Mirad Grammar/Interjections

Assertive Interjections

Interjections in Mirad include the assertive expressions yes, no and maybe:

Common Assertive Interjections

Va!	Yes!
Ve!	Maybe!, Perhaps!
Vo!*	No!

* Not to be confused with voy, which translates the English adverb not, as in Vo, wit voy se tadxwa.....No, he is not married.

Examples:

• Va. At se otadxwa.....Yes. I am unmarried.
• Va. At se vay otadxwa.....Yes. I am indeed/really unmarried.
• Va, vay.....Yes, indeed.
• Va ay vo. Hus vey se vyaa.....Yes and no. That may be true.
• Va ey vo?....Yes or no?
• Ve. At te voy valay.....Maybe. I don't know for sure.
• Vo. At voy vatexe et.....No. I don't believe you.
• Vo! Dilwe von xu hus.....No! Please don't do that.
• Et se Amerikama, vao?....You're American, yes or no?
• Ven va, (van et) xu has.....If so, (let you) do it.
• Ven vo, von (et) xu has.....If not, don't (you) do it.

There are also some hybrid combinations of the above assertive expressions:

Hybrid Interjections

Vao?	Yes or no?
Vea!	Maybe so!
Veo!*	Maybe not!

Other interjections

There is a group of common interjections called the H interjections, because they all begin with the letter h:

Greetings

Initial Greeting	hay!	Hello!, Hi!
Vocative Greeting	hey!	Hey!, O!, Oh!
Terminal Greeting	hoy!	Goodbye!, Bye!
Proximal Specifier	hiy!	Voici!, Here is...
Distal Specifier	huy!	Voila!', There is...
Positive Exclamation	hyay!	Great! Wow!, Bravo!, Woopee!, Hurrah!
Surprise Exclamation	hyey!	What a...!, Oh!, Well!
Negative Exclamation	hyoy!	What a pity!, It's a shame!, Woe is...!, Darn it!, Yikes!, Boo!
Expression of Thanks	hway!1	Thanks!
Expression of Welcome	hwey!	You're welcome!, Please
Expression of Sorrow	hwoy!	Sorry!, Excuse me!
Expression of Joy	hwiy!	Whee!, O la la!
Expression of Pain	hwuy!	Ouch!, Ow!, That hurts!
Laughter	hihi!	Ha ha!, Hee hee!
Lamentation	huhu!	Boo hoo!, Woe is me!, Oy veh!
Admiration	hwaw!2	Wow!, What a show!
Disgust	hwow!3	Yuck!, Eeoow!, Gross!

¹Pronounced like English why. Mirad hw is pronounced like English wh.

²Pronounced like English wh+aw.

³Pronounced like English wh+oh.

Examples:

• Hay! Ata dyun se Johan.....Hi! My name is John.
• Hey, Johan! Duhoyen et xeye?....Hey, John, how are you doing?
• Hey, Tot!....O, God!
• Hoy. At teato et zajub.....Bye. I will see you tomorrow.
• Hiy ha dyen ho et dila.....Here's the book you requested.
• Hiy Tob.....Behold Man. (Ecce Homo).
• Hiy ata dyundraf.....Here's my caling card.
• Huy! Se xwa.....Voilà! It's done.
• Huy hos at yaka.....There's what I expected.
• Hyay et!....Good for you!
• Hyay! Et utnaze his......Bravo! You deserve this.
• Hway! Et sa gla fitipa......Thanks.! You were very kind.
• At fu hwayder et.....I'd like to congratulate you.
• Hwey!....You're welcome!
• Et efe hwoyder at.....You need to apologize to me.
• Fi. Hwoy.....Ok. I'm sorry.
• Hyey via imaj! ....Oh, what a beautiful morning!
• Hyey At ta voy van et upo.....Oh! I didn't know you were coming.
• Hyoy at.....Woe is me.
• Hyoy! Ga fia fikyen jonay.....Pity!. Better luck next time.
• Hwoy. At yefe hyoder et.....Sorry. I must take leave of you.
• Hihi! Hus sa gla diza.....Ha ha! That was very funny.
• Von hihidu.....Don't laugh.
• Huhu!.....Oy!
• Ha tudet voy poxo huhuder.....The baby won't stop crying.

Vulgar expletives are not offered here, but may arise naturally in daily speech.

Note: The English expression Please can be expressed in various ways:

• Hwey! Yepu.....Please! Come in. (Hwey can also mean you're welcome in answer to thank-you.
• Diwe von (et) tyopu ab ha vaz.'....Please (= it is requested) don't walk on the grass.
• Diwe van et yanupu yat.'....Please (= it is asked that) join us.
• Diwe!....Please!
• Xu (at) (ha) fis bi yubeler at hua tyoyafi.....Please (= do (me) (the) favor of) bring me those shoes.

Stronger forms of please include dilwe....it is requested or dirwe....it is begged.

Many of the interjections in this section can be made into verbs with the addition of -der (to utter), eg.:

• hayder....greet, say hi
• heyder....address, call out to, wave down
• hoyder....say goodbye to
• hyayder....congratulate
• hwayder....thank
• hwoyder....apologize, excuse oneself, say you're sorry
• hihider....laugh
• huhuder....boo, cry