Mirad/Word-building

Taxonomic codification of letters

The consonants of root words are taken from a conceptual ontology matrix. For example, all root words beginning with the consonant t have something to do with human beings. Root words containing the consonant j relate somehow to time.

For example, the following words all contain the consonant p, which indicates motion:

zíp travel

jap precedence

tóáp step

zòp regression

pán jump

teap visit

mamp flight

Similarly, the following words all end in the consonant l, which indicates liquid:

mil water

vafil wine

mal gasoline

meil mud

vozil paint

teabil tear

Again, the following words all end in the consonant m, which indicates place, space, location, or position.:

tom residence

cem table

dénam library

tilam bar

epem parking lot

mem country

Semantic codification of vowels

The vowels in root words have various qualitative and quantitative values based on the following scales:

Scale	o	a	e	i	u
Cardinal	0	1	2	3	4
Ordinal/hierarchical	zeroth	first	second	third	fourth
Qualitative	negative 1	positive 1	neutral	positive 2	negative 2
Vectorial	down	up	middle	left	right
Natural	underground	sky	land	water	space

The opposite of a word can often be produced by simply changing a vowel to the "opposing" vowel.

• The vowels "a" and "o" are opposites in the "series 1".
• The vowels "i" and "u" are opposites in the "series 2."

positive	negative
ab on	ob off
man light	mon shade
aga big	oga little
án together	ón apart
iga fast	uga slow
íga hard	úga soft

Throughout the Mirad word construction scheme, the vowel e always has a neutral or medial value:

medial
éb between
éz inside
eza moderate
ge equal
zem middle
gé rather
ev if
je during
eb at
ve maybe

In hierarchical codification, the vowel o indicates the zeroth or toplevel element of an organization. In a qualitative codification, it has a negative slant. As a prefix, this vowel can also "nullify" a concept as in the following examples:

absolute	nullified
tel food	otel hunger
gela same	ogela different
tadca married	otadca unmarried
es function	oes malfunction

Hierarchical codification with ordinal vowels

Root words related hierarchically or organizationally differ only in their ordinal vowels. By ordinal vowels is meant that the vowels have inherent numerical values (o 0, a 1, e 2, etc.). The zeroth element of any hierarchy always contains the ordinal vowel o. For example, the words for royalty differ only by an enumerative vowel which determines the rank:

ordinal value	royal rank
1	adeb emperor
2	edeb king
3	ideb prince
4	udeb marquis
5	ádeb count
6	édeb duke
7	ódeb lord

For further illustration, we can look at how the concept human being is hierarchically codified using ordinal vowels, where the larger the numeric value of the ordinal vowel, the lower the element is in the semantic hierarchy:

human being
tob human
tab body
teb head
tib trunk
tub arm
tób leg

Scalability With Contrasting Vowels

Words can be semantically constructed along the qualitative scale of "positive", '"neutral", and "negative" through the use of vowels imbued with these values. In Mirad, there are two qualitative vowel series:

number	positive	neutral	negative
1	a	e	o
2	i	e	u

As implied in the above table, root words with a contrast as semantically opposite with those with o and roots words with i contrast with those with u. Words with e are in the middle between the two extremes. The second series does sometimes lack a middle value. For example:

series	positive	neutral	negative
1	va yes	ve maybe	vo no
1	vay certainly	vey possibly	voy not
1	aza strong	eza moderate	oza weak
2	zi right	ze middle	zu left
2	fia good	fea neither good nor bad	fua bad
2	iga fast	ega moderate	uga slow

Vectorial codification

On the vectorial (or: directional, geo-spatial) scale, the vowels have the following general values (see later for a more detailed explanation):

positive	neutral	negative
a		o
up/north/ahead		down/south/back
	e
	in/middle
i		u
right/east/straight		left/west/crooked

Some examples:

positive	neutral	negative
áb up	éb between	ób down
ab on	eb at	ob off
zi right	ze in the middle	zu left
áber to raise	éber to contain	óber to lower

In the following examples, the vowels i/u and e take on directional values with respect to the doer of the action:

bier to take	nier to consume	dier to ask	pier to leave	iper to go away	iber to receive
beer to keep	neer to conserve	der to say	peer to stay	eper to stop	eber to stop
buer to give	nuer to supply	duer to suggest	puer to arrive	uper to come	uber to send

Natural (geological) codification

On the natural scale, the vowels have the following values:

vowel	value	examples
a	sky/air	mampar aircraft, map wind (current)
e	land/soil	mempar car, mep road
i	sea/water	mimpar ship, mip river
o	underground	mompar subway, mop tunnel
u	outer space	mumpar spaceship, mup galaxy

Semantic nuancing

Semantic nuances and gradations of quality of words are reflected through the "lengthening", that is, addition of a harmonic subordinal vowel to the ordinal vowel, yodification (adding y) of the ordinal vowel, or the addition of one in a series of intensifying (l, r) or distinguishing (c, s, v, f, etc.) consonants, or any of the above techniques in combination. In this scheme, pre-yodification signals a semantic intensification, while post-yodification indicates a weakening or mitigation of sense. A doubling of the vowel usually indicates another kind of lessened strength of the corresponding single-vowel word. Here are some examples:

Post-yodification deintensifies the semantic value of the base word in much the same way as the suffix -ish sometimes mitigates the value of an English adjective.

normal	deintensified
ama hot	àma warm
oma cold	òma cool
ima wet	ìma humid
at vage I want	at vàge I'd like
at ége I must	at yège I should
moza black	mòza blackish
e two	è half
gla very	glà somewhat
mar sun	màr star
ifer to love	ìfer to like
bók pain	bôk ache
tom residence	tòm home
dom city	dòm town
din story	dìn tale
pener to seize	pèner to catch
pon rest	pòn pause

Pre-yodification is sometimes used to intensify the semantic value of the base word:

normal	intensified
om cold	óm ice
am heat	ám fire
ga more	gá most
pener to seize	péner to strike
pot animal	pót wild animal
vaa affirmative	váa true
ab on	yab above
ze in the middle of	zé through
ib away	íb far
bok illness	bók pain
paner to move	páner to jump

The consonant extenders "l" and "r" are sometimes used to intensify the semantic value of the base word.

normal	strong	stronger
bók pain	blók agony	brók torture
vag desire	vlag yearning	vrag craving
éga necessary	égla urgent	égra critical
péner to hit	pénler to beat	pénrer to smash
fúder to offend	flúder to insult	frúder to outrage
dier to request	diler to beg	direr to demand

The ordinal vowel can be extended with a homorganic subordinal vowel in order to add an element of "lengthening" or some other nuance to the meaning of the base word:

normal	lengthened
bok illness	book fatigue
vager to want	vaager to desire
dob state	doob nation
dab government	daab administration
tob body	toob gender
din story	diin recitation
béler to retain	béeler to conserve
mil water	miil dew

Here are some examples where all these techniques are employed:

derived word	method of derivation
bok illness	normal
bòk ailment	post-yodification (mitigation)
book fatigue	lengthening
boòk lassitude	post-yodification (mitigation)
bók pain	pre-yodification (intensification)
bôk ache	post-yodification (mitigation)
bóok suffering	lengthening
blók agony	L-intensification (1st order)
brók torture	R-intensification (2nd order)

derived word	method of derivation
vager to want	normal
vlager to yearn for	L-intensification (1st order)
vrager to crave	R-intensification (2nd order)
vaager to desire	lengthening
vàger to wish for	post-yodification (mitigation)
vaàger to aspire to	lengthening

The consonants l, r, and c are used to differentiate nuances of words, usually in a positive degree of strength. Other consonants can also be used for derivation.

derived word
va yes
vaa positive
vala sure
vàla certain
vaala safe
vara evident
vàra manifest
valda certified
vàca secure
váa true
váya genuine
váca correct
vâca right
vába regular
vâba statutory
váva exact
válva perfect
váfa precise
váta fair
váma real
váama virtual
vâma actual
váda frank
vála authentic

Mnemonic and analogic association

Mnemonics is used to the fullest to associate root words and concepts. For example, the words "neigh", "hehaw", "bark", and "meow" in Unilingua all contain a hint of the animal name with which these are associated. For example:

animal	sound verb
épet dog	épeder to bark
apet horse	apeder to neigh
ápet pig	ápeder to squeal
ípet cat	ípeder to meow
apat cock	apader to crow
pat bird	pader to tweet
epèt cow	epèder to moo

Two or more words are often joined into a single compound, producing a new concept, where the separate elements are suggestive of the meaning of the resulting compound. In some cases, words overlap much like portmanteau words in English (breakfast + lunch = brunch). (Note, for euphony, if the final consonant of the first root word is the same as the initial consonant of the second root word, one of the consonants is dropped.)

first concept	second concept	compound
il liquid	pan motion	ilpan wave
teac- to see	per to go	teaper to visit
dom city	mep way	domep street (not dommep)
kum side	mep way	kumep sidewalk
zè across	mep way	zèmep bridge
zé through	mep way	zémep thoroughfare
elám iron	mep way	elámep railroad
mag fire	meb mountain	magmeb volcano
tóáb foot	per to go	tóáper to walk
mic window	nof cloth	micof curtain
mac floor	nof cloth	macof carpet
bik care	nof cloth	bikof bandage
teb head	nof cloth	tef hat
új- to close	nof cloth	újof fold
tom home	nof cloth	tomof tent
nun merchandise	par vehicle	nunpar truck
pat bird	ij beginning	patij egg
án together	iv joy	ániv festival
oj future	nac money	ojnac credit
ej present	nac money	ejnac cash
vé relative	naz value	vénaz coefficient
ke- to seek	bier to take	kebier to choose
job time	bier to take	jobier to borrow
dop military	bier to take	dopbier to conquer
nuc payment	bier to take	nucbier to purchase
ko- to hide	bier to take	kobier to steal
tel food	tam house	telam restaurant
mag fire	il liquid	magil oil
mam sky	mil water	mamil rain
mir planet	nod point	mirnod pole
mam sky	nid line	mamnid horizon
mar light	nid line	marnid ray
nof cloth	yazser to flatten	nofyazser to iron
taob flesh	tel food	taol meat
taob flesh	fab tree	faob wood
faob wood	cyeb container	faocyeb barrel
ápet pig	tel meat	ápel pork

The following example of compounding with the root word mep (way, route, road) shows the efficiency of Unilingua compounding:

first concept	combined concept
kum side	kumep sidewalk
tóáb walk	tóámep walkway
dom city	domep boulevard
dom city	domèp avenue
dom city	domeap street
éb between	ébdomeap alley
zè across	zèmep bridge
zé through	zémep thoroughfare
óg- short	ógmep shortcut
oiz indirect	oizmep byway
yoz out	yozmep exit
éz in	ézmep entrance
íz beyond	ízmep detour
úz around	úzmep beltway
ig- fast	igmep expressway
ouj- no-end	oujmep cul-de-sac
nùc fee	nùcmep toll road, turnpike
agal- main	agalmep main road
anog- primary	anogmep highway
ogal- minor	ogalmep back road
vó- wrong	vómep blind alley
áb high	ábmep raised highway
mom underground	momep subway
elám iron	elámep railroad
tóáp- to walk	tóámep walkway
par vehicle	parmep driveway
-et little	mepet path, lane
iz- direct	izmep straightaway
-án collective	mepán network

Root words

Root words are divided into two groups:

• 1st group: nouns.
• 2nd group: prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, and verbs, that is, all other words.

Root words of the 1st group (nouns)

All noun root words are composed of three letters:

• The first, a consonant, called the classifier
• The second, a vowel, called the ordinal
• The third, a consonant, called the generic

Examples:

classifier	ordinal	generic	meaning
t	o	b	man
t	a	b	body
d	o	t	society
d	o	m	city
t	a	m	house

Table of consonant semantic values

consonant	classifier (1st group)	generic (1st group)	classifier (2nd group)
b	organ, illness, body	organism	gesture, manner
p	animal, vehicle	travel	movement
c	thing, furniture	form	making, c hundred
s	action	action	doing, action, thing
d	society	person	saying, writing
t	human being	person	knowing
f	vegetation	textiles, materials	quality
v	plant, color	cloth, linen	quality, truth
g			quantity, size, speed
k			weight, volume
j	time	time	time
z		jewels, precious, art, color	direction
l		element, liquid, food	l ten
m	cosmos, nature	place, building, metal	ml million
n	merchandise, containers	abstraction	counting
r		machine, instrument	mr billion

The letter w does not have semantic value, only grammatical value as the sign of the passive voice. The letter h also has no semantic value; it merely forms the correlative deictics or determinants.

Table of vowel numeric values

vowel	numeric value
o	0
a	1
e	2
i	3
u	4
ó	5
á	6
é	7
í	8
ú	9

Table of vowel geo-positional values

vowel	value
a	above, superior, north
e	center, middle, equator
o	below, inferior, south
u	left, west
i	right, east

Table of vowel vectorial values

vowel	free movement	contact movement	position	examples
a	on	onto	up/north	ab (on), aper (mount), aber (apply)
á	up	onto		áb (up), áper (climb), páer (rise)
o	under, off	underneath	down/south	ob (under), ober (remove), boer (support)
ó	down	down to		óper (descend), póer (fall)
u	near	to	left/west	uper (come), puer (arrive)
ú	toward	until		úb (near), úper (approach), púer (reach)
i	away	from	right/east	iper (go away), pier (leave)
í	far off	off		íb (away), íber (take away), píer (originate)
e	between	at	center/middle	eb (at), eper (stop), peer (remain)
é	in	into		éz (in), éber (contain), béer (detain)

Table of vowel geo-specific values

vowel	value	-p	-m	-l
a	sky	map wind	mam sky	mal air
e	land	mep road	mem earth	mel soil
i	water	mip river	mim sea	mil water
o	underground	mop tunnel	mom mine	mol mineral
u	nature	mup galaxy	mum space	mul matter

Table of vowel temporal values (for verbs)

vowel	value	example
a	past	pa went, paa had gone, pao will have gone, pae has gone
e	present	pe goes, pee is going, pea has been going, peo will be going
o	future	po will go, poa would go, poe is about to go
u	untensed	pu go!, that (one) go

Root words of the 2nd group (non-nouns)

All words of the 2nd group, which are word roots other than noun roots, are composed of two letters, either a consonant-vowel combination like za or a vowel-consonant combination like az, not counting grammatical endings like the adjectival suffix -a or the verbal infinitive suffix -er.

Vowel oppositions in 2nd group root words

Root words with i ⇒ u opposition :

positive	negative
fia good	fua bad
via beautiful	vua ugly
fía brave	fúa afraid
vía clean	vúa dirty
ifa lovable	ufa hateful
iva happy	uva sad
ífa modest	úfa proud
íva free	úva dependent
iga fast	uga slow
íga hard	úga soft
gia sharp	gua dull
gía difficult	gúa easy
ika full	uka empty
kia oblique	kua lateral
kíaheavy	kúa light
íka solid	úka fragile
íba far	úba near
bí since	bú up to
iza straight	uza crooked
zia right	zua left
íz beyond	úz around
zí all over	zúa round

Root words with ternary vowel opposition a ⇒ e ⇒ o and i ⇒ e ⇒ u:

positive	neutral	negative
aza strong	eza medium	oza weak
áza flat	éza concave	óza convex
áz along	éz in	óz out
za front	ze middle	zo behind
zà ahead	zè across	zò back
záa wide	zé through	zóa narrow
aga big	eg- repeat	oga small
ága long	ég- must	óga short
va yes	ve maybe	vo no
và and, both	vè or, either	vò nor, neither
vager to want	veger may, can	voger to renounce
av for	ev if	ov against
váa true	véa relative	vóa false
áva innocent	év- to judge	óva guilty
ga more	ge equal	go less
gà also	gè as	gò but, except
gáa fat	géa moderate	góa thin
gla very	gle rather	glo slightly
gra too	gre just	gro insufficiently
gá most	gé average	gó least
kaer find	keer seek	koer hide
kyaer change	kéer fluctuate	kóer stay fixed
aker win	eker play	oker lose
áker to expect	éker to try	óker to be surprised
ja before	je during	jo after
aj past	ej present	oj future
já early	jé on time	jó late
-a past tense	-e present tense	-o future tense
ab on	eb at	ob off
áb above	éb between	ób below
ijer to begin	ejer to last	ujer to end
tijer to be born	tejer to live	tujer to die

2nd Group Root Word Matrix

Two-way i/u opposition

In 2nd group root words, the vowel i signals a positive value, while the contrasting vowel u indicates the negative or opposite value:

positive	negative	positive	negative
fia good	fua bad	via beautiful	vua ugly
ifa dear	ufa hateful	iva happy	uva sad
fía brave	fúa afraid	vía clean	vúa dirty
ífa modest	úfa proud	íva free	úva bound
gia sharp	gua dull	kia oblique	kua lateral
gía difficult	gúa easy	kía heavy	kúa light
iga fast	uga slow	ika full	uka empty
zia right	zua left	iza straight	uza curved
zí- all around	zú- round	íz- beyond	úz- around
ij- begin	uj- end	íj- open	új- close
ib from	ub to	íb far	úb near
ib- receive	ub- send	íb- take away	úb- bring
bi- take	bu- give	bí away	bú toward
bin- pull	bun- push	bín- ...	bún- touch
ip- go (away)	up- come	íp- escape	úp- approach
pi- depart	pu- arrive	pí- originate	pú- reach
pin- grab	pun- throw	pín- seize	pún- assault

Three-way a/e/o opposition

Some 2nd group root words exhibit a three-way contrast where a is the base or positive value, e the middle or in-between value, and o the negative or opposite value:

positive	intermediate	negative
va yes	ve maybe	vo no
váa true	véa relative	vóa false
av for	ev if	ov against
áva innocent	év- judge	óva guilty
ga more	ge equal	go less
gla many	gle several	glo few
gra too many	gre just enough	gro too few
gá most	gé enough	gó least
gáa fat	géa moderate	góa thin
aga big	eg again	oga small
ága long	ég- must	óga short
ka- find	ke- search	ko- hide
ká- change	ké- waver	kó- stay
ak- win	ek- play	ok- lose
ák- expect	ék- try	ók- be surprised
za front	ze middle	zo back
záa wide	yzé through	zóa narrow
aza strong	eza average	oza weak
áza flat	éza concave	óza convex
áz along	éz in	óz out
ja before	je during	jo after
já early	jé on time	jó late
aj past	ej present	oj future
ab on	eb at	ob off
ab- apply	eb- keep	ob remove
áb above	éb between	ób lower
áb- lift	éb- contain	ób- lower
ba- lean on	be- carry	bo- hold up
bar- press	bel- keep	bol- support
bá- erect	bé- lay	bó- hang
ban- shake	ben- hold	bon- calm
ap- get on	ep- stay	op- get off
áp- ascend	ép- intervene	óp- descend
pan- move	pen- seize	pon- rest
pá- jump	pé- stand	pó- fall
pán- surge	pén- attack	pón- dive

The following table shows how some of the 2nd group root words can be expanded on through various word-building techniques:

positive	negative	positive	negative
fia good fi well fian goodness fila delicious fira excellent fìla exquisite fieca happy firsa perfect fiser to improve fider to congratulate fiader to praise flider to eulogize frider to brag fiàsener to favor fibéna polite gafia better gafi better (adv.) gafif moreso gafira famous gafifer to prefer ísfira useful fiíser to utilize	fua bad fura cruel fula malignant fùra ferocious fueca unhappy flua wicked fluica sinister frueca furious fuvára jeolous fu ill gafua worse gafu worse (adv.) fuser to spoil fuscer to bother fuder to curse furser to pollute fùser to debase fuáser to deteriorate fulser to damage fuecer to get angry fluecer to get irritated fruicer to grow furious fun fault fùn vice fuùn sin dofùna immoral	via beautiful viá pretty vila magnificent vira marvelous vria luxurious viaga somptuous vifa elegant vìfa chic vifia charming videréna eloquent vikaeá admirable viser to adorn viber to garnish viaber to decorate viaser to embellish viraser to dazzle	vua ugly vuá vile
ifa lovable, beloved, dear ifbier to enjoy ifbuer to please ifiber to derive pleasure from ifca pleasant ifcla charming ìfa dear ìfciona gracious ifcra delightful ifra adorable ifla tender ìfala cute ifta nice ifla nice ifrana passionate ìfsrea seductive ifer to love ìfer to like ifcer to be pleased ifcler to be charmed ifcrer to be delighted ifser to please ifsler to charm ifsrer to delight iifper to stroll ifi thanks ifider to thank ifcaler to enjoy	ufa hateful ufla disagreeable ufcea unpleasant ufta mean ufer to hate ùfer to dislike ufuer to despise ufcer to be displeased ovufer to avenge	iva gay ìva joyous ivla glad ìvla content ivra excited ivalsa amused ivca funny ivcla comical ivaser to rejoice ivraser to excite ìvler to satisfy ivalser to amuse ivàlser to entertain ivader to joke ivlaser to content	uva sad ùva melancholy uvla lugubrious uvca dramatic uvcra tragic uvder to complain uvdlier to lament uvceuzer to sigh uvteucer to whine vónùvuser to regret ébuvader to pity uvbaner to move ébuvlacer to have compassion uvalser to bore uvuser to chagrin ùvuser to punish uvluser to afflict

Ordinal vowel codification of hierarchical nouns

Nouns that are related to one another in a hierarchy or organization can be codified using the ordinal feature of vowels. The o vowel (zero value) is used for the topmost element.

job time jab year jeb season jib month jub day jób hour jáb minute jéb second

tob human tab body teb head tib trunk tub arm tób leg

mor universe mar sun mer planet mir earth mur moon

Individual elements can be further subdivided into a secondary classification by the addition of an ordinal vowel to the right of the first vowel:

tub arm tuab shoulder tueb upper arm tuib elbow tuub forearm tuób wrist tuáb hand tuéb fist tuíb palm tuúb finger tuób finger nail

tób leg tóab hip tóeb thigh tóib knee tóub tibia tóób ankle tóáb foot tóéb talon tóíb heel tóúb toe tóób toe nail

A further, tertiary subdivision can be achieved by prefixing an ordinal vowel to the base:

tuúb	finger
atuúb	thumb
etuúb	index
ituúb	middle finger
utuúb	ring finger
ótuúb	little finger

A convenient classification is possible by prefixing an ordinal vowel to the base without any primary or secondary enumeration:

dob	state
adob	empire
edob	kingdom
idob	principality
udob	marquisate
ódob	earldom
ádob	barony
édob	duchy
ídob	dominion
údob	tribe

Forming concepts by compounding ("portmanteau")

New concepts can be formed by compounding simple words. If the generic (final) consonant of the first word matches the classifier (initial) consonant of the following word or his consonantally homorganic with it, the latter is suppressed for convenience and ease of pronunciation:

concept 1	concept 2	compound
dom city	mep road	domep boulevard
pat bird	tub arm	patub wing
teb head	bók pain	tebók headache
tep mind	book fatigue	tebook boredom

In cases where two ordinated nouns with the same classifier and generic consonants are combined, the vowels are combined:

concept 1	concept 2	compound
mil water	mal gas	mial vapor
mel soil	mil water	meil mud

When you wish to form a word composed of words of the same consonantal classification, and the ordinal vowel is o, the o is replaced with the ordinal vowel of the determinant:

concept 1	concept 2	compound
edob kingdom	deb leader	edeb king
udob principality	deb leader	udeb prince

Two singleton words often join by replacing the generic (final) consonant of the first word with the generic consonant of the second word, producing a melded concept somewhat like portmanteau words in English ("breakfast" + "lunch" "brunch").

concept 1	concept 2	compound
tob man	nof cloth	tof clothes
tóáb foot	nov tissue	tóáv sock
teb head	nof cloth	tef hat
tib trunk	nof cloth)	tif vest
tób leg	nof cloth	tóf pants
tuób hand	nof cloth	tuóf glove
teib nose	nov tissue	teiv handkerchief

Making nouns and pronouns "feminine"

The "feminine" counterpart of a noun or pronoun is obtained by post-yodifying the ordinal vowel (i.e. adding a y glide):

masculine	feminine
taf suit	tàf dress/outfit
tóáv sock	tóâv stocking
tef pants	tèf skirt
néf carrying case	nêf purse
it he	ìt she
tob man	tòb woman
apet horse	apèt mare
tad husband	tèd wife

Codifying nuances of words

There are several ways of deriving related words with slightly different nuances from the original word:

The l extender is used for a comparatively stronger sense, while the r extender is used for an even stronger (strongest) sense:

absolute	comparative	excessive
ga more	gla very much	gra too much
úzbaer squeeze	úzbaler pinch	úzbarer crush
buer give	buler grant	burer bestow
ika full	ikla packed	ikra overflowing
aker win	akler vanquish	akrer triumph
dier ask	diler beseech	direr demand

The post-yodifying y extender is used for what usually amounts to a diminutive connotation:

normal	mitigated
vager want	vàger wish
fuf pipe	fùf tube
nas price	nàs cost
tep mind	tèp spirit
din story	dìn tale
cin image	cìn mark
ciun sign	ciùn signal
sen action	sèn act

Pre-yodification of a root vowel often imparts an intensified sense to the word. In any even, the normal and pre-yodified forms are usually related semantically. Compare:

normal	intensified
bok malady	bók pain
pan motion	pán jump
beer to remain	béer to detain
aper to get on	áper to get up
pet animal	pét reptile
otata unholy	ótata diabolical
vua ugly	vúa dirty
go less	gó least
ga more	gá most
ze in the middle	zé though
ijer to begin	íjer to open

Noun-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

Here is a list of suffixes that are added to word bases to form derived nouns:

suffix	meaning	base	derived noun
et	subdordinative	ted father	tedet son
an	deadjectival nominalizer (-itude, -ity, -hood, -ness)	iva happy	ivan happiness
en	deverbal nominalizer (-ing, -tion, -ance)	azvader to confirm	azvaden confirmation
on	general abstract nominalizer	c- to be	con thing
un	nominalizer of result	nú- to produce	núun product
at	person (-er)	óga young	ógat youngster
ut	agent (-ist)	ces- to build	cesut builder
tut	expert (-ologist)	mem earth	memtut geologist
tun	science (-ology)	mil water	miltun hydrology
in	doctrine (-ism)	tot god	totin theism
ar	instrument	p- to go	par vehicle
ir	machine	vís- to clean	vísir vacuum cleaner
ur	aparatus	magc- to burn	magcur stove
am	building	tel- to eat	telam restaurant
em	space	vab grass	vabem prairie
im	room	magél- to cook	magélim kitchen
án	collection	nac money	nacán fund
a	genetive/ablative case (of/from)	at I	ata my
u	dative/locative case (in/at/on/to)	tam house	tamu at home
i	pluralizer	dén book	déni books
ag	augmentative	tam house	tamag palace
àg	augmentative affective	tam house	tamàg nice big house
ág	augmentative pejorative	tam house	tamág big ugly house
og	diminutive	tam house	tamog hut
òg	diminutive affective	tam house	tamòg cottage
óg	diminutive pejorative	tam house	tamóg shack
ob	infantile	tob human being	tobob child

Details

Following is a detailed description of the nominalizing derivations suffixes:

The -et suffix

The -et suffix is used to form nouns of the same nature, lineage, or composition of a lesser importance:

ted father	tedet son
fab tree	fabet bush
nac money	nacet change
fub branch	fubet shoot
táb grandfather	tábet grandson

The -an suffix

The -an suffix is used to form a noun of quality or state from an adjective or noun:

ama hot	aman heat
iva beautiful	ivan beauty
fia good	fian goodness
ted father	tedan fatherhood
dat friend	datan friendship
odat enemy	odatan enmity

The -at suffix

The -at suffix is used to form the word for a person described by the adjective base.

iktila drunk	iktilat a drunkard
iva happy	ivat a happy person
ofísa hypocritical	ofísat hypocrite
tuja dead	tujat dead person

The -ut suffix

The -ut suffix is used to form the agent for the action described by the verb base "one who does x" or the fabricator of something described by the noun base "one who makes x":

kobier to steal	kobiut thief
tóáfser to make shoes	tóáfsut shoemaker
teaper to visit	teaput visitor
deuzer sing	deuzut singer

The -tut suffix

The -tut suffix is used to form the specialist -ologist or student of something:

tun science	tut scientist
memtun geology	memtut geography
dad language	dadtut linguist

The -ob suffix

The -ob suffix is used to form the child or younger version of something:

tob man	tobob child
apet horse	apetob pony
rapat lion	rapatob lion cub
tot god	totob son of god

The -ar suffix

The -ar, ir, or -ur suffix on a verb base is used for an instrument/tool, machine, or apparatus, respectively.

álber to lift	álbur elevator
álber to lift	álbar lever
álbir to lift	álbir fork lift
víarer to sweep	víarar sweeper
ilújer to plug	ilújar faucet
kácanerto transform	kácanur transformer
drecer to write	drecar pencil

The -en suffix

The -en suffix is used on a verb base for the verbal noun -ing, -ence, -ment, -tion:

ecer to exist	ecen existence
iber to receive	iben reception
béer to detain	béen detention
otamser to demolish	otamsen demolition

The -un suffix

The suffix -un is used on a verb base for the concrete result of an action:

vyarer to sweep	vyarun sweepings
gorfer to tear	gorfun a tear, a rip
teacer to see	teacun view
zéfser to make glass jewelry	zéfsun glass jewelry

The -án suffix

The suffix -án is used on a noun base for collections or groupings:

fab tree	fabán forest
cir machine	cirán machinery
meb mountain	mebán mountain range
tolar food dish	tolarán dishes
mep road	mepán network
aco hundred	acoán century
dún word	dúnán glossary
tam house	tamán block (of houses)
màr star	màrán constellation

The -ag suffix

The -ag suffix is used on a noun base for augmentatives "big ...":

tom residence	tomag palace
mapil storm	mapilag tempest
mep road	mepag highway

The -àg suffix

The suffix -àg is used on a noun base for affectionate augmentatives "big old...":

tam house	tamàg big old house
cim chair	cimàg big old chair

The -ág suffix

The suffix -ág is used on a noun base for pejorative augmentatives "big ugly...":

apet horse	apetág nag
pem car	pemág jalopy
teb head	tebág blockhead
tob man	tobág brute
pot animal	potág beast
tòb woman	tòbág hag

The -og suffix

The suffix -og is used on a noun base for diminutives "little...":

tam house	tamog cottage
dén book	dénog booklet

The -òg suffix

The suffix -òg is used on a noun base for affectionate diminutives "sweet little...":

épet dog	épetòg doggie, pooch
tòb lady	tòbòg little old lady
tèbos kiss	tèbosòg peck

The -óg suffix

The suffix -óg on a noun base for pejorative diminutives "dirty little..."

tebzan face	tebzanóg mug
tob man	tobóg wretched fellow

The -in suffix

The suffix -in is used on a word base for a philosophy or doctrine -ism:

òtota godless	òtotin atheism
adoba republican	adobin republicanism
fob vegetable	fobin vegetarianism
ísfrana utilitarian	ísfranin utilitarianism

Adjective-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

suffix	meaning	base	derivative
-a	relating to	moj night	moja nocturnal
-aa	past participle	tuj- to die	tujaa dead (also: tuja)
-ea	present participle	abdab- to dominate	abdabea dominant
-èna	like	tobob child	tobobèna childish
-èa	tending to	da- to talk	daèa talkative
-oa	future participle	tuj- to die	tujoa moribund
-wua	-able, -ible	tel- to eat	telwua edible
-àa	-ous, -y, -ful, having	maf cloud	mafàa cloudy
-òa	-less	maf cloud	mafòa cloudless
-ika	-ful, full of	nac money	nacika rich
-uka	-less, devoid of	nac money	nacuka poor

Note: -àa/-òa is synonymous with -ika/-uka. The latter is a new addition to Unilingua author Agapoff's original grammar.

Details

The -a suffix

The ending -a is used to mean having to do with, in the state of. This is the most common way to form an adjective from a noun:

noun	adjective
tej life	teja vital
tuj death	tuja mortal, dead
moj night	moja nocturnal
tob man	toba human
yab up	yaba upper

In Agapoff's original work on Unlingua, the termination a was also used to form the past passive participle of verbs (ota = unknown). In this work, the proposed termination for past passive participle is waa or more simply, wa (ex: otwa = unknown). See #Verbs for more on this.

active infinitive	passive past participle	example
ter to know	twa known	Ca twa ad meir ce yaza. It was known that the earth is flat.
fiser to improve	fiswa improved	Fiswa nyun improved product
ifer to love	ifwa loved, beloved, dear	Ifwa ted... Dear Father...

The -éna suffix

The ending -éna on nouns is used to give the idea of like, having the nature of:

tobob child	tobobéna childish, infantile
ted father	tedéna paternal, fatherly
bilíg cheese	bilígéna cheesy

The -éa suffix

The ending -éa is used on verb bases to mean tending to:

tuser persuade	tuséa persuasive
oceser destroy	oceséa destructive
abdaber dominate	abdabéa dominating
daer talk	daéa talkative

The -ea suffix

The ending -ea is used on verb bases to form the present participle '-ing, -ant':

tejer live	tejea living, alive
tujer die	tujea dying
abdaber dominate	abdabea dominant

The -wua suffix

The ending -wua is used on verb bases to mean able to be ...ed '-able':

teler eat	telwua edible
teacer see	teacwua visible
tiler drink	tilwua potable

The -àa suffix

The ending -àa is used on noun bases to mean full of, having, carrying... '-ous, -y'. This comes from -à, meaning with. It is synonymous with -ika 'full', presented further on.

meg rock	megàa rocky
miek sand	miekàa sandy
meb mountain	mebàa mountainous

The -òa suffix

The ending -òa is used on noun bases to mean devoid of, without, un-...ed. This comes from -ò, meaning without. It is synonymous with -uka 'empty', presented further on.

taéb hair	taébòa hairless, bald
tec meaning	tecòa meaningless
toc feeling	tocòa numb

The -ika suffix

The ending -ika full is used on noun bases to mean full of '-ful, -ous, -y'. This suffix is synonymous with -àa.

ilpaan wave	ilpaanika wavy
nas money	nasika rich
mil water	milika watery, aqueous
voz color	vozika colorful

The -uka suffix

The ending -uka empty is used on noun bases to mean the devoid of '-less'. This suffix is synonymous with -òa and the opposite of -ika and -àa.

nas money	nasuka poor
voz color	vozuka colorless, bland
teuc taste	teucuka tasteless, insipid
nánut population	nánutuka unpopulated, deserted

Adverb-forming derivational suffixes

The -à suffix

Change the adjectival ending -a to -à to form an adverb:

yufa proud	yufà proudly
teacèa visible	teacèà visibly
uva sad	uvà sadly

• • Use -à on noun bases to form an adverbial postpositional phrase mean with...:

ìfcion grace	ìfcionà with grace
at me	atà with me
úf pride	úfà with pride

The -ò suffix

Use -ò on a noun to mean without...:

nas cost	nasò cost-free
seuc noise	seucò noiselessly
et you	etò without you

The -è suffix

Use -è on a noun to mean by, by way of, through, via...:

pam plane	pamè by plane
ìt her	ìtè by her
ésag hard work	ésagè through hard work
Paris Paris	Parisè via Paris

Verb-forming derivational suffixes

Summary

ending	meaning
er	infinitive
cer	intransitive stative verb infinitive ("to be/become")
ser	transitive dynamic verb infinitive ("to do/make")
per	intransitive verb of motion infinitive ("to go")
ber	transitive verb of gesture infinitive ("to put")

Details

The -er suffix

The suffix er is used on noun bases to form a verb infinitive.

noun	verb
tej life	tejer to live
tuj death	tujer to die
túj sleep	tújer to sleep
ij beginning	ijer to begin
íj opening	íjer to open
tíj wakening	tíjer to waken
új closing	újer to close
tém residence	témer to reside
drén print	dréner to print

The -cer and -ser suffixes

The ending -cer be/become is used to create intransitive verbs from nouns and adjectives where the intransitive form contrasts significantly with the transitive form. If the adjective is a base, the -a ending is dropped unless 1) the resulting consonant combination would be difficult; or 2) the meaning is literal as opposed to metaphorical, in which case the dropped -a version is taken as metaphorical. For example, aga big becomes either agacer, meaning literally to become big, or agcer, meaning metaphorically to grow, as in Vab agce ga igà adjobu mamile. The grass grows faster when it rains.

The ending -ser do/make/act/cause is employed to form transitive verbs. In a few cases like teacer/teaser, the opposition of -cer vs. -ser is semantic in nature. In these cases, -ser imparts a more dynamic meaning. In a few other cases, -ser is used to form the causative form of a verb, meaning to make/have/cause/let someone do something.

adjective	intransitive verb	transitive verb
aga big	agacer to get big	agaser to magnify
aga big	agcer to grow	agser to grow
ígza sour	ígzacer to grow sour	ígzaser to make sour
íva free	ívcer to go free	ívser to liberate
teab eye	teacer to see	teaser to look
man light	mancer to shine	manser to illuminate
ábta vertical, upright	ábtacer to stand up	ábtaser to erect
ázta incumbant, reclined	áztacer to lie down	áztaser to lay down
óbta sitting, settled	óbtacer to sit down, settle	óbtaser to set down

The -per and -per suffixes

• The ending -per is used for intransitive verbs of motion (going).
• The ending -ber is used for transitive verbs of gesture (putting):

base	intransitive verb	transitive verb
áb up	áper to rise	áber to raise
ón apart	ónper to go apart	ónber to separate
ob off	oper to get off	ober to take off
eb at	eper to stop	eber to stop
ika full	ikper to fill up	ikber to fill up

Forming numbers

Cardinal numeric adjectives

The cardinal numeric adjectives 0-9 are formed from the ordinal vowels. The tens are formed with the extension consonant l, the hundreds with the consonant c, the thousands with r, the millions with ml, and the billions with mr.

Numbers composed with aro (1,000), amlo (1,000,0000), and amro (1,000,000,000) retain the o and are spelled separately from the rest of the numbers with a space.

number	numeral adjective
0	o zero
1	a one
2	e two
3	i three
4	u four
5	ó five
6	á six
7	é seven
8	í eight
9	ú nine
10	alo ten
11	ala eleven
12	ale twelve
13	ali thirteen
14	alu fourteen
15	aló fifteen
20	elo twenty
21	ela twenty-one
22	ele twenty-two
30	ilo thirty
31	ila thirty-one
100	aco one hundred
101	aca one hundred one
123	aceli one hundred twenty-three
200	eco two hundred
1000	aro one thousand
1089	aro ílú
2348	ero iculí
10000	aloro ten thousand
12487	aleru ílé
1000000	amlo one million
6000000	ámlo
6058720	ámlo ólíro écelo

Ordinal numeric adjectives

The ordinal numeric adjectives are formed by adding -a to the cardinal number:

cardinal	ordinal
a 1	aa first
e 2	ea second
i 3	ia third
alo 10	aloa tenth
aci 103	acia one hundred third (pron: a-CI-a)

Ordinal numeric substantives

When ordinal numbers are used substantively, the letter t is appended for persons and the letter c for things:

English	Mirad
The first shall be last.	Aati co ujnati.
The second in the series.	Eec anána.

Collective numeric substantives

Collective (or: multiplicative) substantives of the cardinal numbers are formed by adding on.

cardinal	collective
a one	aon single/whole/unit/solo
e two	eon double/couple/pair/duo/twosome
i three	ion triple/trio/threesome
u four	uon quadruple/foursome/quartet
ó five	óon quintuple
é seven	éon sevenfold
é seven	jubéon week
alo ten	alon tenfold
alo ten	jabalon decade
ale twelve	aleon dozen
aco hundred	acon hundredfold
aco hundred	aconè percent
aco hundred	jabacon century
aro thousand	aron thousandfold
aro thousand	aroni thousands

Collective numeric prefixes

Prefixes having a collective (or: multiplicative) numeric meaning are expressed as:

cardinal	collective	example
a one	an- single, mono-, uni	anzúc unicycle
e two	en- double, bi-, di-, duo-	enzúc bicycle
i three	in- triple, tri-	inzúc tricycle
u four	un- quadruple, quad-, tetra-	unkum tetrahedron
ó five	ón- quintuple, penta-	óngun pentagon
alo ten	alon- tenfold, deca-	alonjab decade
aco hundred	acon- hundredfold, hecato-, cent-	aconjab century
aro thousand	aron- thousandfold, kilo-	aronkín kiloliter

Fractional numeric substantives

Fractional numeric substantives are formed by adding on to the corresponding fractional numeral. The on is dropped in prefixed forms of the fractions:

cardinal	fraction	prefix	example
a one	àon unit, whole	à- holo-	àcin hologram
e two	èon half	è- semi-, demi-	ètot demigod
i three	ìon third	ì- terci-	ìgana terciform
u four	ùon quarter	ù- quatri-	ùser to quarter
alo ten	alòon tenth	alò- deci-	alòser to decimate
aco hundred	acòon hundredth	acò- centi-	acònog centrigrade
aro thousand	aròon thousandth	arò- milli-	aròkík milligram

Frequentative numeric adverbs

Adverbs of frequency are formed with the root jig, meaning frequency, rate:

cardinal	frequency
o zero	ojigu never
a one	ajigu once
e two	ejigu twice
i three	ijigu thrice, three times
co hundred	acojigu a hundred times
od what	odjigu? how often, at what rate?
ge same	gejigu at the same rate, as often
ga more	gajigu more often
go less	gojigu less often
ud this	udjigu this often
id that	idjigu that often
gla much	glajigu very often
glo little	glojigu infrequently
glà rather	glàjigu rather often

Numeric adjectives of order or rank

nap order, rank

cardinal	order
o zero	onapa zeroth
a one	anapa primary, first, original
e two	enapa secondary, second-ranking
i three	inapa tertiary, third-ranking
u four	unapa quaternary, fourth-ranking
za front	zanapa front-ranking, ahead
zo back	zonapa behind, trailing
ja before	janapa former, foregoing
jo after	jonapa next, following
ij beginning	ijnapa first, original
uj end	ujnapa last, final
lo un-	lonapa random, unordered

Numeric adjectives of degree

nog degree, grade, stage

cardinal	degree
a one	anoga primary
e two	enoga secondary
i three	inoga tertiary
u four	unoga quaternary

Numeric adjectives of base or bit

Add -na:

cardinal	base	grouping
o zero	ona zero-based	onet zero, null
a one	ana unary, only	anet unit
e two	ena binary	enet bit
i three	ina ternary
u four	una quaternary
ú eight	úna octal	únet octet, byte
alo ten	alona decimal
alé sixteen	aléna hexadecimal	alénet 16-bit byte

Numeric prefixes

If cardinal numeric morphemes are used as prefixes, -n is added, unless the base to which it is being attached already begins with that letter:

root	numeric adjective
kunid edge	enkunida double-edged
nid line	anida single-lined
nag dimension	enaga two-dimenesional
nég space	enéga double-spaced
tep mind	antepa single-minded
neg level	enega split-level
mep way	anmepa one-way
voz color	anvoza monochrome
can form	ancana uniform
tooc sex	entoocifa bisexual
tot god	antotina monotheistic
izan direction	enizana bidirectional

Numeric Expressions

Distance/size measurements (zák = meter)

(zág is width, ág is length, ag is size, íban is distance, ábag is height, óbag is depth, gán is girth):

measurement	example
zák meter	It ca á záki íb. He was 5 meters away.
arozák kilometer	Ce eli arozáki bú dom. It is 23 km. to (until) the city.
aroyzák millimeter	Cizo alo aroyzáka nid. Draw a ten mm. line.
acozák centimeter	Odgan acoyzáki ága ce? How many cm. long is it?

Weight measurements (kík = gram)

(kín is weight, kíncer is to weigh):

measurement	example
kík gram	Odgan kíki id kínce? How many grams does that weigh?
arokík kilogram	At vage u arokíki vâba. I want five kg. of grain.
aròkík milligram	Mez kínce e aròkíki. The crystal weighs two milligrams.

Volume measurements (nék = liter)

(néd is volume):

measurement	example
nék liter	Odganu néki it ébe? How many liters does it hold?
aronék kiloliter	At vage u aronéki vâba. I want five kilos of grain.
arònék milliliter	Ézbo e arònéki mila. Insert two ml. of water.

Math expressions

(gaber to add, gober to substract, garer to multiply, gorer to divide, gecer to equal):

Mirad	English
A gab a gece e.	One plus one equals two.
U gob a gece i.	Four minus 1 equals three.
E gar u gece ó.	Two times four equals eight.
Alo gor e gece á.	Ten divided by two equals five.
E veg e gece u.	Two to the second power equals four.
E nod u.	Two point five (2.5)
U gab a èon or u a èonà	5 1/2

Clock time expressions ( jób = hour)

The international 24-hour clock is used.

Mirad	English
Odjób ce?	What time is it? (lit: Which hour is [it]?)
Ce a jób.	It's one o'clock.
Ce ali jób alá.	It's 1:15 PM.
Ce i jób ilo.	It's 3:30 AM.
Ce á jób gob alo.	It's ten 'til five. (lit: five hours minus ten)

Calendar expressions

Unilingua	English
Od ce uda jud?	What's today's date?
Udjub ce alá jiub aroúcúli.	Today is 16 April 1993.
Ted puo jo i jubi.	Father will arrive in two days.
Nunam íjwe yada juebu.	The store opens on Mondays.
Nunam íjwo zoa juebu.	The store opens on Monday (next).
Zajibu mamila gá ádjoba.	Last month it rained the most ever.
Ju zajub!	Until tomorrow!
Gla dropeki swa je jabi aroúco.	There were many wars during the 1900s.
Zoyejubánu juebu at so ivsej.	On monday of next week I will give a party.

Age expressions (jag = age)

Mirad	English
Odjaga et ce?	How old are you?
At ce ele jaga.	I am 22 years old.
At upta úlo jaga tob.	I met a 90-year-old man.

Forming chemical element names

To form words for chemical elements, use the following method: The first letter is the ordinal vowel for the number of electrons. The next letters are:

• m for metals
• mc for nonmetals
• al for gases
• il for liquids

electron count	type	Mirad English
47	metal	ulém silver
13	metal	alim aluminum
26	metal	elám iron
15	nonmetal	elómc phosphorus
6	nonmetal	ámc carbon
1	nonmetal gas	amc hydrogen
7	nonmetal gas	émcal azote
8	nonmetal gas	ímcal oxygen
80	metal liquid	ílomil mercury

Codifyng new words based on mnemonics and analogy

Sometimes a word or group of words can have a connection with the meaning of a derived word. Such words are formed from this derived word by changing the generic final root consonant or sometimes other consonants of this word:

teub mouth	< teb head
teud utterance	d say
teuz voice	z precious/art,etc.
deuz song	d speak/write

taéb hair	tab human body
faéb leaf	fab tree
vocaéb petal	voc flower
potaéb mane	pot animal
pataéb feather	pat bird
petaéb fur	pet land animal
upetaéb fleece	upet sheep
pitaéb fin	pit fish

taób skin	tab human body
taóf leather	nof cloth
faób bark	fab tree
fáób rind	fáb fruit
pitaób scales	pit fish
petaób hide, pelt	pet animal

cim chair	bimer to sit
cum bed	bumer to lie
cem table	bemer to sit down at the table

teacer to see

ceacer to appear beacer to keep watch neacer to target teaper to visit izeacer to show váleacer to check óneater to discern ágeacer to contemplate izeader to indicate abeacer to survey ijeacer to notice teader to witness

Forming new words with prefixation

Prefixed elements (sometimes more than one) can be used to form new concepts related to the root word.

Here are examples where morphemes are joined to der to say:

prefixed morpheme	derived concept
ja before	jader to predict
já early	jáder to warn
ja ve before maybe	javeder to guess
jo after	joder to reply
eg again	egder to repeat
oz weak	ozder to whisper/hint
az strong	azder to insist
óz out	ózder to express
zí all around	zíder to broadcast
uj end	ujder to conclude
ka- find	kader to reveal/admit/confess
ko- hide	koder to keep secret/deny
fi well	fider to eulogize/bless
fu poorly	fuder to curse/damn
fia good	fiader to praise
fua bad	fuader to malign
via beautiful	viader to compliment
vua ugly	vuader to malign
fri wonderful	frider to flatter
fru terrible	fruder to insult
evfia whether good	evfiader to critique
av for	avder to favor
ov against	ovder to object/oppose
ava favorable	avader to side with
ova opposed	ovader to contradict
av od for what	avoder to question
va veg yes can	vavegder to permit
vo veg no can	vovegder to prohibit
vo va no yes	vovader to contest
az ov strong against	azovder to protest
va yes	vader to affirm/decide
ve maybe	veder to speculate
vo no	voder to deny
fiva good yes	fivader to approve
o fi va not good yes	ofivader to disapprove
fu va bad yes	fuvader to condemn
az va strong yes	fivader to confirm
val certainty	valder to certify
vac assurance	vacder to assure
vag want	vagder to mean/express desire
ván truth	váder to swear
vón falsehood	vóder to lie
áva innocent	ávader to vindicate
óva guilty	óvader to indict
áva innocent	ávder to thank
óva guilty	óvder to blame
íva free	ívader to acquit
íva free	ívder to forgive
év judgement	évder to judge
éb between	ébder to discuss
ók surprise	ókder to improvisate
ág long	ágder to ramble
óg short	ógder to summarize
iva happy	ivader to thank
iva happy	ivder to congratulate
uva sad	uvder to complain
uva sad	uvader to apologize
jo uva after sad	jouvder to regret/mourn
ivcan merriment	ivcder to joke
fu iva bad happy	fuivader to mock
ók surprise	ókder to improvisate
aj past	ajder to evoke
oj future	ojder to promise
naz value	nazder to evaluate
ók surprise	ókder to improvisate
dún name	dúnder to nominate
kua lateral	kuder to remark (aside)
kia sloped	kider to hint
dún name	dúnder to nominate
gra too much	grader to exaggerate
gro too little	groder to underplay
gan quantity	gander to quantify
teab eye	teader to testify
cin picture	cinder to describe
kóa fixed	kóder to insist
o not	oder to keep silent
kebi choice	kebider to vote
tata holy	tatader to bless/sanctify
fún fear	fúnder to express fear
vates belief	vatesder to affirm
vetes doubt	vetesder to question/doubt
vika admiration	vikader to express admiration
fíl courage	fílder to encourage
ofíl not courage	ofílder to discourage
ga more	gader to say more/go on
ge equal	geder to agree
oge not same	ogeder to disagree
ék risk	ékder to dare say
ég obligation	égder to be obliged to say
ek play	ekder to pretend
iz straight	izder to say frankly
uz crooked	uzder to beat around the bushes/equivocate

Forming new adjectival concepts with compounding

New adjectival concepts can be readily formed by compounding a noun or other rootword with an existing root adjective:

tep intellect	aza strong	tepaza smart
tep intellect	oza weak	tepoza dumb
vag will	aza strong	vagaza strong-willed
vag will	oza weak	vagoza weak-willed
vag will	ána together	vagána consensual
vag will	óna apart	vagóna non-consensual
veg possibility	aza strong	vegaza likely
veg possibility	oza weak	vegoza unlikely
tep intellect	kía heavy	tepkía serious
tep intellect	kúa light	tepkúa light-hearted
tep intellect	káa variable	tepkáa scatter-brained
tep intellect	kóa fixed	tepkóa attentive
tep intellect	záa wide	tepzáa fair-minded
tep intellect	zóa narrow	tepzóa narrow-minded
tep intellect	íja open	tepíja open-minded
tep intellect	úja closed	tepúja close-minded
tep intellect	iga fast	tepiga quick-witted
tep intellect	uga slow	tepuga retarded
tep intellect	ána together	tepána like-minded
tep intellect	óna apart	tepóna dissenting
top spirit	íga hard	topíga cruel
top spirit	úga soft	topúga leninent
top spirit	vaa positive	topvaa optimistic
top spirit	voa negative	topvoa pessimistic
top spirit	ába high	topába up-beat
top spirit	óba low	topóba down-beat
top spirit	iva happy	topiva jolly
top spirit	uva sad	topuva melancholy
nac money	ika full	nasika rich
nac money	uka empty	nasuka poor
áb up	ága long	ábága tall
ób down	ága long	óbága deep
áb up	óga short	ábóga short (vertically)
ób down	óga short	óbóga shallow
job time	ága long	jobága long (duration)
job time	óga short	jobóga short (duration)
mep way	iza straight	mepiza direct
mep way	uza crooked	mepuza convoluted
váb rule	aza strong	vábaza strict
váb rule	oza weak	váboza lax
dab government	ava for	dabava pro-government
dab government	ova against	dabova anti-government

Word Classifiers

The following are common combinatory morphemes used to distinguish or classify entities. Many of them are abbreviated forms. If you were to produce a list of word rhyming with any of these morphemes, you would have a list of words that all fit within a similar taxonomic category. For example, all Unilingua words ending in pyot refer to wild animals. All those ending in il are liquids.

classifier	meaning
am	building
em	place
im	room
ém	container
ut	agent
j	time
jig	rate
nog	degree
bén	manner
caun	kind
can	shape
gan	quantity
pat	bird
pet	land animal
pót	wild animal
pét	reptile
pelt	insect
peit	amphibian
piit	crustacean
pit	fish
fab	tree
fáb	fruit
vob	plant
vab	grass
vol	vegetable
voc	flower
voz	color
ar	instrument
par	vehicle
ir	machine
ur	motor
er	verb
ez	gem
tun	science
tut	scientist
il	liquid
el	food
él	semi-solid
ol	solid
of	material
uf	cylinder
án	collective
ber	put
per	go
cer	be
ser	do
un	result
en	process
an	state
on	abstract thing
in	doctrine
ub	apendage
eb	head
euz	sound
dren	document

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