Mirad Grammar/Nouns

Noun Types

Nouns in Mirad can be distinguished in the following 7 ways:

common vs. proper
concrete vs. abstract
countable vs. mass
gender-neutral vs. masculine/feminine
singular vs. plural
animate vs. inanimate
full form vs. acronym

Common vs. Proper Nouns
COMMON	PROPER
tam....house	Emer....Venus
yagsim....bench	Ferom....France
dyes....book	Notre Dame...Notre Dame
tej....life	Tot....God

Concrete vs. Abstract Nouns
CONCRETE	ABSTRACT
tab....body	ifon....love
mil....water	oyman....coolness
deuz....song	deuzen....singing

Abstract nouns include gerunds, i.e. nouns which are nominalized derivations of verbs like deuzen....singing < deuzer....to sing or osexen....destruction < osexer....to destroy. Infinitives like deuzer....to sing are also considered abstract nouns.

Countable vs. Mass Nouns
COUNTABLE	MASS
pat....bird	pattel....bird food
patayebi....feathers	patayebyan....plumage
megi....rocks	mil....water

In native Mirad, all common nouns in their singular dictionary lookup form end in a consonant. Proper nouns sometimes end in a vowel, such as Roma....Rome. Plural common countable nouns end in the vowel i (pat....bird ⇒ pati....birds).

Gender-neutral vs. Gendered
GENDER-NEUTRAL	FEMININE	MASCULINE
tob....human being	toyb....woman	twob....man
edeb....monarch	edeyb....queen	edweb....king
ted....parent	teyd....mother	twed....father

Singular vs. Plural Nouns
SINGULAR	PLURAL
dom....city	domi....cities
gon....part	goni....parts
jub....day	jubi....days

Inanimate vs. Animate Nouns
INANIMATE	ANIMATE
mam....sky	pot....animal
tom....building	aot....person
job....time	tobet....child

Full form vs. Acronym
FULL FORM	ACRONYM
Anxwa Doobi....United Nations	AD....UN
Mir Nunuien Xob....World Trade Organization	MNX....WTO

The above noun type distinctions are relevant in various parts of Mirad's grammar.

Pluralization of Common Nouns

A singular countable common noun always ends in a consonant and is made plural by suffixing the pluralizing marker -i. So, the plural of pur....car is puri....cars. In noun phrases, for example, where a noun is modified by an article and adjective, only the noun is pluralized, that is, there is no agreement across word boundaries as in many European languages (la belle fleur →les belles fleurs). The plural suffix -i is the only way nouns in Mirad are inflected. All other changes to nouns are derivational in nature, eg. genderization, augmentation, diminution, capitalization, etc.

Pluralization of Nouns
SINGULAR	PLURAL
tam....house	tami....houses
toyb....woman	toybi....women
tej....life	teji....lives
ha via dom....the beautiful city	ha via domi....the beautiful cities

Modifying Nouns with the Definite Article

In Mirad, there is only a single noun-modifying article, the invariable definite article ha (the). There is no indefinite article like English a / an. A noun is considered indefinite or general unless modified by the definite article ha (which in reality is a definite deictic determiner, discussed with other deictic determiners in the later section on Mirad Grammar/Determiners#Deictic Determiners). The definite article ha is positioned, as in English, before the noun and before any other adjectives or modifiers of that noun. It is invariable, in that it does not vary for gender, number, or case as in German or Spanish. The definite article acts like its counterpart in English, as shown in the following chart:

Use of the Definite Article
MIRAD	ENGLISH	SPECIFICITY
tam	a house	indefinite, no article
ha tam	the house	definite
ha tami	the houses	definite, plural
tej	life	general, no article
fitejawa tej	a life well-lived	indefinite, no article
ha tej (...ho at bayse)	the life (... that I have)	specific
Ferad	French	language name, already specific, no article
Ivan	Ivan	person's name, no article
Ifliu yivan!	Cherish freedom	abstraction, no article
Ha yivani ho yat ifie.	The freedoms that we enjoy.	abstraction specified
Yata yivani...	Our freedoms...	abstraction specified with possessive pronoun, no article

Speakers of French and other European languages should take note that general concepts like love, life, freedom do not employ the definite article unless they refer to a specific instance, such as in the phrases the love that dare not speak its name or the life well-lived or the freedoms we possess. The names of languages and countries are also considered already specific, and so as in English, they do not take a definite article as they might in some European languages. Names of persons do not take the definite article as they do in modern Greek, unless in a phrase like "the Ivan I once knew."

Proper Nouns

Proper nouns, such as names of people, places, languages, etc., are capitalized as in English. The formation of country names and languages is discussed in Countries of the World and Languages of the World. It can be said here, though, that country names end in -m; the inhabitants of those places end in -t or pl. -ti; and the languages they speak end in -d. Language names are capitalized, eg. At tixe Ferad. (I study French.). In fact, this is the case for all parts of speech derived from a proper name, eg. Usoma tel Feramxweye. American food is being Frenchified.. French speakers beware; this is not like in French. And German speakers beware, too! Not all nouns are capitalized; only ones that are proper, such as names of people, companies, languages, countries, etc.

Names of people, cities, etc. are spelled in Mirad to best reflect the foreign pronunciation, but also to remain recognizable. For example:

Xikago....Chicago
Paris....Paris
Munxen....Munich/München
Beijing....Beijing
Nu York....New York
Nu Orlinz....New Orleans
Xampanya....Champagne
Méhiko Dom....Mexico City
Waxington....Washington
Seol....Seoul
Xeykspir....Shakespeare

An inhabitant of a city is formed by adding -t or -at to the name, depending on whether it ends in a vowel or consonant, respectively, eg. Parisat....a Parisian or Waxingtonati....Washingtonians. Chicago's main newspaper is expressed in Mirad as ha aaga jubdindref bi Xikago. The English preposition in used before cities and states is translated by be in Mirad, eg. At tambese be Paris.....I live in Paris.

Noun Modifiers: Placement and Agreement

Nouns can be modified by various qualitative, quantitative, and deictic adjectives, which all precede the noun. These modifiers come in the same order as in English. There is no gender or number agreement between the modifiers and the noun, except that numeric adjectives, such as ewa....two naturally are followed by a noun in the plural number.

Noun Modifiers
Mirad	English
ha ewa aga tami	the two big houses
gla ifxea taxi	many pleasant memories
hya fia tob	every good man
ha yaga via mepi	the long, beautiful roads
gra vua sexen	too much ugly construction
ata aja teji	my past lives

Noun Linkage

Nouns can be

linked with a preposition or conjunction, where the prepositional/conjunctional phrase follows the head noun, or
juxtaposed, where the modifier noun is separated by a space and comes before the head noun, or
compounded, where the modifier noun is prefixed to a headword, or
hyphenated, where two equal elements are joined by a hyphen.

Examples:

Noun Linkage
LINKAGE EXAMPLE	CONSTRUCTION
Ivan ay Maria....Ivan and Maria	nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ay (and)
ha tam ey ha par....the house or the car	nouns linked associatively by the conjunction ey (or)
hyati oy ha toybi....all but the women	nouns linked associatively by the conjunction or (but)
nyandras boy eta dyun....a list without your name	nouns linked associatively by the preposition boy (without)
tej bi nasuk....a life of poverty	nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of)
ha tam bi Maria ....Mary's house (the house of Mary	nouns linked possessively by the preposition bi (of)
job bi aga ivan....a time of great joy	nouns linked associatively by the preposition bi (of)
dyes ayv ha Ea Mira Dropek....a book about the Second World War	nouns linked associatively by the preposition ayv (about)
dropek jwabeni....war preparations	modifier noun dropek (war) juxtaposed with the head noun jwabeni (preparations)
dom yuzpur....a city bus	modifier noun dom (city) juxtaposed with the head noun yuzpur (bus)
tojojfon....a death wish	modifier noun toj (death) compounded with the head noun ojfon (wish)
jogatanyaf....youth league	modifier noun jogat (youth) compounded with the head noun anyaf (league)
maj-moj....a day-and-night	two or more equal, opposed nouns hyphenated

The X bi Y prepositional construction must always be used for possession by a named person, eg. ha tam bi Sam (Sam's house = the house of Sam). The methods of noun linkage otherwise follow the English pattern in most all cases. Pronominal possession such as his car is discussed in the section on personal pronouns. The preposition bi....of is used in partitive expressions like tilzyeb bi vafil....a glass of wine (but: vafil tilzeb....wine glass, where wine modifies the glass associatively). More about this and other prepositions or conjunctions can be found in the section on Mirad Grammar/Prepositions or Mirad Grammar/Conjunctions.

Details on how noun vocabulary is derived appears in the section on Mirad Grammar/Vocabulary Formation.

Noun Derivational Affixes

Nouns can be divided into:

simple nouns such as pur....vehicle
compound nouns such as bixpur....train < bix....pull + pur....vehicle
derived nouns such as fabyan....forest < fab....tree + -yan
a suffix meaning collection

Derived nouns can be formed by attaching nominal suffixes or prefixes to words or roots. A list of nominal suffixes to form derived nouns is shown in the following table. More can be read about noun derivation in the section on vocabulary-building.

Noun Suffixes

Noun Derivational Suffixes
SUFFIX	MEANING	BASE ONTO WHICH SUFFIX IS ADDED	EXAMPLES
-ag	big	noun	tam....house → tamag....mansion tyal....meal → tyalag....banquet tilar....spoon → tilarag....ladle
-an	abstact quality -ness -hood, -ity	adjective stem	via....beautiful → vian....beauty yeva....fair → yevan....fairness, equity toba....human → toban....humanity, humanness, manhood
-ayg	big and cute	noun	tam....house → tamayg....cozy mansion kapet....dog → kapetayg....wolfie
-ambok	-itis, inflammation	noun	buixtaib....tendon → buixtaibambok....tendonitis
-d	language speech utterance	adjective and other stems	Enigem....English → Eniged....English (language) Mira....of the world → Mirad....Mirad (world speech) ekpet....horse →ekped....neigh, whinny
-drun	-gram	noun stems	tiib....heart → tiibdrun....cardiogram
-dra/i/ur	-graph	noun stems	am....heat → amdrar....thermograph
-dren	-graphy	mostly noun stems	yib....far → yibdren....telegraphy
-ef	need of	various stems	tel....food→telef....hunger iga....fast→igef....emergency til....drink→ tilef....thirst
-en	present gerund -ing -tion -ment	verb stem	ifi-....enjoy →ifien....enjoyment deuz-....sing→deuzen....singing ax-....act → axlen....acting
-eyn	present gerund -tion -ment	verb stem	x-....do →xeyn....deed s-....to be→seyn....essence jaup-....preceed → jaupeyn....precedent
-es	smaller counterpart thing	noun	tef....hat→ tefes cap saun....kind→ saunes....sample dreuz....poem → deuzes....stanza mek....dust, powder→mekes....speck, grain
-et	smaller counterpart person	noun	twob....man → twobet....boy toyb....woman→ toybet....girl
-if	love of -philia	noun	tel....food → telif....gourmandise doab....homeland → doabif....patriotism dyes....book → dyesif....bibliophilia, love of books
-ig	quick	noun and verb stem	man....light → manig....flash pyex....stroke→pyexig....swat yopap-....dive, fly down → yopapig....swoop
-im	room, chamber	various stems	fyadil-....to pray →faydilim....chapel magel-....to cook → magelim....kitchen tof-....to dress → tofim....dressing room
-in	doctrine, dogma, -ism	various stems	tot....god → totin....religion, theism otofa....nude→otofin....nudism yufr-....terror → yufrin....terrorism
-kyaoxar	-stat	noun stems	am....heat → amkyaoxar....thermostat
-n	abstract noun	various stems	ze....in the middle of → zen....center za....in front of →zan....face byi....since, starting with → byin....source go....less→ gon....part
-am	house building	various stems	nun-....merchandise → nunam....store til drink → tilam....bar, tavern fyadil-....to pray → fyadilam....church
-(e)m	place	various stems	duho-? what-?→ duhom?....where? yex....work → yexem....worksite ab....on, above → abem....top, surface kua....lateral→kum....side
-um	compartment booth	various stems	teuzibar....telephone → teuzibarum....telephone booth
-yem	enclosure, box	various stems	ekpet....horse →ekpetyem....corral b-....put → byem....position
-ud	offspring, baby of	noun	ekpet....horse→ekpetud....foal
-wud	son of	noun	ekpet....horse→ekpetwud....colt
-uyd	daughter of	noun	ekpet....horse→ekpetuyd....filly
-og	little	noun	tab body→ tabog....corpuscle ekpet....horse → ekpetog....pony tyal....meal → tyalog....snack golbun....cut → golbunog....cutlet
-oyg	little and cute	noun	tam....house → tamoyg....cottage gafapayt....chicken →gafapaytoyg....chickadee mimpar....boat → mirparoyg....dingy
-nagar	-ometer	noun	am....heat → amnagar....thermometer
-ar, -ir, -ur	tool, machine, engine	usu. verb stem	p-....to go→ pur....car dr-....to write → drar....pencil gobl-....to cut → goblar....knife yaobl-....to lift up and down → yaoblur....elevator, lift yaoblir....lift, crane dop....military → dopar....gun dopur....machine gun dopir....artillery, cannon
-s	thing, object, the X one	adjective	aa first → aas....first one, first thing otwa....unknown → otwas....mystery, an unknown tejea....living → tejeas....living thing
-(s)on	abstract thing issue	various stems	if-....to love→ifon....love ov against→ ovon....obstacle aza strong → azon....force yika....difficult → yikson....problem
-(s)un	object thing result of an action	various stems	vyua....dirty → vyun....spot tamb-....settle →tambiun....settlement gofr- shred → gofrun....scrap, shred hyo....not a single→ hyosun....not a single thing
-t	person	adjective	ea second → eat....second one, second person fya-....holy → fyat....holy one, saint ujna....last→ujat....last one, last person Usoma....American →Usomat....an American
-tajbus	-ogen, producer	noun	om....cold, cry- → omtajbus....cryogen
-tun	science of, -ology	noun	tot....god → tottun....theology tob....man → tobtun....anthropology vob....plant →vobtun....botany
-tuyn	pseudo-science	noun	mar....star → martuyn....astrology
-tuin	theory	noun	vyelan....relativity→ vyelantuin....theory of relativity
-tyen	skill, craft	noun	sur....engine → surtyen....engineering
-(t)in	doctrine, -ism	noun	zaypas-....progress → zaypasin....progressivism
-tut, tuyt (f.)	scientist -ologist -ist	noun	tot....god → tottut....theologist tob....man → tobtuyt....woman anthropologist vob....plant→ vobtut....botanist
-uf	hate of, -phobia	noun	mil....water → miluf....hydrophobia totin....religion → totinuf....hatred of religion toyb....woman → toybuf....misogyny
-ut, uyt (f.)	agent, one who Xes, -er, -ant, -ist	verb stem	bek-....treat → bekuyt....female nurse pop-....travel→poput....traveler ak-....win → akut....winner
--yaf	ability to, power -ability	verb stem	teat-....to see → teatyaf....ability to see tex-....to think → texyaf....cognition test-....to understand → testyaf....comprehension nos-....to spend → nosyaf....spending power t-....to know → tyaf....cognizance
-yafwan	possibility, -ability	verb stem	teat-....to see → teatyafwan....visibility
-yof	inability to, disability	verb stem	teat-....to see → teatyof....blindness teet-....to hear → teetyof....deafness pas-....to move→pasyof....paralysis tuj-....to sleep → tujyof....insomnia
-yofwan	impossibility	verb stem	teat-....to see → teatyofwan....invisibility
-yag	big and ugly, long	noun	tetwid....uncle→ tetwidyag....dirty old uncle toyb....woman → toybyag....hag
-yan	collection, grouping -ary	noun	tob....man → tobyan....mankind mar....star → maryan....constellation fab....tree → fabyan....forest dyes....book→ dyesyan....library
-yen	manner, kind	noun	dal....talk →dalyen....parlance sex-....build →sexyen....structure
-yef	duty, obligation	verb stem	dud-....to answer → dudyef....responsibility byok-....to ache → byokyef....punishment
-yik	difficulty to	verb stem	teeter....to hear → teetyik....difficulty hearing tiex-....to breathe → tiexyik....difficulty breathing, asthma
-yog	little and ugly	noun	tam....house →tamyog....shack anpiat....duck → anpiatyog....ugly duckling kod....secret → kodyog....little dirty secret
-yuf	fear of, -phobia	noun	serpyet....snake→ serpyetyuf....fear of snakes mil....water → milyuf....hyrophobia
-yuk	ease of	verb stem	pes- to wait → pesyuk....patience kovyox- to fool → kovyoxyuk....gullibility, foolhardiness

Differences between -en, -eyn, and -un

The noun suffixes -en, -eyn, and -un create nominalized forms from verb stem, but are a bit confusing. The suffix -en is equivalent to the English -ing and forms a gerundive. The suffix -eyn is a slight variation and refers to a single action or state. The ending -un forms a word meaning the result of an action and is often a thing. Sometimes -eyn is used instead of -un where the latter has a special meaning. Here are some examples:

xer....to do

xen....doing
xeyn....deed
xun....fact

yugxer....to slow up

yugxen....deceleration
yugxun....bottleneck

der....to say

den....saying
deyn....utterance, a saying
dun....word

ujer....to end

ujen....ending eg. I like ending on a happy note.
ujeyn....an ending, finale eg. This play's finale was emotional.
ujun....end, tail end eg. The road came to a sudden end.

Examples of the Suffix -yen

Wording Ending in -yen
Base Word	Derivation
ajtyod....past people	ajtyodyen....tradition
d-....to say	dyen....expression
akpas....winning move	akpasyen....tactic
dre(r)....to write	dreyen....writing system
amal....atmosphere	amalyen....weather
an-....single	anyen....quirk, idio-
axl-....to act	axlyen....behavior
aot....person	aotyen....character, personality
ty-....to know how	tyen....skill, craft
x-....to do	xyen....profession
ze-....middle	zeyen....means
bas-....gesture	basyen....body language
tex....thought	texyen....opinion
es-....to exist	esyen....state
kya-....change	kyayen....version
p-....to go	pyen....pace, gait
yex-....to work	yexyen....line of work
tayot-....to feel	tayotyen....texture

Noun Prefixes

Prefixes can also be attached to nouns to create derivatives. Here are some common productive ones:

Noun Prefixes
Prefix	Meaning	Base Noun	Derivations
aa-	first, arch-	deb....leader dezun....performance tat....angel	aadeb....premier azdezun....premiere aatat....archangel
ab-	superior, sur-, on	donab....rank dout....gentleman dyun....name	abdonab....superior rank abdout....aristocrat abdyun....title, surname
an-	one, uni-, mono-	zyukpar....wheeled vehicle dungon....syllable	anzyukpar....unicycle andungon....monosyllable
ao-	vertical	nab....rank	aonab....column
aoyeb-	in-and-out	belen....carrying	aoyebelen....import-exports
aov-	for-and-against	dalson....subject	aovdalson...controversy
ayb-	over-, super-	dras....script ilp....flow mas....name	aybdrun....superscript aybilp....overflow aybmas....ceiling
ayn-	holo-	dras....script meg....stone sag....number	ayndras....hologram aynmeg....hololith aynsag....integer
aj-	past, pre-, fore-	din....story gex....equity	ajdin....history ajgex....revenge
az-	strong	hihid....laugh ojvad....promise tos....feeling	azhihid....guffaw azojvad....covenant aztos....passion
do-	public	del....statement did....question vyab....rule	dodel....announcement dodid....inquiry dovyab....law
eb-	inter-, dia-	dal....statement ifek....gram kyax....change	ebdal....dialog ebifek....interlude ebkyax....interchange
eyn-	semi-, hemi-, half-	il....liquid	eynil....semi-liquid
en-	bi-, di-, two-	zyukpar....wheeled vehicle	enzyukpar....bicycle
eg-	normal	byen....manner	egbyen....norm
ej-	step-, current	twid....brother din....story	ejtwid....step-brother ejdin....current news item
ev-	a-, neutral	totin....deism	evtotin....atheism
fi-	eu-, bene-	dyen....expression tos....feeling fon....will	fidyen....euphemism fitos....euphoria fifon....benevolence
fyi-	helpful	dal....talk	fyidal....advice
fu-	caco-, mal-, ill-, dys-	seux....sound fon....will tos....feeling	fuseux....cacophony fufon....ill-will, malevolence futos....dysphoria
fyu-	waste	mil....water pelt...insect mul....stuff	fyumil....waste water fyupelt....pest fyumul....garbage
fya-	holy	din....story buun....gift byekut....healer	fyadin....gospel fyabuun....oblation, offering fyabyekut....shaman, witchdoctor
fye-	fantasy, mytho-	din....story diyn....tale mir....world	fyedin....myth, fantasy fyediyn....fairy-tale, fable fyemir....fantasia, fantasy-world
fyo-	evil	tat....angel	fyotat....demon
gab-	plus	nix....earning	gabnix....interest
gaw-	re-	aklen....conquest	gawaklen....reconquest
ge-	equi-, iso-, even-	eksag....score kyin....weight	geeksag....tie gekyin....equilibrium
gel-	homo-, like-, simul-	dredun....speling san....form	geldredun....homograph gelsan....isomorph, clone
gla-	multi-, plur-, poly-	gon....part	glagon....plurality
gra-	too, hyper-	bik....caution	grabik....hypercaution
gwa-	macro-, super-	mor....universe	gwamor....macrocosm
gwo-	micro-, mini-	drenod....dot nog....degree	gwodrenod....microdot gwonog....minimum
hyi-	homo-, same	toobif....gender preference	hyitoobif....homosexualtiy
hyu-	hetero-, different, other-, allo-, xeno-	toobif....gender preference mer....planet san....shape	hyutoobif....heterosexuality hyumer....alien planet hyusan....allomorph
hya-	omni-, pan-, all-	doobin....nationalism	hyadoobin....pan-nationalism
hye-	any, whatever	saun....kind	hyesaun....any kind
hyo(s)-	nothing	ten....knowledge	hyosten....ignorance
hyuit-	mutual	fizuen....respect	hyuitfizuen....mutual respect
ig-	fast	didyan....questionnaire	igdidyan....pop quiz
ij-	initial, head	dun....word miap....stream	ijdun....prologue ijmiap....headstream
ik-	full	nuxen....payment	iknuxen....liquidation
il-	liquid	ok....loss	ilok....leak
im	wet	mel....soil	immel....loam, wetland
in-	tri-, three	goblun....cut	ingoblun....trisection
iv-	happy	din....story	ivdin....comedy
iz-	straight, orth-, rect-, direct	fin....quality mep....path	izfin....rectitude izmep....beeline, vector
ja-	before, pre-	bik....caution	jabik....precaution
je-	continuous	dodal....speech	jedodal....harangue
jo-	after, post-	dren....writing	jodren....postscript
jwa-	proto-, eo-, early	ajdin....history ejob....modern era	jwaajdin....protohistory jwaejob....eocene
jwe-	prompt	puen....arrival	jwepuen....on-time arrival
jwo-	latter, late	moj....night	jwomoj....late night
ku-	side, aside, lateral	bux....push deyn....saying	kubux....rebuff kudeyn....remark
ki-	diagonal, slant	nad....line texyen....opinion	kinad....diagonal, slant kitexyen....bias
ko-	hide, covert	d....utterance exut....operative flen....desire jadrun....plan	kod....secret koexut....spy koflen....envy kojadrun....plot
kya-	change, para-, re-	'bax....movement dyan....phrase din....story naz....value napxen....ordering	kyabax....shift kyadyan....paraphrase kyadin....version kyanaz....variable kyanapxen....reordering, shuffling
kye-	haphazard	den....saying fyun....harm kaxun....find	kyeden....guesswork kyefyun....danger kyekaxun....discovery
kyo-	fixed	byen....manner deyn....saying doneg....social class	kyobyen....habit kyodeyn....cliché kyodoneg....caste
kyi-	heavy	azon....force tes....meaning bal....pressure	kyiazon....gravity kyites....importance kyibal....strain
kyu-	light	azon....force mamil	kyuazon....ballast kyumamil....drizzle
lo-	dis-, de-, un-	bexun....possession bokulxen....toxification box...quiet	lobexun....dispossession, divestment lobokulxen....detoxification lobox....disquiet
mak-	electro-, e-	ebdras....letter nagar....meter	makebdras....email maknagar....electrometer
o-	not, un-	bik....care	obik....neglect
ob-	off-	goflun....rip fub....branch	obgoflun....stub obfub....offshoot
oge-	unequal, aniso-	izonan...orientation	ogeizonan....anisotropy
ogel-	hetero-, different	toobifan....sexual preference	ogeltoobifan....heterosexuality
oyb-	under-, sub-, infra-	mos....floor neg....level	oybmos....basement oybneg....sublevel
of-	unauthorized	birun....grab dresini....drawings gelxun....copy	ofbirun....loot ofdresini....grafitti ofgelxun....plagiarism
og-	small	soni....matters	ogsoni....trivia
oj-	future, fore-	buen....giving deyn....utterance	ojbuen....lending ojdeyn....forecast
ok-	loss	buun....gift tos....feeling	okbuun....sacrifice oktos....heartache
ov-	against, counter-, contra-	adabinut....imperialist apyex....attack	'ovadabinut....anti-imperialist ovapyex....counterattack
oz-	weak	duun....suggestion	ozduun....hint
ug-	slow	dal....speech ilok....leak teax....look	ugdal....drawl ugilok....seepage ugteax....gaze
ui-	'horizontal	nab....rank	uinab....row
un-	quadri-, tetra-, four-	drezun....poem yan....collection	undrezun....quatrain unyan....tetrad
uj-	end	ak....win dun....word jud....date	ujak....success ujdun....epilogue ujjud....deadline
uk	empty	dal....talk mel....soil nod....point	ukdal....blather ukmel....desert uknod....puncture
ut-	self-, sui-, aut(o)-	tojben....killing dab....government	uttojben....suicide utdab....autarchy
uv-	sad	deuzun'....song dolen....silence kyeuj....fate	uvdeuzun....dirge uvdolen....sulking uvkyeuj....tragedy
uf-	hate	dal....speech tos....feeling	ufdal....rant uftos....anger
uz-	crooked, curved, arc	aybmas....roof dopar....weapon kunad....edge	uzaybmas....vault, arch uzdopar....bow, arch uzkunad....rim
va-	yes	bien....taking diun....request dud....answer	vabien....acceptance vadiun....claim vadud....assent
ve-	maybe	texen....thinking yovdeyn....inculpation	vetexen....supposition veyovdeyn....indictment
vo-	no	texen'....thinking fon....will	votexen....doubting vofon....disinclination
vya-	true	deyn....utterance dud....answer nad....line	vyadeyn....avowal vyadud....solution vyanad....guideline
vye-	relative	dren....writing	vyedren....correspondence
vyo-	wrong, mis-	bek....treatment dat....friend	vyobek....mistreatment vyodat....false friend
yan-	together, con-	dal....talk	yandal....conversation
yon-	apart	byex....strike	yonbyex....breach
yov-	shame	bixen....pulling byok....pain if....pleasure	yovbixen....seduction yovbyok....punishment yovif....schadenfreude
yab-	up, super-, high-, hyper-	dom'....city dot....society	yabdom....uptown yabdot....high society
yabnan-	hypso-, acro-, height	dren....recording	yabnandren....hypsography
yaob-	up-and-down	yuijar....valve pusen....jumping	yaobyuijar....piston yaopusen....bouncing
yaz-	swollen, protruding, convex	dal....talk buk....wound tiub....belly	yazdal....bombast yazbuk....boil, blister yaztiub....potbelly
yez-	flush, along, para-	baktut....medic mel....terrain	yezbaktut....paramedic yezmel....meadow
yiz-	beyond, meta-, ultra-, hyper-	doobin....nationalism dreniv....text	yizdoobin....ultra-nationalism yizdreniv....hypertext
yoz-	sunken, concave	nad....line	yoznad....groove, gutter
yaoz-	saw-toothed, convex-concave	nad....line goblar....knife	yaoznad....tilde yaozgoblar....saw
yuz-	around, circ-, circum-, peri-	pipen....navigation teaxar....scope tyop....walk	yuzpipen....circumnavigation yuzteaxar....periscope yuztyop....stroll
yeb-	in-, intro-, inner-	dungab....affix dem....yard	yebdungab....infix yebdem...courtyard
oyeb-	out-, extro-, outer-	dom....city dovyaban....legality	oyebdom....outskirts oyebdovyaban....extralegality
yib-	tele-, far	drir....typewriter teaxar....viewer, scope	yibdrir....teletype yibteaxar....telescope
yibaj	ancient, archaeo-, paleo-	deyn....utterance tun....science	yibajdeyn....archaism yibajtun....archaeology
yub-	near, para-	gexen....equaling kex....search	yubgexen....approximation yubkex....examination
yubaj-	recent, ceno-
yob-	down, sub-, supra-	doneg....class gol....division	yobdoneg....low class yobgol....subdivision
za-	front, fore-, pre-, north	dungab....affix dyun....name mer....planet	zadungab....prefix zadyun....forename zamer....north
ze-	middle, mid-	dom....city jub....day	zedom....downtown zejub....midday
zo-	behind, back	bex....hold bix....pull	zobex....delay zobix....drag
zay-	forward, pro-	bix....pull bux....push	zaybix....protraction zaybux....propulsion
zey-	across, trans-, meta-	dras....script ilp....flow	zeydras....transcript zeyilp....crosscurrent
zoy-	re-, retro-, back	axlen....action kix....bend mag....fire mav....flash	zoyaxlen....reaction zoykix....reflection zoymag....retrofire zoymav....flashback
zya-	wide	dodal....speech drurun....printout	zyadodal....propaganda zyadrurun....poster
zye-	through, per-, trans-, dia-	belun....cargo muf....rod bwas....something put	zyebelun....shipment zyebuxmuf....ramrod (through-push-rod) zyebwas....metaphor
zyi-	flat, plat-	dyen....expression melyaz....mountain mos....floor	zyidyen....platitude zyimelyaz....plateau zyimos....platform
zyo-	narrow	bex....hold bix....pull gun....angle	zyobex....clasp, grip zyobix....tension zyogun....acute angle
zyu-	round, roto-, cyclo-	abaun....cover drurun....printout tom....building	zyuabaun....dome zyudrurun....rotograph zyutom....tower

Gender

Nouns in Mirad are gender-neutral, unless those relating to people, animals, and sometimes clothing are altered to be specifically male/male-oriented or female/female-oriented. To create the male or male-oriented form of an otherwise gender-neutral noun, prefix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with the letter w. To create the female or female-oriented form, suffix the vowel of the semantically-significant syllable with y. If the noun is an agent noun with the suffix -ut, that is, a noun that means "one who does something as an occupation or behavior", the ending -ut is changed to -uyt for the female form, but the male form stays the same. The reason for this is that the addition of a w to the agentive ending could be confused with the verbal passive marker w (see the chapter on Mirad Grammar/Verbs. The chart below shows how this works:

Making Nouns Gender-specific
NEUTRAL	MALE/MALE-ORIENTED	FEMALE/FEMALE-ORIENTED
tob....human being, person	twob....man	toyb....woman
tobet....child	twobet....boy	toybet....girl
tad....spouse	twad....husband	tayd....wife
ejtad....step spouse	ejtwad....step-husband	ejtayd....step-wife
ajtad....ex-spouse	ajtwad....ex-husband	ajtayd....ex-wife
ted....parent	twed....father	teyd....mother
datif....sweetheart	dwatif....boyfriend	daytif....girlfriend
yapet....pig	yapwet....boar	yapeyt....sow
edeb....monarch	edweb....king	edeyb....queen
apat....fowl	apwat....rooster	apayt....hen
tiuv....underwear	tiwuv....briefs	tiuyv....panties
vapet....antelope	vapwet....deer	vapeyt....doe
deuzut....singer	deuzut....singer	deuzuyt....songstress
tud....child	twud....son	tuyd....daughter

For gender specification in pronouns, see Mirad Grammar/Pronouns, below).

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