BONAP IPN Images Wikispecies Note: ^[1]
↑ USDA-ARS Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) treats Littorella as a subgenus of Plantago and Littorella uniflora as a synonym of Plantago uniflora. It also considers this species to be a European native, referencing Aldén, Ryman & Hjertson (2009).

Plantago

Plantago subg. Plantago

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Plantago
Genus Plantago subg. Plantago	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago rugelii Decne.	Rugel’s plantain ⓘ Blackseed plantain ⓘ Black-seeded plantain American plantain ⓘ	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5 iNat	USDA-NX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Plantago virginica L.	Virginia plantain, Pale-seeded plantain, Hoary plantain	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Plantago cordata Lam. 1792. Plantago cordata Lam.	Heart-leaved plantain, Heartleaf plantain, Kingroot	Native, Rare OBL Perennial, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Plantago pusilla Nutt.	Dwarf plantain	Introduced, N. America native			USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Plantago heterophylla Nutt.	Slender plantain	Introduced, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-N0 Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Plantago major L.	Common plantain, Nipple-seeded plantain	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Plantago media L.	Lamb's tongue plantain ⓘ Hoary plantain ⓘ Plantain moyen ⓘ Plantain bâtard ⓘ	Introduced from Eurasia		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Tropicos Images Wikispecies
Genus Plantago subg. Plantago (excluded taxa)	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago eriopoda Torr.	Redwool plantain	Introduced, N.Y. excluded		NYFA-Excluded	USDA-NN Go Botany Images Wikispecies

Plantago subg. Coronopus

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Coronopus
Genus Plantago	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago maritima L. var. juncoides Plantago juncoides Lam. Plantago maritimassp. borealis Plantago oliganthos	Seaside plantain	Native, Threatened		NYFA: 2-3	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
Plantago coronopus L.	Buckhorn plantain	Introduced, Rare		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Images Wikispecies

Plantago subg. Psyllium s.l

This subgenus combines subg. Psyllium s.s and subg. Albicans, which have been found to be polyphyletic when treated separately.

Lamiales — Plantaginaceae — Plantagineae — Plantago subg. Psyllium s.l
Genus Plantago	Plantain	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Plantago aristata Michx.	Largebracted plantain, Rat-tail plantain, Western ripplegrass	Introduced, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-NX Images Wikispecies
Plantago patagonica Jacq.	Woolly plantain	Introduced, N. America native		NYFA: X	USDA-NN Images Wikispecies
Plantago lanceolata L.	English plantain, Narrowleaf plantain, Narrow-leaved plantain	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit. 1753. Plantago psyllium L., nom. utique rej. 1759. Plantago indica L., nom. utique rej. 1794. Plantago scabra Moench 1801. Plantago arenaria Waldst. & Kit.	Flaxseed plantain ⓘ Sand plantain ⓘ	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies

Family Scrophulariaceae

The Scrophulariaceae (figwort Family) ...^[1]^[2]

Tribe Scrophularieae

Scrophularia

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Scrophularieae — Scrophularia
Genus Scrophularia	Figwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Scrophularia lanceolata Pursh 1813	Hare figwort, Lanceleaf figwort, American figwort	Native, Secure		NYFA: 5	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Scrophularia marilandica L. 1753	Carpenter's square, Figwort, Eastern figwort, Maryland figwort	Native, Likely secure		NYFA: 4	USDA-NN Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Scrophularia nodosa L. 1753	Woodland figwort, Common figwort, Figwort	Introduced, Eurasia native		NYFA: X	USDA-NX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Scrophularia auriculata L. 1753 S. aquatica auct.	Shoreline figwort, Water betony, Water figwort	Introduced, Impersistent		NYFA: Xm	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
↑ Scrophulariaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York. ↑ Scrophulariaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

Verbascum

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Scrophularieae — Verbascum
Genus Verbascum	Mullein	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Verbascum blattaria L. 1753. Verbascum blattaria L.	Moth mullein, White moth mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native, N. Africa native		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Verbascum thapsus L. 1753 1753. Verbascum thapsus L.	Common mullein, Great mullein Molène, Bouillon blanc	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany Images Wikispecies
Verbascum lychnitis L. 1753. Verbascum lychnitis L.	White mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Verbascum × spurium K.Koch Verbascum lychnitis × Verbascum thapsus 1837. Verbascum spurium K.Koch	Mullein	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
Verbascum phlomoides L. 1753 1753. Verbascum phlomoides L.	Orange mullein, Clasping-leaved mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native		NYFA: X	USDA-XX ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Verbascum phoeniceum L. 1753. Verbascum phoeniceum L. 1753. Verbascum phoenicium L.	Purple mullein	Introduced, Eurasia native		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ARS-GRIN ITIS Images Wikispecies
Verbascum sinuatum L. 1753. Verbascum sinuatum L.	Wavyleaf mullein, Wavy-leaved mullein, Black-leaved mullein, Scallop-leaved mullein	Introduced		NYFA: X	USDA-X0 ITIS Images Wikispecies

Tribe Limoselleae

Limosella

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Limoselleae — Limosella
Genus Limosella	Mudwort	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Limosella australis R. Br. 1804. Limosella tenuifolia J.P.Wolff 1806. Limosella aquatica ssp. tenuifolia (J.P.Wolff) Pers. 1810. Limosella australis R.Br. 1817. Limosella subulata E.Ives 1905. Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia (J.P.Wolff) Hook.f.	Atlantic mudwort ⓘ Welsh mudwort Delta Mudwort ⓘ Limosella à feuilles subulées ⓘ	Native, CoC: 10, Rare, Vulnerable, S2, G4-5 OBL Annual, Herb-forb		NYFA: 3 iNat	USDA-NN ITIS FNA Tropicos Images Wikispecies

Tribe Buddlejeae

Buddleja

One species of Butterfly bush, Buddleja davidii has escaped cultivation and become invasive in New York State. It has been widely planted to attract butterflies and birds, but it has been found to be invasive in many temperate locations outside of its native range in China. Butterfly-bush should not be confused with butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa), which is a native milkweed.

Lamiales — Scrophulariaceae — Buddlejeae — Buddleja
Genus Buddleja	Butterflybush	N.Y. Status	Images	Distribution	NY NPT
Buddleja davidii Franch. 1888. Buddleja davidii Franch.	Orange-eyed butterfly-bush, Orange-eye butterfly-bush, Orange eye butterflybush, Butterfly bush, Orange eye, Summer lilac Arbre aux papillons, Lilas d'été	Introduced from China, Invasive, NYIS: 45%^[1] FACU Perennial, Shrub		NYFA: X	USDA-XX Go Botany ARS-GRIN Images Wikispecies
↑ New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Buddleja davidii: Low (45). M.J.Jordan, G.Moore & T.W.Weldy (2008). Invasiveness ranking system for non-native plants of New York. Unpublished. The Nature Conservancy, Albany & Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY.

[1] P. F. Stevens, (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 13, September 2013. http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/

[2] Oleaceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[3] Oleaceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

[4] Paul M. Catling (2007) "Weeping forsythia, another shrub naturalized in Canada." Botanical Electronic News No. 378 April 25, 2007. Victoria, B.C.

[5] Syringa reticulata (Blume) H.Hara page in the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). 1/6/2024

[6] Syringa reticulata New York Invasiveness Ranking Form. November 30, 2010

[7] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Syringa reticulata: 31% (Capital/Mohawk).

[8] USDA-NRCS Plants database showed Syringa villosa in Westchester County, apparently based on Glenn, S.D. (ed.). 2013. New York Metropolitan Flora database. New York Metropolitan Flora Project, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, New York. The New York Metropolitan Flora Project entry for genus Syringa at http://nymf.bbg.org/genus/195, only shows S. reticulata and S. vulgaris present in the New York metro area.

[9] ttps://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/syringa/josikaea/ shows Syringa josikaea appearing to be naturalized in adjacent Berkshire County, MA.

[10] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2022. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=403045. Accessed 23 February 2022.

[11] POWO (2022). "Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/ Retrieved 23 February 2022."

[12] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum vulgare: Moderate (68).

[13] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: High (77).

[14] New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Regulation 6 NYCRR Part 575 Prohibited and Regulated Invasive Species

[CP2-15] Appendix 2. Plant species that are considered highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[NE4-16] Category 4 Plants - local concern and monitoring - Eastern Region invasive plants, ranked by degree of invasiveness as based on information from States (1998) US Forest Service

[17] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum obtusifolium: Not assessed (NA).

[18] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum ovalifolium: Moderate (45).

[CP3-19] Appendix 3. Plant species that are considered moderately to highly invasive to natural areas in the central Finger Lakes region. Policy on the use of non-native plants in Cornell Botanic Gardens' accessioned collections (2018)

[20] New York non-native plant invasiveness assessment – Ligustrum sinense: Not assessed (NA).

[21] Don Cipollini & Chad M. Rigsby (2015) "Incidence of Infestation and Larval Success of Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) on White Fringetree (Chionanthus virginicus), Chinese Fringetree (Chionanthus retusus), and Devilwood (Osmanthus americanus)" Environ Entomol 44(5):1375-1383, 22 July 2015.

[22] Edward F. Gilman & Dennis G. Watson (1993). "Chionanthus retusus, Chinese Fringetree, Fact Sheet ST-160, Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida.

[23] Tetrachondraceae Troy Weldy & David Werier (2013) New York Flora Atlas. New York Flora Association, Albany, New York.

[24] Tetrachondraceae USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2013).

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