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Proto-Turkic/Pronouns and numbers

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Welcome to your first Proto-Turkic lesson!

Pronouns

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  • I - *bẹ /be/, *ben- /bɛn-/[1][2][3]
  • we - *biŕ /birʲ/[4][2]
  • you (singular) - *sẹ /se/, *sen- /sɛn-/[5][6][3]
  • you (plural) - *siŕ /sirʲ/[7][8]
  • he/she/it - *ol /ol/, *an- /än-/[9][10]
  • they - *olar /olär/[9] (unclear)

Whether the Chuvash эпӗ derives from *ben or *bẹ is a matter of debate. However, the word п becomes м when it is suffixed in Chuvash and this phonetic change is not seen in эпӗ (epĕ), indicating that it is more likely to derive from *bẹ. The pronoun *olar is unclear since it was derived from *ol with a plural ending, Common Turkic has the reflexes of it, but Chuvash has вӗсем (vĕsem) instead (many plural endings of Proto-Turkic are disputed, see also the Plurality section of the third lesson).

The fact that the word has not experienced m-n affinity in Tonyukuk inscription, Old Anatolian Turkish, Ottoman Turkish, and Turkish is proof that this is a sound development that developed later. Therefore, the letter b does not turn into m when we add a suffix starting with n to the pronoun that starts with b. Also, pronouns ending in a vowel always take the n consonant when adding suffixes.

  • my - *bẹ- > *beniŋ /beniŋ/
  • our - *biŕ- > *biŕniŋ /birʲniŋ/
  • your - *sẹ- > *seniŋ /seniŋ/
  • your (plural) - *siŕ- > *siŕniŋ /sirʲniŋ/
  • him/her/its - *an- > *anïŋ /änɨŋ/
  • their - *olar- > *olarnïŋ /olärnɨŋ/ (unclear)

And unlike many other languages, there is no grammatical gender in Proto-Turkic. So there is no distinction between he, she and it. There's only ol. And unlike modern Turkic languages, there are no words like "am/is/are".

Numbers

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Numbers in Proto-Turkic are in decimal basis, so the components for tens are often less clear, like suppletion between *ẹki "two" and *yẹgirmi "twenty", or adding suffixes which unclear in meaning like *altï "six" and *altmïĺ "sixty". To make teens, simply add numbers after tens (*ōn bīr "eleven", *ōn ẹki "twelve", *ōn üč "thirteen", ...).

  • one - *bīr /biːr/
  • two - *ẹki /eki/
  • three - *üč /ytʃ/
  • four - *tȫrt /tøːrt/
  • five - *bẹ̄ĺ /beːlʲ/
  • six - *altï /ältɨ/
  • seven - *yẹti /jeti/
  • eight - *sekiŕ /sɛkirʲ/
  • nine - *tokuŕ /tokurʲ/
  • ten - *ōn /oːn/
  • twenty - *yẹgirmi
  • thirty - *otuŕ
  • forty - *kïrk
  • fifty - *ellig
  • sixty - *altmïĺ
  • seventy - *yẹtmiĺ
  • eighty - *sẹkiŕ ōn
  • ninety - *tokuŕ ōn
  • hundred - *yǖŕ
  • thousand - *bïŋ

In Proto-Turkic we provide questions with *ka- and *nē-. In this case, the words *kanča and *nēnče are used to ask how much something is.

A: How much barley is there? - *Kanča/*nēnče *arpa *bār?

References

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  1. Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ben”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 346
  2. a b Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*bẹ-”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 341
  3. a b Erdal, Marcel (1991). Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, page: 192-198, ISBN:978-3-447-03084-7. (Erdal has a footnote in page 196: “The Proto-Turkic nominatives of 'I' and 'you' might have been *bä and *sä; the vowel of Bolgar-Chuvash *bi and *si apparently comes from a different analogy with the oblique stems.”)
  4. Clauson, Gerard (1972), “biz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 388
  5. Clauson, Gerard (1972), “sen”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 831
  6. Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*sẹ-”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 1237
  7. Clauson, Gerard (1972), “si:z”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 860
  8. Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*bẹ-”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 1238
  9. a b Clauson, Gerard (1972), “ol, an-, olar”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 123
  10. Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*o(-l)”, in  (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill, page 1040
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