Jump to content

Flora of New York/Violaceae

Add links
From Wikibooks, open books for an open world
←
Malpighiales (1):
Hypericaceae, Podostemaceae, Elatinaceae 		Flora of New York — Malpighiales (2) : Violaceae →
Malpighiales (3):
Salicaceae
Table of
contents 		Genus
index 		Protected species index Invasive species index


Clade Clade Order Family Subfamily Tribe Genus Common names #
rosids basal
rosids 		Vitales Vitaceae Vitoideae Parthenocisseae Parthenocissus creeper, woodbine, ivy 3
Viteae Vitis grape 8
Ampelopsideae Ampelopsis peppervine 3
basal
fabids 		Zygophyllales Zygophyllaceae Tribuloideae — Tribulus puncturevine 1
Zygophylloideae — Zygophyllum beancaper 1
fabids
COM
clade 		Celastrales Parnassiaceae Parnassioideae — Parnassia grass of parnassus 1
Celastraceae Celastroideae — Celastrus bittersweet, staff vine 2
Euonymus burning bush, spindletree, wahoo 6
Oxalidales Oxalidaceae — — Oxalis woodsorrel 6
Malpighiales Hypericaceae — Hypericeae Triadenum marsh St. John's wort 2
Hypericum St. John's wort 18
Podostemaceae Podostemoideae — Podostemum river weed 1
Elatinaceae — — Elatine water wort 3
Violaceae Violoideae Violeae Hybanthus greenviolet 1
Viola violet 57
Salicaceae Salicoideae — Populus cottonwood, aspen, poplar 11
Salix willow 36
Euphorbiaceae Acalyphoideae Acalypheae Acalypha copperleaf, three-seed mercury 4
Mercurialis herb mercury 1
Ricinus castor bean 1
Crotonoideae Crotoneae Croton rushfoil, hogwort 1
Euphorbioideae Euphorbieae Euphorbia spurge, sandmat 21
Linaceae Linoideae Lineae Linum flax 9

Family Violaceae

[edit | edit source]

The Violaceae (violet family) ...

Hybanthus

[edit | edit source]
Hybanthus concolor
Of the four species of Hybanthus (greenviolets) that are native to North America, only Hybanthus concolor (the eastern greenviolet) has been discovered outside of cultivation in New York.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Hybanthus
Genus Hybanthus Greenviolet N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (T.F.Forst.) Spreng.
1802. Viola concolor T.F.Forst.
1819. Ionidium sprengleianum
Roem. & Schult.
1824. Hybanthus concolor Spreng.
1824. Solea concolor Ging.
1878. Ionidium concolor S.Watson
1897. Cubelium concolor
ex Britton & A.Br. Raf.
 Green-violet,
Eastern greenviolet,
Nodding violet
Hybanthe à fleurs verdâtres,
Hybanthe 		Native, CoC: 8,
Vulnerable
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 3-4
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
LBJ
Images
Wikispecies

Viola

[edit | edit source]
The Viola genus has about 50 species found outside of cultivation in New York. The majority of the species are native to the region, though a few are escaped garden exotics.

Violets are often divided into two groups based on the presence of a stem that is shared between the flowers and leaves. "Stemmed" or "caulescent" means that the flowers and leaves share an above-ground stem, whereas "stemless" or "acaulescent" violets have separate petioles (attached to the leaves) and peduncles (attached to the flowers) that arise from an underground rootstock.

Marcussen et al.(2022)[1] separates the genus Viola into two subgenera: subg. Viola containins most of the world's violets, including all those in New York State, while subg. Neoandinium is restricted to rosulate violets growing in the western mountains of South America.

  1. ↑ Marcussen, T.; Ballard, H.E.; Danihelka, J.; Flores, A.R.; Nicola, M.V.; Watson, J.M. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants 2022, 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224

Viola subg. Viola

[edit | edit source]
The subgeneric organization used here is is largely based on Marcussen (2022),[1], Ballard (1999).[2] and Ballard (2023).[3]
  • sect. Chamaemelanium
    • subsect. Canadenses (canadensis, rugulosa) stemmed white
    • subsect. Nudicaules (pubescens, eriocarpa, hastata) stemmed yellow
    • subsect. Brevicalcaratae (rotundifolia) stemless yellow
  • sect. Viola
    • subsect. Rostratae (labradorica, rostrata, adunca, striata)
    • subsect. Viola (odorata)
  • sect. Plagiostigma (stemless white)
    • subsect. Stolonosae
      • Blandae group (blanda, incognita)
      • Stolonosae group (lanceolata, miniscula, renifolia, primulifolia)
    • subsect. Patellares (selkirkii)
    • subsect. Bilobatae (hamiltoniana)
  • sect. Nosphinium
    • subsect. Borealiamericanae (stemless blue)
      • Affinis group (affinis)
      • Cucullata group (communis, cucullata, nephrophylla)
      • Palmata group (palmata)
      • Pedatifida group (brittoniana)
      • Sagittata group (sagittata, fimbriatula, hirsutula)
      • Sororia group (sororia, septentrionalis, novae-angliae)
      • Subsinuata group (subsinuata)
    • subsect. Pedatae (pedata)
  • sect. Melanium (pansies)
    • subsect. Cleistogamae (bicolor)
    • subsect. Bracteolatae (arvensis, tricolor, × wittrockiana)

/Viola taxa list

  1. ↑ Marcussen, T.; Ballard, H.E.; Danihelka, J.; Flores, A.R.; Nicola, M.V.; Watson, J.M. A Revised Phylogenetic Classification for Viola (Violaceae). Plants 2022, 11, 2224. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11172224
  2. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, Kenneth J. Sytsma and Robert R. Kowal (1999) "Shrinking the Violets: Phylogenic Relationships of Infrageneric Groups in Viola (Violaeae) Based on Internal Transcribed Spacer DNA Sequences." Systematic Botany 23(4):439-458.
  3. ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.

Viola sect. Chamaemelanium

[edit | edit source]
Viola species in section Chamaemelanium have corollas with a yellow throat and base chromosome number x = 6.[1]

The three subsections of sect Chamaemelanium found in New York State are:

  • subsect. Canadenses (stemmed white violet),
  • subsect. Nudicaules (stemmed yellow violets), and
  • subsect. Brevicalcaratae (stemless yellow violets).
  1. ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses
[edit | edit source]
Subsection Canadenses contains the stemmed white violet (Viola canadensis). The two species of this subsection (Viola canadensis and Viola rugulosa) are the only northeastern violets besides pansies to have two-toned corollas (white petals

with yellow throat).[1]

  1. ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses
Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Canadenses Stemmed white violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.

1753. Viola canadensis L. in Sp. Pl.:936
1821. Viola albiflora Link in Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 1:241
1836. Lophion canadense Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 5:517
1838. Viola canadensis var. corymbosa Nutt. in J.Torrey & A.Gray, Fl. N. Amer.
1841. Viola scouleri Douglas ex Steud. in Nomencl. Bot., not validly publ.
1889. Viola canadensis var. scariosa Porter in Trans. New York Acad. Sci. 8:63
1902. Viola eurybiifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:25
1902. Viola discurrens Greene in Pittonia 5:26
1902. Viola negulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26
1917. Viola canadensis var. pubens Farwell in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:248

Canada violet,
Canadian white violet,
Tall white violet
Violette du Canada 		Native, CoC: 9,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
Sun,
2n = 24

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
FSUS
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Tropicos
LBJ
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene

1902. Viola rugulosa Greene in Pittonia 5:26
1902. Viola rydbergii Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):27
1902. Viola neomexicana Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28
1902. Viola muriculata Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):28
1902. Viola geminiflora Greene in Pittonia 5(26A):29
1906. Viola canadensis var. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado
1906. Viola canadensis ssp. rydbergii (Greene) House in P.A.Rydberg, Fl. Colorado
1916. Lophion rydbergii (Greene) Nieuwl. & Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4:478
1918. Lophion rugulosum (Greene) Lunell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 5:238
1961. Viola canadensis var. rugulosa (Greene) C.L.Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.

Creepingroot violet N. America native
 western N. America,
N.Y. excluded,
2n = 24

NYFA-Excluded
iNat: No eastern obs.
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
ARS-GRIN
FNAFNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules
[edit | edit source]
Viola section Chamaemelanium subsection Nudicaules contains the stemmed yellow violets. The two New York State native species of this section have at times been treated as varieties of Viola pubescens.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules
Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Nudicaules Stemmed yellow violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Aiton

1789. Viola pubescens Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290
1803. Viola pensylvanica Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149
1818. Viola pubescens var. eriocarpon Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:150
1862. Viola uniflora var. pubescens (Aiton) Regel in Bull.Soc.Imp.Naturalistes Moscou
1895. Viola pubescens var. glabriuscula A.Gray in Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1(1):202
1914. Crocion pubescens (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:215
1923. Viola pubescens var. peckii House in Bull. NYS Mus. Nat. Hist.
1939. Viola pubescens var. typica Grover in Ohio J. Sci., not validly publ.

Downy yellow violet,
Hairy yellow violet,
Yellow forest violet,
Hairy yellow forest violet
Violette pubescente 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 12

NYFA: 45 counties
iNat: 10 counties
GBIF: present in NY
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 (Nutt.) Schwein.

1822. Viola eriocarpa (Nutt.) Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:75
1901. Viola scabriuscula (Torr. & A.Gray) Shafer in Ann. Carnegie Mus. 1:27
1914. Crocion eriocarpum (Schwein.) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:214
1921. Viola eriocarpa var. leiocarpa Fernald & Wiegand in Rhodora 23:275
1938. Viola pubescens var. scabriuscula Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:142
1940. Viola eriocarpa f. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) Deam in Fl. Indiana
1941. Viola pensylvanica var. leiocarpoa (Fernald & Wiegand) Fernald in Rhodora
1967. Viola pubescens var. leiocarpa (Fernald & Wiegand) B.Boivin in Phytologia

Smooth yellow violet
Smoothish yellow violet
Yellow forest violet
Common yellow violet
Violette scabre 		Native, CoC: 7,
Unranked,
SNR
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 12

NYFA: 37 counties
iNat: 36 counties
GBIF: present in NY
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Michx.

1803. Viola hastata Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:149
1813. Viola trifida Spreng. in Pl. Min. Cogn. Pug. 1:22
1819. Viola ciliata Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg.
1822. Viola hirta Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:50, nom. illeg.

Halberd-leaf yellow violet
Halberdleaf yellow violet
Halberd-leaved yellow violet
Spearleaf Violet
Silverleaf Violet 		N. America native
 southern U.S.,
N.Y. excluded
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 12

NYFA-Excluded
iNat: No NY observation
GBIF: Not present in NY
USDA-N0
FSUS
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae
[edit | edit source]
Viola rotundifolia
round-leaved yellow violet
Viola subsection Brevicalcaratae contains the stemless yellow violet Viola rotundifolia.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae
Genus Viola sect. Chamaemelanium subsect. Brevicalcaratae Stemless yellow violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Michx.

1803. Viola rotundifolia Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2:150
1813. Viola clandestina Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173

Roundleaf yellow violet
Early yellow violet
Eastern round-leaved violet
Round-leaved yellow violet
Violette à feuilles rondes
Violette feuille-ronde 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure,
S5, G5
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 12

NYFA: 34 counties
iNat: 52 counties
GBIF: present in NY
USDA-NN
COL
WFO
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies

Viola sect. Viola

[edit | edit source]
Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae
[edit | edit source]
Viola rostrata
Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae are the rostrate violets.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Viola subsect. Rostratae
Genus Viola sect. Viola
 subsect. Rostratae 		Violet N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Schrank

1813. Viola debilis Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:174, nom. illeg.
1818. Viola labradorica Schrank in Denkschr. Königl.-Baier. Bot. Ges. Regensburg
1822. Viola punctata Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:67, nom. illeg.
1823. Viola conspersa Rchb. in Iconogr. Bot. Pl. Crit. 1:44
1824. Viola muhlenbergiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:297
1824. Viola muhlenbergii Torr. in Fl. N. Middle United States 1:256
1830. Viola muhlenbergiana var. minor Hook. in Fl. Bor.-Amer., Bot. N. Brit. Amer. 1:78
1886. Viola canina var. muhlenbergii (Torr.) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:292
1901. Viola leucopetala Greene in Ottawa Naturalist 15(9):191
1949. Viola adunca var. minor (Hook.) Fernald in Rhodora 51:57

Alpine violet,
American dog violet,
Labrador violet,
Violette décombante,
Violette du labrador 		Native, CoC: 4,
Unranked,
SNR
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 20

NYFA: 47 counties
iNat: ~30 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Muhl. ex Pursh
 var. rostrata

1813. Viola rostrata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:174
1914. Lophion rostratum (Muhl. ex Pursh) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:216
1915. Viola rostrata fo. phelpsiae Fernald in Rhodora 17:180
1917. Viola rostrata var. elongata Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:249
1917. Viola rostrata var. phelpsiae (Fernald) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:259
1939. Viola rostrata fo. trirostrata Grover in Ohio J. Sci. 39:147

Long-spurred violet
Long-spur violet
Violette rostrée
Violette à long éperon
Violette long éperon 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure,
S5, G5
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 20

NYFA: 40 counties
iNat: ~50 counties
USDA-NN
COL
WFO
POWO
FSUS
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Sm.
 var. adunca

1818. Viola adunca Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 37: n.° 63
1886. Viola canina var. adunca (Sm.) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:292
1897. Viola subvestita Greene in Erythea 5:39
1900. Viola montanensis Rydb. in Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 1:263
1901. Viola bellidifolia Greene in Pittonia 4:292
1936. Viola adunca ssp. typica M.S.Baker in Madroño 3:233, not validly publ.
1949. Viola cascadensis M.S.Baker in Leafl. W. Bot. 5:173

Sand violet,
Hookedspur violet,
Western dog violet 		Native, CoC: 8,
Likely secure,
S4, G5
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 20,30,40

NYFA: 4
iNat: 4 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Aiton

1789. Viola striata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:290
1803. Viola debilis Michx. in Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1:150
1822. Viola ochroleuca Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:69
1822. Viola repens Schwein. in Amer. J. Sci. Arts 5:70
1824. Viola lewisiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:298
1874. Viola striata var. lutescens Alph.Wood ex N.Coleman in Cat. Fl. Pl. S. Pen. Michigan
1914. Lophion striatum (Aiton) Nieuwl. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 3:216
1918. Viola conspersa var. masonii Farw. in Rep. (Annual) Michigan Acad. Sci. 19:248
1924. Viola conspersa fo. masonii (Farw.) House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist.
1928. Viola striata fo. albiflora Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11:67
1930. Viola debilis fo. muhlenbergii Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:68
1966. Viola adunca fo. masonii (Farw.) B.Boivin in Naturaliste Canad. 93:437

Striped cream violet,
Cream-white violet,
Pale violet 		Native, CoC: 5,
Unranked,
SNR
FACW
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 20

NYFA: 20 counties
USDA-NN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 H.E.Ballard
  Viola labradorica ×
  Viola striata

1989. Viola × eclipes H.E.Ballard in Michigan Botanist 28:217

Hybrid American dog violet
  & striped cream violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-NN
POWO
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 House
  Viola labradorica ×
  Viola rostrata

1924. Viola × malteana House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:511

Hybrid American dog violet
  & long-spur violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-NN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola
[edit | edit source]
Viola odorata
Viola odorata (English violet) is the only NY-listed species in subsection Viola that is not native to North America, where it has been cultivated as an ornamental since the end the 19th century.[1]

It is cultivated in Europe for the perfume and liqueur industries.[2]

  1. ↑ Ballard, Harvey E., Kartesz, John T., and Nishino, Misako (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
  2. ↑ R. John Little, Landon E. McKinney† Viola odorata Linnaeus. Flora of North America, Volume 6. 5 November 2020
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola
Genus Viola sect. Viola subsect. Viola Violet N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. odorata

1753. Viola odorata L. in Sp. Pl.: 934
1764. Viola martia Garsault in Fig. Pl. Méd.: t.622, opus utique rej.
1766. Viola officinalis Crantz in Inst. Rei Herb. 2:431
1768. Viola odora Neck. in Delic. Gallo-Belg.: 367, orth. var.
1821. Viola odorata var. alba Gray in Nat. Arr. Brit. Pl. 2:668
1829. Viola martii ssp. odorata (L.) Schimp. & Spenn. in Fl. Friburg. 3:1036, nom. illeg.
1897. Viola thomsonae Chapm. in Fl. South. U.S., ed. 3:34
1898. Viola hirta ssp. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:404
1898. Viola hirta var. odorata (L.) Fiori in A.Fiori & al., Fl. Anal. Italia 1:405
1901. Viola odorata fo. albiflora Neuman in Sver. Fl.:268, nom. illeg.
1926. Viola gonzalii Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25:135
1926. Viola odorata proles barcinonensis Sennen in Bol. Soc. Ibér. Ci. Nat. 25:136
2014. Viola odorata fo. albiflora (Pančić) Niketić in Bot. Serbica 38:226
2015. Viola taynensis Elisafenko in Rastitel’nyj mir Aziatskoj Rossi 1(17):24

English violet
Sweet violet
Common violet
Violette odorante 		Introduced from
 Europe,
Occasionally cultivated,
SNA, GNR
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 20

NYFA: 14 counties
iNat: 22 counties
GBIF: present in NY
USDA-XX
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies

Viola sect. Plagiostigma

[edit | edit source]
Section Plagiostigma Godr. contains the stemless white violets. Its subsections in the Northeast are: Bilobatae, Patellares, and Stolonosae.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae
[edit | edit source]
Viola blanda
Section Plagiostigma subsection Stolonosae.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae
Genus Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae Blandae group Stemless white violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Willd.

1804. Viola blanda Willd. in Hort. Berol. Icon. 1:t.24, nom. cons.
1826. Viola amoena Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2:144, nom. illeg.
1831. Viola leconteana G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1: 324
1873. Viola burtonii Reeks in List Fl. Pl. Ferns Newfoundland: 2, nom. provis.
1888. Viola blanda var. amoena Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. in Prelim. Cat.:6
1899. Viola alsophila Greene in Pittonia 4:7, nom. superfl.

Sweet white violet,
Large-leaf white violet,
Willdenow's violet,
Woodland-white violet,
Violette méconnue 		Native, CoC: 6,
Secure,
S5, G5
FACW
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 44, 48

NYFA: 42 counties
iNat: ~40 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Brainerd

1886. Viola blanda var. palustriformis A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:255
1905. Viola incognita Brainerd in Rhodora 7:248
1911. Viola incognita var. forbesii Brainerd in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 38:8

Large-leaved white violet
Largeleaf white violet
Common sweet white violet 		Native,
Secure,
S5, GNR
FACW
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 44, 48

NYFA: 17 counties
iNat: 4 counties
POWO
FSUS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
Genus Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Stolonosae Stolonosae group Stemless white violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Greene
1824. Viola rotundifolia  var. pallens  Banks ex Ging. in DC.
1895. Viola macloskeyi F.E.Lloyd
1905. Viola pallens (Banks ex Ging.) Brainerd
1906. Viola minuscula Greene
1925. Viola blanda  var. macloskeyi  (F.E. Lloyd) Jeps.
1938. Viola pallens  var. subreptans  J.Rousseau
1953. Viola macloskeyi  ssp. pallens  (Banks ex Ging.) M.S. Baker
1961. Viola macloskeyi  var. pallens  (Banks ex Ging.) Hitchc.
1982. Viola blanda  ssp. macloskeyi  (F.E. Lloyd) A.E. Murray
 Small white violet
Smooth white violet
Sweet white violet
Northern white violet
Macloskey's violet 		Native, CoC: 4,
Secure,
2n = 24

NYFA: 48 counties
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.

1753. Viola lanceolata L. in Sp. Pl.:934
1839. Viola attenuata Sweet in Hort. Brit., ed. 3:54

Bog white violet
Northern Water Violet
Lance-leaved violet
Lance-leaved water violet 		Native, CoC: 7,
Secure
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 24

NYFA: 21 counties
iNat: 13 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 A.Gray

1870. Viola renifolia A.Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 8:288
1886. Viola blanda var. renifolia (A.Gray) A.Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:255
1902. Viola brainerdii Greene in Pittonia 5:89
1899. Viola mistassinica Greene in Pittonia 4:5
1912. Viola renifolia var. brainerdii (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 14:88

Kidney-leaf white violet
Kidney-leaved white violet
Northern white violet
White violet
Violette réniforme 		Native, CoC: 8,
Secure,
S5, G5
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 24

NYFA: 26 counties
iNat: 7 counties
USDA-NN
FSUS
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 var. primulifolia

1753. Viola primulifolia L. in Sp. Pl.:934
1819. Viola gronovii Willd. ex Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg.
1824. Viola acuta Bigelow in Fl. Boston., ed.2:95
1824. Viola radicans DC. ex Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:297
1829. Viola primulifolia var. villosa Eaton in Man. Bot. N. States, ed.5:443
1838. Viola primulifolia var. acuta (Bigelow) Torr. & A.Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:139
1910. Viola reptabunda Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 2:94
1955. Viola primulifolia ssp. villosa (Eaton) N.H.Russell in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 54:487

Primrose-leaf violet,
Primrose-leaved violet 		Native, CoC: 10,
Threatened,
NYNHP: 2[1]

NYFA: 10 counties
iNat: 5 counties
USDA-N0
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
  Viola lanceolata ×
  Viola primulifolia

1910. Viola lanceolata × primulifolia
1924. Viola × modesta House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., illeg. homonym

Hybrid of
 bog white violet violet &
 primrose-leaf violet 		Native,
No recent reports

NYFA: 2 counties
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Tropicos
IPN
Images
Wikispecies
 House
  Viola minuscula ×
  Viola primulifolia

1924. Viola × mollicula House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:508

Hybrid of
 small white violet &
 primrose-leaf violet 		Native,
Impersistent,
SNA. GNA

NYFA: Richmond (1908)
USDA-N0
POWO
ITIS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 House (pro. hybr.)[2]
  Viola lanceolata ×
  Viola minuscula

1924. Viola × sublanceolata House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:508

Lance-leaved violet,
Lanceleaf violet,
Primose-leaved violet
Violette sublancéolée 		Native,
Unranked,
SNA. GNA

NYFA: Hamilton County
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany-0
VASCAN
ITIS
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola primulifolia. Threatened, S2/G5.
  2. ↑ Homer D. House (1924) Annotated List of the Ferns and Flowering Plants of New York State, page 508.
Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Patellares
[edit | edit source]
Viola selkirkii
Section Plagiostigma subsection Patellares.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Patellares
Genus Viola subsect. Patellares Stemless white violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Pursh ex Goldie
1822. Viola selkirkii Pursh ex Goldie
    
    
 Great-spurred violet,
Long-spurred violet,
Selkirk's violet
Violette de Selkirk 		Native, CoC: 8,
Secure

NYFA: 5
USDA-NN
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Bilobatae
[edit | edit source]
Viola hamiltonia
Section Plagiostigma subsection Bilobatae (W.Becker) W.Becker contains only Viola arcuata Blume (curved-stemmed violet), a newly discovered introduction to North America, well established in lawns in and around The New York Botanical Garden and in planting beds and pots elsewhere in New York City. These are the first reports of the species in the New World. The Plants of the World Online website (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 2025) calls this species Viola hamiltoniana.[1]

This introduced violet was also identified in North Carolina.[2]

  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, , John T. Kartesz, and Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
  2. ↑ Harvey Ballard, Becky Dill (2024) A New Violet for the Southeastern United States.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Plagiostigma subsect. Bilobatae
Genus Viola subsect. Bilobatae Stemless white violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 D.Don

1825. Viola hamiltoniana D.Don in Prodr.Fl.Nepal.:206
1826. Viola arcuata Blume in Bijdr.Fl.Ned.Ind.:58
1829. Viola notoniana Wall. in Numer.List:n.°1449, not validly publ.
1835. Viola distans Wall. in Trans.Med.Soc.Calcutta 7:227
1852. Viola alata Burgersd. in F.A.W.Miquel, Pl.Jungh.:121
1858. Viola verecunda A.Gray in Mem.Amer.Acad.Arts, n.s.6:382
1868. Viola excisa Hance in J.Bot.6:296
1872. Viola metziana Hohen. ex Hook.f. in Fl.Brit.India 1:184, not validly publ.
1910. Viola serpens var. hamiltoniana (D.Don) Hook.f. & Thomson ex H.Boissieu in Bull.Soc.Bot.
1916. Viola lunata Ridl. in Trans.Linn.Soc.London,Bot.9:17
1916. Viola hupeiana W.Becker in Beih.Bot.Centralbl.34(2):232
1922. Viola yakusimana Nakai in Bot.Mag.(Tokyo) 36:35
1935. Viola herbivaga Ridl. in J.Bot.73:17

Hamilton’s violet
Curved-stemmed violet
Hamilton’s viola 		Introduced,
Naturalized,
SNA, GNR
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 24

NYFA: 0 counties
iNat: Bronx, Kings
GBIF: Bronx (cult. 1944)
COL
WFO
POWO
FSUS
Images
Wikispecies

Viola sect. Nosphinium

[edit | edit source]
Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
[edit | edit source]
Viola affinis Leconte (LeConte's violet) from Homer D. House, Wild Flowers of New York, 1918.
The taxa of Viola subsection Boreali-Americanae W.Becker are native exclusively to North America (including northern Mexico). They are commonly referred to as the "stemless (or acaulescent) blue violets", as the leaf petioles and flower peduncles arise directly from the rhizome instead of from a shared above-ground stem. Their classification has long been in flux, partially due to apparent introgressive hybridization within the subsection.[1]

Ballard et al. (2023) divided subsect. Borealiamericanae into groups, the New York species of which are:.[2]

  • Affinis group (affinis)
  • Cucullata group (communis, cucullata, nephrophylla)
  • Palmata group (palmata)
  • Pedatifida group (brittoniana)
  • Sagittata group (sagittata, fimbriatula)
  • Sororia group (hirsutula, sororia, septentrionalis, novae-angliae)
  • Subsinuata group (subsinuata)
  1. ↑ Nir L. Gil-ad, "Key to the "Stemless Blue" Violets, Subsection Boreali-Americanae, of the Chicago Region - Expert Version", Field Museum Keys to Nature Project, Chicago.
  2. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Sororia group
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Sororia group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Willd.

1806. Viola sororia Willd. in Hort. Berol. Icon. 1:72
1838. Viola cucullata var. sororia (Willd.) Torr. & A. Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:137
1898. Viola palmata var. sororia (Willd.) Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 25:332
1901. Viola papilionacea var. domestica Pollard in N.L.Britton, Man. Fl. N. States
1901. Viola nodosa Greene in Pittonia 4:296
1902. Viola latiuscula Greene in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 14:70
1917. Viola papilionacea var. alba (Torr. & A.Gray) Farw. in Rep. Michigan Acad. Sci.
1923. Viola domestica fo. alba Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 2:30
1950. Viola alachuana Murrill in Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 12:61

Common blue violet,
Woolly blue violet,
Hairy blue violet,
Downy blue violet,
Hooded blue violet,
Common violet,
Sister violet
Violette parente,
Violette septentrionale 		Native, CoC: 3,
Secure,
S5
FAC
Annual,
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
Heliophily: 5,
2n = 54

NYFA: 61 counties
iNat: 59 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
IPN
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene

1898. Viola septentrionalis Greene in Pittonia 3:334
1898. Viola macounii Greene in Pittonia 3:335
1901. Viola subviscosa Greene in Pittonia 4:293
1901. Viola fletcheri Greene in Pittonia 4:296
1902. Viola nesiotica Greene in Pittonia 5:102
1940. Viola septentrionalis fo. alba Vict. & J.Rousseau in Contr.Inst.Bot.Univ.Montréal

Northern blue violet,
Northern woodland violet,
Northern bog violet
Violette septentrionale 		Native, CoC: 3,
Secure,
S5, G5
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 38 counties
iNat: Steuben, St. Lawrence
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 House

1904. Viola novae-angliae House in Rhodora 6:226
1992. Viola sororia var. novae-angliae L.E. McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:44

New England violet,
New England blue violet
Violette de
 Nouvelle-Angleterre,
Violette de la
 Nouvelle-Angleterre 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
S1, G4Q,
NYNHP: 1[1]
OBL
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 54
Warren (1981-92)
NYFA: 1
iNat
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNAFNA
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Brainerd

1907. Viola hirsutula Brainerd in Rhodora 9:98
1953. Viola hirsutula fo. albicans L.K.Henry in Castanea 18:46

Southern wood violet,
Southern woodland violet 		Native, CoC: 10,
Endangered,
No recent reports,
S1, G4
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 54

NYFA: 7 counties
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Walter
1788. Viola villosa Walter
1895. V. palmata  var. villosa  (Walter) B.L.Rob.
 Carolina violet N. America native
 southern U.S.,
N.Y. excluded,
2n = 54
excluded
NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
FNAFNA
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola novae-angliae (V. sororia var. grisea). Endangered, S1/G4.
Cucullata group
[edit | edit source]
Viola cucullata
The Cucullata species group in the acaulescent blue violet lineage, sect. Nosphinium W.Becker, subsect. Borealiamericanae (W.Becker) Gil-ad contains the species: Viola communis, V. cucullata, V. domestica, V. nephrophylla, V. pratincola, and V. retusa.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Cucullata group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Aiton

1768. Viola obliqua Hill in Hort. Kew. :316
1789. Viola cucullata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:283
1789. Viola obliqua Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:288
1886. Viola palmata var. cucullata (Aiton) A. Gray in Bot. Gaz. 11:254

Marsh blue violet,
Blue marsh violet,
Longstem marsh violet
Violette cucullée,
Violette dressée 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 29 counties
iNat: ~30 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Pollard

1814. Viola papilionacea Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173, misapplied
1898. Viola communis Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:336
1903. Viola priceana Pollard in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 16:127
1914. Viola familiaris Greene in Cybele Columb. 1:14
1923. Viola domestica var. communis (Pollard) Farw. in Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci.
1984. Viola sororia fo. priceana (Pollard) Cooperr. in Michigan Botanist 23: 167
2023. Viola communis fo. priceana (Pollard) H.E.Ballard in J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 150:76

Dooryard violet
Common blue violet
Confederate violet
Sadie Price's violet 		Native,
Secure,
S5, GNR
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 4 counties
iNat: 4 counties
GBIF: 4 counties
COL
POWO
FSUS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene

1896. Viola nephrophylla Greene in Pittonia 3:144
1896. Viola cognata Greene in Pittonia 3:145
1902. Viola arizonica Greene in Pittonia 5:33
1939. Viola nephrophylla var. arizonica (Greene) Kearney & Peebles in J.Wash.Acad.Sci.
1940. Viola maccabeiana M.S.Baker in Madroño 5: 226
1961. Viola nephrophylla var. cognata (Greene) C.L. Hitchc. in Vasc. Pl. Pacif. N.W.

Northern bog violet,
Wanderer violet,
Sand violet,
Blue meadow violet
Violette néphrophylle,
Violete des calcaires 		Native,
Endangered,
NYNHP: 1[1]

NYFA: 1
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola nephrophylla. Endangered, S1/G5.
Affinis group
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Affinis group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Leconte

1813. Viola papilionacea Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:173
1826. Viola affinis Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York
1902. Viola nepetifolia Greene in Pittonia 5:92
1936. Viola affinis var. chalcosperma Griscom in Rhodora 38: 49
1952. Viola affinis var. subarctica J.Rousseau in Canad. J. Res., Sect. C, Bot. Sci. 28:245
1953. Viola affinis fo. albiflora L.K.Henry in Castanea 18:45
1992. Viola sororia var. affinis (Leconte) L.E.McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:39
1996. Viola sororia ssp. affinis (Leconte) R.J.Little in Phytologia 80:295

Le Conte's violet,
Sand violet,
Arizona bog violet,
Common blue violet,
Thin-leaved blue violet
Violette affine 		Native,
Secure
FACW
Annual,
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 36 counties
iNat: 3 counties
USDA-NN
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Sagittata group
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Sagittata group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Sm.

1818. Viola fimbriatula Sm. in A.Rees, Cycl. 37: n.° 16
1818. Viola ovata Nutt. in Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1:148
1819. Viola alleghanensis Schult. in J.J.Roemer & J.A.Schultes, Syst. Veg.
1824. Viola ovata var. belvisiana Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:294
1838. Viola sagittata var. ovata (Nutt.) Torr. & A. Gray in Fl. N. Amer. 1:138
1895. Viola sagittata var. hicksii Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 20:326
1896. Viola ovata var. hicksii (Pollard) Pollard in Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 10:92
1928. Viola fimbriatula fo. albescens Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 11:66
1931. Viola fimbriatula fo. glabrata Pennell in Bartonia 12:19
1949. Viola fimbriatula fo. umbelliflora Fernald in Rhodora 51:56
1978. Viola sagittata fo. umbelliflora (Fernald) Scoggan in Fl. Canada 1:52

Northern downy violet,
Arrowleaf violet,
Arrow-leaved violet,
Ovate-leaved violet,
Sand violet,
Fringed violet,
Fimbriate violet
Violette à feuilles frangées 		Native,
Likely secure,
S4, G5
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 30 counties
iNat: 19 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 Aiton

1789. Viola sagittata Aiton in Hort. Kew. 3:287
1796. Viola sagittifolia Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton:130
1813. Viola ciliata Muhl. in Cat. Pl. Amer. Sept., not validly publ.
1813. Viola dentata Pursh in Fl. Amer. Sept. 1:172
1898. Viola sagittata var. subsagittata (Greene) Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:340
1898. Viola subsagittata Greene in Pittonia 3:315
1903. Viola emarginata var. simulata Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:7
1903. Viola secedens Greene in Pittonia 5:121
1930. Viola sagittata var. secedens (Greene) Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:68
1930. Viola sagittata fo. albescens Farw. in Amer. Midl. Naturalist 12:127
1931. Viola sagittata var. glabra Pennell in Bartonia 12:19
1959. Viola sagittata fo. carlii Creutz in Wild Fl. 35:9

Arrow-leaved violet,
Fringed violet
Violette sagittée,
Violette sagittée
  variété sagittée 		Native,
Likely secure

NYFA: 16 counties
iNat: 18 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
Palmata group
[edit | edit source]
Viola palmata
The Palmata group contains the several varieties of Viola palmata and Viola stoneana.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Palmata group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 var. triloba (Schwein.) Ging.

1822. Viola triloba Schwein. in Amer. J.Sci.Arts 5:57
1824. Viola palmata var. triloba (Schwein.) Ging. in A.P.de Candolle, Prodr. 1:291
1826. Viola congener Leconte in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. New York 2:140
1906. Viola vespertilionis Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:217
1906. Viola ornithodes Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:218
1952. Viola triloba f. albida Steyerm. in Rhodora 54:256
1959. Viola triloba f. annjoae Creutz in Wild Fl. 35:9

Palmate-leaf violet
Early blue violet
Three-lobed violet
Wood violet
Crowfoot violet
Cleft violet
Violette palmée
violette à feuilles trilobées 		Native,
Secure

NYFA: 27 counties
iNat: 8 counties
USDA-NN
POWO
FSUS
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 var. palmata

1753. Viola palmata L. in Sp. Pl.:933
1867. Viola cucullata var. palmata (L.) A. Gray in Manual, ed.5:78
1899. Viola falcata Greene in Pittonia 4:3
1910. Viola triloba var. dilatata (Elliott) Brainerd in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 37:587

Southern three-lobed violet
Palmate-leaved violet
Violette palmée 		N. America native,
Not listed in NY,
2n = 54

POWO
FSUS
VASCAN
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 House

1905. Viola stoneana House in Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 32: 253

Stone's violet N. America native,
Not listed in NY

NYFA: Not listed
iNat: none in NY
POWO
Images
Wikispecies
Subsinuata group
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Subsinuata group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 (Greene) Greene

1898. Viola emarginata var. subsinuata Greene in Pittonia 3:31
1899. Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene in Pittonia 4:4

Palmate-leaved violet,
Early blue violet,
Bernard's violet,
Bernard violet,
Pale violet,
Wavy-leaved violet,
Greene's Violet[1],
Wood violet 		Native,
Secure
FACU
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 11 counties
USDA-N0
POWO
Go Botany
VASCAN
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
Tropicos
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 House

1924. Viola baxteri House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:500

Baxter's violet Native,
Unranked,
SNR, GNR
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: Monroe, Ontario
iNat: Ulster (2022)
POWO
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ The American Violet Society website: Viola subsinuata
Pedatifida group
[edit | edit source]
Viola brittoniana
The three North American violets of this group (Viola brittoniana, Viola pectinata, and Viola pedatifida) have often been grouped together under a common species.[1]
  1. ↑ Harvey E. Ballard, John T. Kartesz, & Misako Nishino (2023). A taxonomic treatment of the violets (Violaceae) of the northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 150(1): 3–266, 2023.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Pedatifida group Stemless blue violets N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Pollard

1898. Viola brittoniana Pollard in Bot. Gaz. 26:332
1992. Viola pedatifida ssp. brittoniana (Pollard) L. E. McKinney in Sida, Bot. Misc. 7:22
2010. Viola pedatifida var. brittoniana (Pollard) R.J.Little & L.E.McKinney in J.Bot.Res.Inst.Texas

Coastal violet,
Coast violet,
Northern coastal violet,
Britton’s violet 		Native, CoC: 8,
Endangered,
S1,
NYNHP: 1[1]
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb,
2n = 54

NYFA: 6 counties (1883-1939)
USDA-N0
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies
 E.P. Bicknell

1904. Viola pectinata E.P.Bicknell in Torreya 4: 129
 1952. Viola brittoniana var. pectinata (E.P. Bicknell) Alexander in Britton & Brown, Ill.Fl.N.U.S.
1997. Viola brittoniana fo. pectinata (E.P.Bicknell) Gil-ad in Boissiera 53:54 ()

Pectinate violet
Pectinate-leaved Violet 		Native, CoC: 10,
No recent reports,
SH
FAC
Perennial,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 2 counties
iNat: No NY obs.
POWO
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
  Viola brittoniana ×
  Viola pectinata
 Hybrid violet Native,
Not applicable,
SNA, GNA

NYFA: Richmond (1909)
Images
Wikispecies
 G.Don

1831. Viola pedatifida G.Don in Gen. Hist. 1:320
1838. Viola delphinifolia Nutt. in Torrey & A.Gray, Fl.N.Amer. 1:136
1903. Viola pedatifida var. indivisa Greene in Pittonia 5: 124
1958. Viola viarum f. pilifera E.J.Palmer & Steyerm. in Brittonia 10: 116
1991. Viola palmata var. pedatifida (G.Don) Cronquist in Gleason & Cronquist, Man.Vasc.Pl.

Crowfoot violet
Larkspur violet
Prairie violet
Violette pédatifide 		N. America native,
In Midwest,
Not listed in NY,
2n = 54.

NYFA: Not listed in NY
iNat: No NY obs.
POWO
FSUS
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ New York Natural Heritage Program. 2024. Online Conservation Guide for Viola brittoniana. Endangered, S1/G4G5.
Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae hybrids
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae
Genus Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Borealiamericanae Stemless blue violet hybrids N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Greene
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola sororia

1906. Viola × filicetorum Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:215
1906. Viola filicetorum var. parthenica Greene in Leafl. Bot. Observ. Crit. 1:216

Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 common blue violet 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 3 counties
USDA-N0
POWO
Tropicos
IPN
Images
Wikispecies
 House
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola communis

1924. Viola × columbiana House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:504
. Viola × consona House

Native,
Unlisted

NYFA: Not listed in NY
POWO
Images
Wikispecies
 House
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola fimbriatula

1924. Viola × hollickii House in Bull. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist. 254:503

Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 arrow-leaved violet 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: Bronx, Richmond
USDA-N0
POWO
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola triloba
    V. × discors House
    V. × milleri Moldenke
 Slavin's violet,
Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 three-lobe violet 		Native,
Endangered

NYFA: 1?
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene (pro sp.)
  Viola sagittata ×
  Viola sororia
1899. V. conjugens Greene
1924. V. × parca House
 Northern bog violet (hybrid),
Hybrid of
 arrow-leaf violet &
 common blue violet 		Native,
No recent reports

NYFA: H?
NYFA: U
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene (pro sp. 1898)
  Viola sororia ×
  Viola triloba
 Peck's violet,
Hybrid of
 common blue violet &
 three-lobe violet 		Native,
No recent reports

NYFA: H?
USDA-NN
Images
Wikispecies
 Greene (pro sp. 1902)
  Viola septentrionalis ×
  Viola sororia
V. × montivaga House (1924)
 Hybrid of
 Northern blue violet &
 common blue violet 		Native,
No recent reports

NYFA: H?
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola hirsutula ×
  Viola × palmata
V. × dissita
 Hybrid of
 southern wood violet &
 early blue violet 		Native,
Likely extirpated

NYFA: Zm
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola cucullata ×
  Viola sororia
V. × conturbata House
 Bissell's violet,
Hybrid of
 marsh blue violet &
 common blue violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola hirsutula
V. × dowelliana House
 Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 southern wood violet 		Native,
Impersistent

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola cucullata
 Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 marsh blue violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 (Nutt.) Schwein. (pro sp. 1929)
  Viola hirsutula ×
  Viola sororia
V. × perpera House
 Hybrid of
 southern wood violet &
 common blue violet 		Native,
Impersistent

NYFA: Um
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola × palmata ×
  Viola sagittata
 Hybrid of
 early blue violet &
 arrow-leaf violet 		Native,
Impersistent

NYFA: Um
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 Pollard (pro sp. 1902)
  Viola brittoniana ×
  Viola sagittata
    V. × marylandica House
    V. × holmiana House
 Hybrid of
 northern coastal violet &
 arrow-leaf violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 Bicknell (pro sp. 1904)
  Viola brittoniana ×
  Viola cucullata
 Hybrid of
 northern coastal violet &
 marsh blue violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
 House (1924)
  Viola cucullata ×
  Viola × palmata
V. × notabilis Bickn.
 Ryon's violet,
Hybrid of
 marsh blue violet &
 early blue violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
USDA-N0
ITIS
Images
Wikispecies
Viola affinis × brittoniana
 Dowell
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola brittoniana
1910. Viola affinis × brittoniana Dowell
    
 Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 northern coastal violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA:
Images
Wikispecies
V. affinis × sagittata var. ovata
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola sagittata var. ovata
1910. Viola affinis × fimbriatuala Dowell
 Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 northern downy violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
Images
Wikispecies
Viola affinis × palmata
 Dowell
1910. Viola affinis × palmata Dowell
 Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 northern downy violet 		Native,
Unranked

NYFA: U
Images
Wikispecies
 House
  Viola affinis ×
  Viola septentrionalis
1924. Viola champlainensis House
 Hybrid of
 LeConte's violet &
 northern blue violet 		N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
 House
  V. hirsutula ×
  V. sagittata var. sagittata
1924. Viola × redacta House
1924. Viola dimissa House
 Hybrid of
 southern wood violet &
 arrow-leaf violet 		N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
ITIS
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Pedatae
[edit | edit source]
Viola pedata
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Viola subg. Viola sect. Nosphinium subsect. Pedatae
Genus Viola subsect. Pedatae Violet N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
 ssp. pedata
1753. Viola pedata L.
    Viola pedatavar. concolor
    Viola pedatavar. lineariloba
    Viola pedatavar. ranunculifolia
 Birdfoot violet,
Bird's-foot violet,
Crowfoot violet,
Pansy violet
Violette pédalée,
Violette pied-d'oiseau 		Native, CoC: 8,
Rare,
S2, G5-TNR
FACU-UPL
Perennial,
Herb=forb,
2n = 56

NYFA: 7 counties
USDA-NN
FSUS
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
ITIS
FNA
NatureServe
BONAP
Images
Wikispecies

Viola sect. Melanium

[edit | edit source]
The Viola section Melanium contains plants commonly known as pansies.
Viola sect. Melanium subsect. Cleistogamae
[edit | edit source]
Viola bicolor
The only North American native pansy is Viola bicolor, which is also the only annual Viola species with cleistogamous (small inconspicuous closed self-pollinating) flowers. It is listed as endangered in New York State.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Melanium[1]
Genus Viola sect. Melanium Pansies N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Greene

1813. Viola bicolor Pursh
1819. Viola tenella Raf. in Amer.Monthly Mag. & Crit.Rev.4:191, nom. illeg.
1838. Mnemion tenellum Webb in Iter Hispan.:68
1899. Viola rafinesquei Greene in Pittonia 4:9
1914. Mnemion rafinesquii (Greene) Nieuwl. in Amer.Midl.Naturalist 3:217
1938. Viola kitaibeliana var. rafinesquei (Greene) Fernald in Rhodora 40:443
1973. Viola rafinesquei fo. caerulea Moldenke in Phytologia 26:225
1973. Viola rafinesquei fo. minor Moldenke in Phytologia 26:226

American Field Pansy
Wild pansy
Field pansy
Violette de Rafinesque 		Native, CoC: 9,
Endangered,
S1, G5
FACU
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: 5 counties
iNat: 4 counties
USDA-NN
COL
POWO
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
FNAFNA
Tropicos
LBJ
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ BioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium
Viola sect. Melanium subsect. Bracteolatae
[edit | edit source]
Viola arvensis
Section Melanium subsection Bracteolatae contains introduced pansies.
Malpighiales — Violaceae — Violoideae — Violeae — Viola sect. Melanium[1]
Genus Viola sect. Melanium Pansies N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 Murray
1770. Viola arvensis Murray
1864. Viola tricolor  ssp. arvensis  (Murray) Syme
 European field pansy,
Small wild pansy
Violette des champs 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
 northern Africa,
Naturalized
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: X
NYFA: 26 counties
? counties
USDA-XW
Go Botany
ARS-GRIN
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 L.
 ssp. tricolor

1753. Viola tricolor L. in Sp. Pl.:935
1780. Viola tricolor ssp. erecta Ehrh. in Hannover. Mag. 18:232, not validly publ.
1787. Ion tricolor Medik. in Malvenfam.:102
1796. Viola versicolor Salisb. in Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton, nom. superfl.
1827. Viola tricolor var. major Roth in Enum. Pl. Phaen. Germ., not validly publ.
1836. Mnemion tricolor (L.) Spach in Hist. Nat. Vég. 5:515
1852. Jacea tricolor (L.) Opiz in Seznam:54

Johnny jumpup
Three colored violet
Wild pansy
European wild pansy 		Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Naturalized

NYFA: X
NYFA: 16 counties
iNat: 5 counties
GBIF: present in NY
? counties
USDA-XX
POWO
Go Botany
FNA
Images
Wikispecies
 Gams
  Viola altaica ×
  Viola tricolor

1895. Viola hortensis var. grandiflora Wittr. in Acta Horti Berg. 2(7):53
1901. Viola hortensis Wettst. in Wettst. 36:300, Nom. Inval.
1925. Viola × wittrockiana Gams in G.Hegi, Ill. Fl. Mitt.-Eur. 5:616
1927. Viola tricolor maxima J.C.Clausen in Hereditas (Lund) 8:150
1927. Viola tricolor maxima-nigra J.C.Clausen in Hereditas (Lund) 8:150
1935. Viola maxima in 100, Nom. Inval.

Garden pansy Introduced from
 Eurasia,
Not naturalized,
Aritficial hybrid,
SNA, GNA
Annual,
Herb-forb

NYFA: Orange (1999)
iNat: 6 counties
GBIF: 6 counties
POWO
Images
Wikispecies
 Roem. & Schult.
    
 Dwarf pansy Introduced,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
iNat: No new-world obs.
GBIF: Not present in NY
POWO
Go Botany
Images
Wikispecies
  1. ↑ BioLib.cz - Viola sect. Melanium

Family Passifloraceae

[edit | edit source]

The Passifloraceae (passion-flower family) ...

Subfamily Passifloroideae

[edit | edit source]

Tribe Passifloreae

[edit | edit source]
Passiflora
[edit | edit source]
Malpighiales — Passifloraceae — Passifloroideae — Passifloreae — Passiflora
Genus Passiflora (excluded species) Passionflower N.Y. Status Images Distribution NY NPT
 L.
1753. Passiflora incarnata L.
1787. Granadilla incarnata (L.) Medik.
1826. Passiflora kerii Spreng.
1871. Passiflora edulisvar. kerii
 Purple passionflower N. America native,
N.Y. excluded

NYFA-Excluded
USDA-N0
ARS-GRIN
Tropicos
Images
Wikispecies
Retrieved from "https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Flora_of_New_York/Violaceae&oldid=4481966"