Latin/Lesson 3-Passive

Latin
Intro:	1 • 2
Chapter 1	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
Chapter 2	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 3	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8
Chapter 4	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10
Chapter 5	1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9

See discussion for a tutorial on the passive voice and how to use it in Latin, including external links which explain future, imperfect, and present indicative passive verb forms.

I consider commercial textbooks to be inadequate, so I do not believe that this article can wait.

Here are the conjugations for the imperfect passive tenses. The basic rules for going to passive are the following ones.

1. In the first person, add -r if the active ending is a vowel, otherwise change the final constant to an -r. Examples:

paro (I prepare) → paror (I am being prepared)

aperiebam (I was opening) → aperiebar (I was being opened)

defendemus (we will defend) → defendemur (we will be defended)

tenebimus (we will hold) → tenebimur (we will be held)

2. In the third person, add -ur. Examples:

parat (he prepares) → paratur (he is being prepared)

aperiebat (he was opening) → aperiebatur (he was being opened)

defendent (they will defend) → defendentur (they will be defended)

tenebunt (they will hold) → tenebuntur (they will be held)

3. In the second person, things get more complicated. For the plural, replace "tis" with "mini". Note the exception in "ferre", where "fertis" becomes "ferimini". In the word "ferre", the "rm" letter combination consistently gets separated (ferimus instead of fermus, ferimur instead of fermur and ferimini instead of fermini). For the singular present, take out the active ending, add the thematic vowel (a from -are, e from -ere, i from -ire and nothing from -re, as in ferre) of the verb's infinitive ending and add -ris. Examples:

paras (you prepare) → pararis (you are being prepared)

tenes (you are holding) → teneris (you are being held)

defendis (you are defending) → defenderis (you are being defended)

audis (you are listening) → audiris (you are being listened to)

defendetis (you will defend) → defendemini (you are being defended)

amabis (you will love) → amaberis (you will be loved)

Note the -eris ending in the future passive. The future active bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt looks like the third conjugation so the passive bor, beris, bitur, bimur, bimini, buntur looks like the third conjugation. The imperfect passive is bar, baris, batur, bamur, bamini, bantur.

Conjugation in the Present Passive
	1st	2nd	3rd	mixed	4th	Irregular
Infinitive:	amare	terrere	legere	capere	audire	ferre
Singular
1st person:	amor	terreor	legor	capior	audior	feror
2nd person:	amaris	terreris	legeris	caperis	audiris	ferris
3rd person:	amatur	terretur	legitur	capitur	auditur	fertur
Plural
1st person:	amamur	terremur	legimur	capimur	audimur	ferimur
2nd person:	amamini	terremini	legimini	capimini	audimini	ferimini
3rd person:	amantur	terrentur	leguntur	capiuntur	audiuntur	feruntur

Conjugation in the Imperfect Passive
	1st	2nd	3rd	mixed	4th	Irregular
Infinitive:	amare	terrere	legere	capere	audire	ferre
Singular
1st person:	amabar	terrebar	legebar	capiebar	audiebar	ferebar
2nd person:	amabaris	terrebaris	legebaris	capibaeris	audiebaris	ferebaris
3rd person:	amabatur	terrebatur	legebatur	capiebatur	audiebatur	ferebatur
Plural
1st person:	amabamur	terrebamur	legebamur	capiebamur	audiebamur	ferebamur
2nd person:	amabamini	terrebamini	legebamini	capiebamini	audiebamini	ferebamini
3rd person:	amabantur	terrebantur	legebantur	capiebantur	audiebantur	ferebantur

Conjugation in the Future Passive
	1st	2nd	3rd	mixed	4th	Irregular
Infinitive:	amare	terrere	legere	capere	audire	ferre
Singular
1st person:	amabor	terrebor	legar	capiar	audiar	ferar
2nd person:	amaberis	terreberis	legeris	capieris	audieris	fereris
3rd person:	amabitur	terrebitur	legetur	capietur	audietur	feretur
Plural
1st person:	amabimur	terrebimur	legemur	capiemur	audiemur	feremur
2nd person:	amabimini	terrebimini	legemini	capiemini	audiemini	feremini
3rd person:	amabuntur	terrebuntur	legentur	capientur	audientur	ferentur