Lombard/Elision
The reference orthography for this page of Lombard course is New Lombard orthography |
Elision is the dropping of a vowel or a syllable from a word.
In Lombard there are cases of:
- apocope (fall of the final vowel or syllable);
- apheresis (falling of the initial vowel or syllable);
- syncope (falling of a vowel or a syllable within a word).
Graphically the elision is represented through the use of the apostrophe <'>.
Apocope
[edit | edit source]The apocope is the fall of the final vowel or syllable of a word. No space is left when the apocope occurs and the following word begins with a vowel.
Standards
[edit | edit source]The apocope is standard and therefore mandatory when:
- a article made up of at least two letters ending in a vowel is followed by a word starting with a vowel (or an <h>).
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- La inguria la è verda (WRONG) ←→ L'inguria l'è verda (RIGHT) (in English: The watermelon is green)
- a weak subject personal pronoun of the 3rd person singular is followed by a word starting with a vowel (or an <h>).
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- La cà la era grossa (WRONG) ←→ La cà l'era grossa (RIGHT) (in English: The house was big)
- a weak 2nd person singular subject is followed by a word beginning with a vowel (or an <h>).
- Example:
- Ti te hevet fad (WRONG) ←→ Ti t'hevet fad (RIGHT) (in English: Tu had done)
- "ghe" (or "ga") is followed by a word starting with a vowel (or <h>).
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- Ghe hoo de andà (WRONG) ←→ Gh'hoo de andà (RIGHT) (in English: I have to go)
Non-standard
[edit | edit source]There are cases in which it is not standard and is therefore optional, i.e. when:
- "che" (or "ca") is followed by a word starting with a vowel.
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- I ore che inn (STANDARD) ←→ I ore ch'inn (NON-STANDARD) (in English: The hours that are)
- "de" followed by a word starting with a vowel
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- Gh'hoo de andà ←→ Gh'hoo d'andà (in English: I have to go)
- "se" before a weak subject personal pronoun of the 2nd person singular in Milanese dialect
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- Se t'heet fad? ←→ S't'heet fad? (in English: What did you do?)
- the reflexive/impersonal pronoun "se" is found ahead of a consonant in some dialects (for example Bergamasque or Pavese)
- Example (in Bergamasque dialect):
- Se poeul fà ←→ S' poeul fa (in English: It can be done)
Apheresis
[edit | edit source]Apheresis is the dropping of the initial vowel or syllable of a word. Always leave a space before the apostrophe if the apostrophe is preceded by another word.
Standards
[edit | edit source]Apheresis is standard when:
- the pronoun "come" is used in its contracted form ("‘me").
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- 'Me la va (in English: How is it going?)
- the pronoun "cosse" is used in its contracted form ("‘se").
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- 'Se l’ha fad? (in English: What did he do?)
Non-standard
[edit | edit source]Apheresis is non-standard when:
- a word starting with a vowel is preceded by a word starting with a vowel.
- Example (article in Milanese dialect):
- Quand che dervi el restell ←→ Quand che dervi 'l restell (in English: When I open the gate)
- Example (prepositions in Pavese dialect):
- Re ad Cipri → Re 'd Cipri (in Italian: King of Cyprus)
- Examples (preposition in Pavese dialect):
- Fioeul ad la nebia → Fioeul 'd la nebia[1] (in English: Son/boy of the fog)
- Ti at see → Ti 't see (in English: You are)
- Note
- ↑ because the "l" of "fioeul" is not pronounced in Pavese dialect
Syncope
[edit | edit source]Syncope is the dropping of a vowel or syllable within a word. Never leave a space either before or after the apostrophe.
Standards
[edit | edit source]Syncope is standard when:
- the contracted form of words such as “ancamò” is used.
- Example (in Milanese dialect):
- L'è ancamò chì ← → L'è an'mò chì (in English: He is still here / She is still here).