Latin/Lesson 7-Future and Past Perfect
| Latin | |
| Intro: | 1 • 2 |
| Chapter 1 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 |
| Chapter 2 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 |
| Chapter 3 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 |
| Chapter 4 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 |
| Chapter 5 | 1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 |
Future perfect
[edit | edit source]The future perfect tense is used for an action that will have been completed in the future by the time something else has happened.
English example: "I will have seen the movie by the time it comes out."
To form the future perfect, take the perfect stem and add the future perfect endings:
| -erō | -erimus |
| -eris | -eritis |
| -erit | -erint |
Note the similarities to the future tense of sum, except for the third person plural ending -erint[1] in place of -erunt, which serves as the perfect ending instead.
Hence: amāverō, I will have loved; vīderitis, you (pl.) will have seen
- ↑ -int as an ending is rare; -erint and sint are two of the most common
Pluperfect
[edit | edit source]The pluperfect tense is used to describe something in the past that happened before another event in the past.
English example: "I had graduated by the time I applied for a job."
To form the pluperfect, take the perfect stem and add the pluperfect endings:
| -eram | -erāmus |
| -erās | -erātis |
| -erat | -erant |
Hence: amāveram, I had loved; vīderātis, you (pl.) had seen
Examples
[edit | edit source]De Acutiliano autem negotio quod mihi mandaras (mandaveras), ut primum a tuo digressu Romam veni, confeceram. (Cicero, Ad Atticum 1.5)
- "But as to the business of Acutilius that you had entrusted with me, I had already taken care of it when I came to Rome first thing after your departure." Note the relationship of the pluperfect verbs mandaras (-aras is a common contraction for -averas) and confeceram to the perfect verb veni.
Ego certe meum officium praestitero. (Caesar, De Bello Gallico IV)
- "I certainly will have prevailed in my duty."