Lombard/Adjectives
< Lombard
|
The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography |
Similarly to what happens for nouns, adjectives also have two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). As regards the formation of the plural and the feminine, see what has already been said for nouns
Types of adjectives
[edit | edit source]Qualifying
[edit | edit source]Qualifying adjectives express qualities. For these types of adjective, in addition to the basic form of the adjective (positive degree), there is a superlative degree, to express the quality in an extreme form, and a comparative degree to express a comparison.
See → Adjective degrees
Indicative adjectives
[edit | edit source]Possessive adjectives
[edit | edit source]| ►► | Masculine Singolar |
Masculine Plural |
Feminine Singolar |
Feminine Plural |
Dialects | Translation into English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1^sing. | mè (ms1) me (ms2) |
mè (mp1) me (mp2) |
mia (fs1) me (fp3) mea (fp3) |
mè (fp1) me (fp2) mee (fp3) |
(1) MI (2) BG (3) BG |
my “m” sing. | my “m” pl. | my “f” sing. | my “f” pl. |
| 2^sing. | tò (ms1-2) | tò (mp1-2) | toa (fs1) tò (fs2) |
tò (fp1-2) | (1) MI (2) BG |
your “m” sing. | your “m” pl. | your “f” sing. | your “f” pl. |
| 3^sing. | sò (ms1-2) | sò (mp1-2) | soa (fs1) sò (fs2) |
sò (fp1-2) | (1) MI (2) BG |
his/her/its “m” sing. | his/her/its “m” pl. | his/her/its “f” sing. | his/her/its “f” pl. |
| 1^pl. | vost (ms1-3) voster (ms2) |
vost (mp1) voster (mp2) vos'cc (fs3) |
vosta (fs1-3) vostra (fs2) |
voste (fs1-3) voster (fs2) |
(1) MI (2) MI (3) BG |
your “m” sing. | your “m” pl. | your “f” sing. | your “f” pl. |
| 2^pl. | nost (ms1-3) noster (ms2) |
nost (mp1) noster (mp2) nos'cc (fs3) |
nosta (fs1-3) nostra (fs2) |
noste (fs1-3) noster (fs2) |
(1) MI (2) MI (3) BG |
our “m” sing. | our “m” pl. | our “f” sing. | our “f” pl. |
| 3^pl. | sò (ms1) | soa (mp1) | sò (fs1) | sò (fp1) | (1) MI | their “m” sing. | their “m” pl. | their “f” sing. | their “f” pl. |
Also "propri" “m”sing./pl., | "propria" “f” sing. | "proprie" “f” pl. (own) is a possessive adjective.
Note:
- Possessive adjectives can be reinforced with the relative specification complements (de + pronom personal soget), for example mè de mi, sò de lù, and so on.
- Esamples:
- La soa ca' de lù (his house – of him)
- The reinforcement of possessive adjectives (or the use of only complements instead of adjectives) is mandatory in case of ambiguity in the 3rd person singular / plural.
- They are usually placed before the noun and after the article; attention: the article is not needed only for kinship ties: "Mè pader" (and not “El mè pader”) – in English: my father
→ Referenzes
- Claudio Beretta, A lezione di grammatica milanese, Circolo Filologico Milanese, pag.63 MI
- Nozioni di Grammatica del Dialetto BergamascoBG
Numerals
[edit | edit source]The table below indicates the masculine of adjectives: as for gender, cardinals are invariable except vun "m" → vuna/voeuna "f"; du "m" → do "f"; trè "m" → trii "f", the ordinals follow the same rules for the formation of the feminine of nouns and adjectives.
| ►► | Cardinal adjectives "m" | Ordinal adjectives "m" | Dialects |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | vun (1) voeun (2) |
prim | (1) MI (2) Lagh |
| 2 | du | second | |
| 3 | trii | terz | |
| 4 | quater | quart | |
| 5 | cinch cincu |
quint | |
| 6 | ses | sest | |
| 7 | set | setim | |
| 8 | vot | otav | |
| 9 | noeuv | nono | |
| 10 | des | decim | |
| 11 | vundes | unidicesim / quell di vundes | |
| 12 | dodes | dodicesim / quell di dodes | |
| 13 | tredes | tredicesim / quell di tredes | |
| 14 | quatordes | quatordicesim / quell di quatordes | |
| 15 | quindes | quindicesim / quell di quindes | |
| 16 | sedes | sedicesim / quell di sedes | |
| 17 | derset | quell di derset | |
| 18 | desdot | quell di desdot | |
| 19 | desnoeuv | quell di desonoeuv | |
| 20 | vint | vintesim / quell di vint | |
| 21 | vintun | vintunesim / quell di vintun | |
| 22 | vintiduu | vintiduesim / quell di vintiduu | |
| 23-29 | ... | ... | |
| 30 | trenta | trentesim / quell di trenta | |
| 31 | trentun | trentunesim / quell di trentun | |
| 32 | trenta-du | trentaduesim / quell di trenta-du | |
| 33-39 | ... | ... | |
| 40 | quaranta | quaranta / quell di quranta | |
| 41 | quarantun | quarantunesim / quell di quarantun | |
| 42 | quaranta-du | quarantaduesim / quell di quaranta-du | |
| 43-49 | ... | ... | |
| 50 | cinquanta | cinquantesim / quell di cinquanta | |
| 51-59 | ... | ... | |
| 60 | sessanta | sessantesim / quell di sessanta | |
| 61-69 | ... | ... | |
| 70 | setanta | setantesim / quell di setanta | |
| 71-79 | ... | ... | |
| 80 | votanta | votantesim / quell di votanta | |
| 81-89 | ... | ... | |
| 90 | novanta | novantesim / quell di novanta | |
| 91-99 | ... | ... | |
| 100 | cent | centesim/ quell di centvun | |
| 101 | centvun | centesim prim / quell di centvun | |
| 102 | cent-du | centesim second / quell di centdu | |
| 103-109 | ... | ... | |
| 110 | cent-des | centdecim / quell di centdes | |
| 111 | cent-vundes | centvundicesim / quell di centvundes | |
| 112-199 | ... | ... | |
| 200 | du-sent | dusentesim / quell di dusent | |
| 201-299 | ... | ... | |
| 300 | tre-sent | tresentesim / quell di du-sent | |
| 301-399 | ... | ... | |
| 400 | quater-cent | quatercentesim / quell di quater-cent | |
| 401-499 | ... | ... | |
| 500 | cinch-cent | cinchcentesim / quell di cinch-cent | |
| 501-599 | ... | ... | |
| 600 | ses-cent] | ses'centesim / quell di ses-cent | |
| 601-599 | ... | ... | |
| 700 | set-cent | setcentesim / quell di set-cent | |
| 701-799 | ... | ... | |
| 800 | vot-cent | votcentesim / quell di vot-cent | |
| 801-899 | ... | ... | |
| 900 | noeuv-cent | noeuvcentesim / quell di noeuv-cent | |
| 901-999 | ... | ... | |
| 1000 | mila | milesim / quell di mila | |
| 1001 | mila e vun | milesim prim / quell di mila e vun | |
| 1002-1099 | ... | ... | |
| 1100 | mila e cent | milacentesim / quell di mila e cent | |
| 2000 | do-mila | bimilesim / quell di domila | |
| 3000 | tre-mila | quell di tre-mila | |
| 3001-9999 | ... | ... | |
| 10000 | des-mila | quell di des-mila | |
| 10000-99999 | ... | ... | |
| 100000 | cent-mila | quell di cent-mila | |
| 100001-999999 | ... | ... | |
| 1000000 | un milion | milionesim / quell del milion | |
| 1000001-9999999 | ... | ... | |
| 1000000000 | un miliard | miliardesim / quell del miliard |
→ Referenzes
- Circolo Filologico Milanese (2018). Dizionario Milanese. Antonio Vallardi, pag. 191. ISBN 978-88-6987-846-6. MI
Demonstrative adjectives
[edit | edit source]| Masculine Singular |
Masculine Plural |
Feminine Singular |
Feminine Plural |
Dialects | Translation into English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [1]quest ... chì (ms1-3) quest ... che (ms2) |
questi ... chì(mp1) quisti ... chì(mp3) quis'ci ... chì(mp4) |
questa ... chì (fs1) chesta ... che (fs2) |
queste ... chì (fp1) cheste ... che (fp2) |
(1) MI (2) BG BS (3-4) Vtel |
this "m" sing. | these "m" pl. | this "f" sing. | these "f" pl. (close to both the speaker and the listener) |
| quell ... lì (ms1-5) chell ... lì (ms4) |
quella ... lì (mp1-5) chella ... lì (mp4) |
quei ... lì (fs1) quii ... lì(fs2-5) chi ... lì (fs3-4) chei ... lì (fs4) |
quei ... lì (fp1) quii ... lì(fp2-5) chi ... lì (fp3) chelle ... lì (fp4) |
(1) MI (2) MI (3) MI (4) BG BS (5) Vtel |
that "m" sing. | that "m" pl. | that "f" sing. | that "f" pl. (away from the speaker and close to the listener) |
| quell ... là (ms1-5) chell ... là (ms4) |
quella ... là (fp1-5) chella ... là (fp4) |
quei ... là (ms1) quii ... là(ms2-5) chi ... là (ms3-4) chei ... là (ms4) |
quei ... là (fp1) quii ... là(fp2-5) chi ... là (fp3) chele ... là (fp4) |
(1) MI (2) MI (3) MI (4) BG BS (5) Vtel |
that "m" sing. | that "m" pl. | that "f" sing. | that "f" pl. (away from both the speaker and the listener) |
| istess (ms1) | istessa (fs1) | istess (ms1) | istesse (fp1) | (1) MI | same "m" sing. | same "m" pl. | same "f" sing. | same "f" pl. |
| medesim (ms1) | medesim (fs1) | medesima (ms1) | medesime (fp1) | (1) MI | same "m" sing. | same "m" pl. | same "f" sing. | same "f" pl. |
Note
- ↑ also quell…chì, quell…che etc.
→References
- Claudio Beretta, A lezione di grammatica milanese, Circolo Filologico Milanese, pag.55 MI
- Nozioni di Grammatica del Dialetto BergamascoBG
Indefinite adjectives
[edit | edit source]| Adjectives in Lombard |
Examples | Dialect | Translation into English |
|---|---|---|---|
| nissun (1) nissoeun (2) nigun (3) insun (4) |
(1) MI (2)Lagh (3) Vtel (4)NO |
no | |
| ogni (1) | MI | every | |
| ognidun (1) | MI | each | |
| on quai (1) on quei (1) |
MI | some | |
| certo (1) | MI | certain | |
| tanto (1) | MI | much, a lot of (when it is singolar before uncountable nouns) many, a lot of (when it is plural before countable nouns) | |
| vari (1) | MI | several | |
| numeros (1) | MI | numerous | |
| poch (1) | MI | little (when it is singolar before uncountable nouns) few (when it is plural before countable nouns) | |
| talun (1) | MI | some • RAR | |
| tut (1) | MI | all | |
| qualsessia (1) | MI | any | |
| quaisevoeur (1) | MI | any of, whatever |
Then there are adjectival locutions that play the role of indefinite adjectives.
Adjectival locutions are usually used to indicate a large amount or a small amount.
The following locutions indicate a large quantity:
| Locutions in Lombard |
Examples | Dialect |
|---|---|---|
| un mucc de (1) | MI | |
| una fota de (1) | MI | |
| un frach de (1) | MI | |
| un badaluch de (1) | MI | |
| un fila de (1) | MI | |
| un rebellot de (1) | MI | |
| una mega 'd (1) | PV | |
| un sfragell de (1) | MI |
The following locutions indicates a small amount:
| Locutions | Examples | Dialect |
|---|---|---|
| un po de (1) | MI | |
| un zich de (1) | MI | |
| un cicinin de (1) | MI | |
| un cicin de (1) | MI | |
| un cicc de (1) | MI | |
| un grizz de (1) | MI | |
| un gandain de (1) | Br | |
| un sgrisolin de (1) | MI |
Interrogatives adjectives
[edit | edit source]Interrogative adjectives are adjectives used to construct direct interrogative sentences.
►► see ►►► Direct interrogative sentences